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PPH Case Study
PPH Case Study
PPH Case Study
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1
INDEX
Sr. No. Name of Topic Page No.
From To
1 Student Biodata 4 5
2 Patient Biodata 6 7
3 Spouce Particulars 8 9
4 History of Patient 10 19
A Menstrual History 11 11
B Medical History 11 11
C Surgical History 11 11
D History of Blood Transfusion & Allergy 12 12
E Family History 12 12
F Personal History 12 12
G Dietary History 13 13
H Obstetric History 14 15
I Home environment 15 15
J Assessment of Patient 16 19
5 Investigation 20 22
6 Treatment 23 24
7 Book study 25 26
8 Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage 27 48
I Causes 27 30
II Sign / Symptoms 31 32
III Prognosis 33 33
IV Prevention 34 35
V Management of 3rd Stage Bleeding 36 37
2
Sr. No. Name of Topic Page No.
From To
VI Steps of Manual Removal of Placenta 38 40
VII Management of True PPH 41 42
VIII Actual Management 43 48
9 Secondary Postpartum Hemorrhage 49 53
I Causes 50 50
II Sign /Symptoms 51 51
III Management 52 53
10 Nursing Diagnosis 54 55
11 Nursing Care plan 46 66
12 Drug Study 67 68
13 Health Education 69 71
14 Bibliography 72 73
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1.
STUDENT
BIODATA
4
STUDENT BIODATA
Name : Miss. Dhanashree Anil Pore
College : Training College of Nursing
Padmbhushan Vasantdada Patil
Govt. Hospital Sangli
G. N. M. IIIrd year Batch No.69
Subject : Midwifery & Gynaecological Nursing
Guidance : Mrs. Jyotsna Budhgavkar
Case Study Started On : 24/12/2018
Case Study Finished On : 29/12/2018
5
2.
PATIENT
BIODATA
6
PATIENT BIODATA
Name : Mrs. Shubhangi Amar Suryawanshi
Age : 29yrs
Gravida : G2
Para : P1
Diagnosis : Postpartum Hemorrhage
Address : A/P Sandagewadi, Tal Palus,
DistSangli, StateMaharashtra
Education : 10th
Occupation : Housewife
Income : No
Religion : Hindu Maratha
Years of Marriage: 3years
Marital Status : Married
Date of Admission : 24/12/2018
7
3.
SPOUCE
PARTICULARS
8
SPOUCE PARTICULARS
Name : Mr. Amar Balkrushna Suryawanshi
Age : 35years
Education : 10th
Occupation : Hotel Bussiness
Income : Rs.30000/
Religion : HinduMaratha
Health Status : Good
9
4.
HISTORY
OF
PATIENT
10
HISTORY OF PATIENT
4A] Menstrual History :
1. Menarche – 13years
2. Regular menstrual cycles of – 4days
3. Blood Flow Moderate
4. Associated minor problems – No any
4B] Medical History :
History of Anemia
No any previous medical complains such as Diabetes, Hypertension, Asthma,
Tuberculosis etc.
4C] Surgical History :
No any history of surgery.
11
4D] History of Blood Transfusion & Allergy :
No any history of blood transfusion or allergy
4E] Family History :
4F] Personal History :
Mrs. Shubhangi Suryawanshi is a housewife.
She have loss of appetite.
She also have loss of sleep.
Her bowel and bladder pattern is normal.
She likes to cook & serve food to all.
She wake ups early in the morning.
She doesn't have any bad habit such as tobacco or mishri etc.
12
4G] Dietary History :
Mr. Suryawanshi's family is nonvegetarian.
They takes nonveg food once a week.
Patient doesn't likes to eat green leafy vegetables.
Menu Plan :
13
4H] Obstetric History :
LMP : March 23 rd
2018
EDD : December 30th 2018
4H I)
Sr. Gravida Nature of Delivery Bad Outcome of Pregnancy Puerperium
No. / Parity Full Term Pre-Term Obstetric Sex Alive Still Any & F.P.
History Birth Other History
➢ Normal
1 G1 - - Female - - puerperium
✔ ✔ ➢ Absence of
contraceptives use
➢ Hemorrhage
2 - - Female - - started after
✔ 1 hour of
G2 ✔ expulsion
of placenta
4H II)Contraceptive History :
➔ Patient or her Husband didn't used any type of family
planning method.
➔ They are not willing to use contraceptive devices.
14
4H III) Present Pregnancy :
➔ Hospitalization occurred in late first stage of labour on
December 24th 2018 at 3.00 pm
➔ Full term vaginal delivery of patient is on December
24th 2018 at 4.52 pm
➔ The outcome of pregnancy is live female child of 2.8kg
4I] Home Environment :
Mr. Suryawanshi's family lives in one roomkitchen on rent.
Their house is of pakka type.
They use tap water for drinking purpose and bore water for
domestic use.
In their house electric supply is present.
They have own sanitary facility.
They use ghantagadi for waste disposal.
In area of their house drainage is of open type.
15
4J] Assessment of Patient :
General Physical Examination :
1. General appearance
a) Nourishment Well
b) Body build Thin
c) Health Disturbed
d) Activity Dull
2. Mental Status
a) ConsiousnessFully consiousness
b) LookWorried
3. Posture
a) Body curve Normal
b) Movement Normal
4. Anthopometry
a) Height 160cm
b) Weight 53kg
5. Skin Condition
a) Colour Pallor
b) Texture Normal
c) Temperature 98.6°F
d) Lesions No any lesion on skin
6. Head & Face
a) Shape of skull Normal
b) Scalp Clean
c) Face No any evidence of infection
7. Eyes
a) Vision normal
b) Discharge No any discharge from eye
c) Lesions No any lesion
16
8. Ears
a) External ear Normal in size & shape
b) Hearing Normal
c) Discharge No any discharge
9. Nose
a) External nose No any deformity
b) Nostrils No any discharge
10. Mouth & Pharynx
a) Odour No foul smell
b) Mucus membrane Soft & pink
11. Neck
a) Lymph nodes Not palpable
b) Thyroid gland Not enlarged
c) Range of motion Normal
12. Chest
a)Thorax Normal in size & shape
b) Breadth sounds No murmur
c) Breasts Normal in size & shape
Pt. is lactating hence nipple discharge is present.
13. Abdomen
a) Inspection No any evidence of infection or incisional scar mark.
b) Palpation No tenderness present.
c) Percussion No ascites or distension present.
d) Auscultation Bowel sound is absent.
14. Extremities
No any limp.
Movements are normal.
15. Back
No any lordosis, kyphosis or scoliosis is present.
16.Genitals & Rectum
Both genital & rectum are patent.
No any STD is present.
17
Systemic Examination :
1. Respiratory System
Respiration rate20bpm
Lungs symmetrical in size & shape
Air entry Both equal
No any Respiratory Disease condition is present.
2. Cardiovascular System
Heart rate 78bpm
No any cardiac murmur.
No any heart disease is present.
3. Digestive System
Bowel pattern is normal.
No any Digestive Disease condition is present.
4. GenitoUrinary System
No any evidence of UTI's or STD's.
Heavy vaginal discharge is present.
5. Nervous System
No any evidence of nerve damage.
No any disease condition of nervous system.
18
Obstetric Examination :
1. Breast
Normal in size and spherical in shape.
Secondary areola is formed.
Montgomentary tubercles are present.
No any lump is present.
2. Abdomen
2a)Inspection
Uterine ovoid is longitudinal in shape.
Contour of uterus is cylindrical in shape.
Linea nigra and stria gravidorum are present.
No evidence of any infection or incisional scar mark.
2b)Palpation
Fundal height 35cm
Abdominal girth105cm
Obstetric Grips
1. Broad ,soft & irregular mass is present.
Lie is longitudinal.
2. The position is left occipito anterior (LOA).
3. Head of the fetus is engaged in true pelvis.
4. Presenting part of the fetus is head.
2c)Auscultation
Fetal Heart Rate136bpm
2d)Observation
Obstetric perineum is of 4cmX4cm size.
Perineal area is clean.
No any lasaration is present.
2e)Vaginal Examination
Cervical dilatation is 4cm.
Membrane is intact.
Cephalic presentation
Anterior fontanelle are felt.
19
5.
INVESTI
GATION
20
INVESTIGATION
Sr.No. Investigation Patient's Value Normal Value
1 Haemoglobin 9.7gms% 1216gms%
2 RBC 4.08million/cumm 4.56.5million/cumm
3 Total Leucocyte Count 9500cumm 400010000cumm
a Neutrophils 72.8% 4075%
b Lymphocytes 19.4% 080%
c Monocytes 0.74% 00.80%
d Eosinophils 0.6% 00.50%
e Basophils 0% 00.20%
4 Platelets 2.4lakhs 1.54.0lakhs
5 Hematocrit 35.00% 3952%
6 Mean cell Hb 27.5pg 2632pg
7 Mean cell Hb concentration 31.9pg/cell 3140pg/cell
8 Mean cell volume 86.6n 7791n
9 Prothrombin Time 13.8 sec 10.7 sec
10 Prothrombin Time Control 13.5 sec
11 APT 29.0 sec 24.637.5 sec
12 APT Control 38.83 sec
13 Ratio 0.76
14 INR 1.03
15 Fibrinogen 200 mg/dl 177466 mg/dl
16 Urine Sugar Absent Absent
17 Urine Protein Absent Absent
18 Total 7mg/dl 010mg/dl
Sr.Bilirubin Direct 2mg/dl 03mg/dl
Indirect 5mg/dl 48mg/dl
21
Sr. No. Investigation Patient's Value Normal Value
19 Sr. Creatinine 1.2mg/dl 0.71.5mg/dl
20 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 2.40ųIU/ml 0.34.5ųIU/ml
21 Bleeding Time 1min45sec
22 Clotting Time 3min30sec
23 Blood Group B
24 Rh Type Positive
25 HIV Nonreactive Nonreactive
26 HBsAg Nonreactive Nonreactive
27 VDRL Nonreactive Nonreactive
22
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Physiological changes in PPH within 24 hours of
delivery of the patient are as follows :
23
11 Palpitation Present Absent
12 Dizziness Present Absent
13 Weakness Present Present
14 Sweating Present Present
15 Restlessness Present Present
16 Pallor Present Present
17 Collapse Present Absent
24
6.
TREAT
MENT
25
TREATMENT
Sr.
Drug Dose Route Frequency Action
No.
1 Inj. Oxytocin 25units IV Continuous Myometrium contraction
2 Inj. Methergine 0.2mg IV 4Hrly Myometrium contraction
3 Inj. Iron sucrose 200mg IV BD Iron Supplementary
4 Inj. Monocef 1gm IV BD Antibiotic
5 Inj. Pantoprazole 40mg IV OD Proton pump inhibitior
6 IVF Hemaccel 1000ml IV Stat Electrolyte maintenance
7 IVF NS 1000ml IV BD Isotonic
8 IVF RL 1000ml IV BD Isotonic
Tb. Ferrous
Iron
9 sulphate & 280mg Oral BD
Supplementary
Folic acid
Tb. Multivitamin Vitamin
10 67mg Oral BD
B Complex Supplementary
11 Tb. Ranitidin 150mg Oral BD Proton pump inhibitior
Tb. Diclofenac
12 75mg Oral BD Analgesic
sodium
13 Tb. Paracetamol 500mg Oral BD Antipyretic
26
7.Book Study
Postpartum
Hemorrhage
27
Introduction :
Of all the stages of labour third stage is the most crucial one for the mother. Fetal
complications may appear unexpectedly in an otherwise uneventful first or second
stage. The following are the important complications : (1)Postpartum hemorrhage;
(2)Retention of placenta; (3)Shockhemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic; (4)Pulmonary
embolism either by amniotic fluid or by air ; (5) Uterine inversion (rare).
“Postpartum hemorrhage is an important cause of maternal mortality, accounting
for nearly one quarter of maternal deaths worldwide” according to WHO.
Definition :
Postpartum hemorrhage is arbitrary and related to the amount of blood loss in
excess of 500ml following birth of the baby (WHO).
Incidence :
The incidence widely varies mainly because of lack of uniformity in the criteria
used in definition. The incidence is about 46 of all deliveries.
Types :
*Primary *Secondary
1. Primary PPH :
Hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours following the birth of the baby.
In the majority, hemorrhage occurs within2 hours following delivery.
These are of two types :
• Third Stage Hemorrhage
Bleeding occurs before expulsion of the placenta.
• True Postpartum Hemorrhage
Bleeding occurs subsequent to expulsion of placenta
(majority).
2. Secondary PPH :
Hemorrhage occurs beyond 24 hours and within puerperium , also called
delayed or late puerperal hemorrhage.
28
8.
Primary
Postpartum
Hemorrhage
29
Primary Postpartum
Hemorrhage
8.I Causes :
* Uterine atony : Failure of the uterus to contract and retract following
delivery of the baby.
* Retained placenta
* Failure to progress during second stage of labour
* Placenta accreta
* Lacerations
* Instrumental delivery
* Large for gestational newborn
* Hypertensive disorders such as preeclampsia, eclampsia during pregnancy .
To remember, causes of PPH, various sources suggested to remember 4T's.
4t's :
Tone
Tissue
Trauma
Thrombosis
1. Tone
Uterine atony and failure of contraction and retraction of myometrial muscle
fibres can lead to rapid & severe hemorrhage & hypovolemic shock.
The main cause of atony of uterus is overdistension of uterus, which can occur due to
*Multiple pregnancy
*Fetal macrosomia
*Polyhydraamnios
30
*Fetal abnormality such as severe hydrocephalus
*Uterine structural abnormality
*Failure to deliver placenta
The other cause of poor tone of uterus is poor myometrial contractions which can be due to
*Prolonged labour
*Rapid forceful labour
*Inhibition of contractions by drugs (halogenated anesthetic agents, nitrates, NSAIDs,
MgSo4, betasympathomimetic, nifedipin).
*Implantation of placenta in lower uterine segment (placenta previa).
2. Tissue
Complete detachment and expulsion of the placenta permits continued
retraction and optimal occlusion of blood vessels. If any part of placenta is left, it
will not allow continued retraction and occlusion of blood vessels due to which
bleeding occur.
Retained placenta occur mainly in :
*Succenturiate placenta
*Abnormal placenta
*Placenta accreta – Failure of placenta to separate completely
Retained placenta > Uterine distension > Prevent effective contraction > PPH
3. Trauma
Trauma to genital tract may occur spontaneously or through manipulations
used to deliver the baby. Trauma may occur due to
*Prolonged or vigorus labour
*Absolute or relative CPD
*Extra uterine or intrauterine manipulation of the fetus : internal version and
extraction of a twin in twin pregnancy
While attempting to remove retained placenta manually or with instrumentation
Forceps delivery, vacuum delivery
Extension of episiotomy
31
4. Thrombosis
In the post partum period, disorders of the coagulation system and platelets
do not usually result in excessive bleeding but emphasize the efficiency of uterine
contraction and retraction for prevention hemorrhage .Fibrin diposition over the
placental site and clots within the supplying vessels play a significant role in the
hours and days following delivery and abnormalities in these can lead to late PPH.
a) Preexistant Abnormalities may be preexistant or acquired. Thrombocytopenia may
be related to preexisting disease such as idiopathic thrombocytopnia
purpura, acquired secondary to HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated
liver enzymes and low platelet count), abruptio placenta, disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) & sepsis.
b) Acquired abnormalities They are such as DIC related to placenta abruptio, HELLP
syndrome, Intra uterine fetal demise.
32
8.II Sign / Symptoms :
Sign / symptoms depend upon the severity of loss of blood and degree
of shock.
Degree of shock in relation to loss of blood during PPH
Blood pressure
Loss of blood volume Sign / symptoms Degree of shock
(systolic)
Palpitation,
5001000ml
Normal tachycardia, Componsated
(1015%)
dizziness
Weakness,
10001500ml Slight fall
tachycardia, Mild
(1525%) (80100mmHg)
sweating
Restlessness,
15002000ml Moderate fall
pallor, Moderate
(2535%) (7080mHg)
oliguria
Collapse,
20003000ml Marked fall
air hunger, Severe
(3550%) (5070mmHg)
anuria
Genital Tract Trauma
Laceration of the Extensions, Uterine rupture Uterine inversion
cervix, vagina or lacerations, at
perineum caesarean section
33
Abnormalities of Coagulation
Preexisting states Acquired in pregnancies Therapeutic anti
such as hemophilia A such as coagulation
and Willebrand's ITP
disease Treatment of blood clots
Risk Factors in PPH
Abnormalities of Retained products Genital Abnorm
uterine contraction of conception Tract alities
(Tone) (Tissue) Trauma of
Overdist Uterine Intra Anatomic Retain Retain Abnor Retain (Trauma coagu
ended muscle amniotic distortion ed ed mal ed ) lation
uterus exhausion infection of uterus clots products placenta coty (Thrombin)
of ledon
* * * * * placenta
Polyhyd Rapid Fever Fibroid Atonic
romnios labour uterus uterus *
Incomplete placenta
* * * * at delivery
Multiple Prolong Prolong Placenta
gestation ed labour ed ROM previa *
Previous uterine surgery
* * *
Macro High Uterine *
somia parity abnom High parity
alies
*
Abnormal placenta
on U/S
34
8.III Prognosis :
Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the lifethreatening emergencies. It is
one of the major causes of maternal deaths both in developing and developed
countries. Prevalence of malnutrition and anemia, inadequate antenatal and
intranatal care and lack of blood transfusion facilities, substanderd care are
some of theimportant contributing factors. There is also increased morbidity.
These include shock, transfusion reaction, puerperal sepsis, failing lactation,
pulmonary embolism, thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. Late sequelae include
Sheehan's syndrome (selective hypopitutarism) or rarely diabetes incipedes.
35
8.IV Prevention :
Postpartum hemorrhage cannot always be prevented. However the
incidence and especially its magnitude can be reduced substantially by
assessing the risk factors and following the guidelines as mentioned below :
However, most cases of PPH have no identifiable risk factors.
*Antenatal
1. Improvement of health status of the woman and to keep the
hemoglobin level normal (>10g/dl) so that the patient can
withstand some amount of the blood loss.
2. High risk patients who are likely to develop postpartum
hemorrhage (such as twins, hydromnios, grand multipara,
APH, severe anemia) are to be screened and delivered in a
wellequiped hospital.
3. Blood grouping should be done for all women so that no time
is wasted during emergency.
4. Placental localization may be done in all women with previous
caesarean delivery by USG or MRI to detect placenta accreta
or percreta.
5. All women with prior caesarean delivery must have their
placental site determined by USG / MRI to determine morbid
adherent placenta.
6. Women with morbid adherent placenta are at high risk of PPH.
Such a case should be delivered by a senior obstetrician.
Availability of blood and / or blood products must be ensured
beforehand. Multidisciplinary team approach should be made
in such a case.
36
*Intranatal
1. Active management of third stage, for all women in labour
should be a routine as it reduces PPH by 60%.
2. Cases with induced augmented labour by oxytocin, the
infusion should be continued for atleast one hour after the
delivery.
3. Women delivered by caesarian section, oxytocin 5 IU slow
IV is to be given to reduce blood loss. Carbetocin (long
acting Oxytocin) 100 ųg is very useful to prevent PPH.
4. Exploration of the uterovaginal canal for evidence of trauma
following difficult labor or instrumental delivery.
5. Observation for about two hours after delivery to make
sure that the uterus is hard and well contracted before
sending her to ward .
6. Expert obstetric anesthetist is needed when the delivery
is conducted under the general anesthesia. Local epidural
anesthesia is preferable to general anesthesia, in forceps,
ventuose or breech delivery.
7. During caesarean section spontaneous separation and
delivery of the placenta reduces blood loss (30%).
8. Examination of the placenta and membranes should be a
routine to detect at the earliest any missing part.
All said and done, it is the intelligent anticipation, skilled supervision,
prompt detection and effective institution of therapy that can prevent a normal
case from undergoing disastrious consequences.
37
8.V Management Of ThirdStage Bleeding :
The principles in the management are :
• To empty the uterus of the its contents (removal of placenta) and
to make it contract.
• To replace the blood. On occasion, patient may be in shock. In
in case patient is managed for shock first.
• To ensure effective haemostasis in traumatic bleeding.
Steps of Management :
• Placental Site Bleeding • Traumatic Bleeding
Placental Site Bleeding :
• To palpate the fundus and massage the uterus to make it hard. The
massage is to be done by placing four fingers behind the uterus
and thumb in front. However, if bleeding continues after the uterus
becomes hard, suggests the presence of genital tract injury.
• To start crystalloid solution (normal saline or Ringer's solution)
with oxytocin (1L with 20 units) at 60 drops per minute and to
arrange for blood transfusion, if necessary.
• Oxytocin 10 units IM or methergin 0.2 mg is given intravenously.
Carbetocin, a longer acting oxytocin derivative is found (100 ųg)
as effective as oxytocin infusion.
• To catheterize the bladder.
• To give antibiotics (Ampicillin 2g and Metronidazole 500 mg IV).
During this procedure, if features of placental separation are evidant,
exp[ression of the placenta is to be done either by fundal pressure or controlled
cord traction method. If the placenta is not separated, manual removal of
placenta under general anesthesia is to be done.
38
Management
• Control the fundus, massage and make it hard
• Injection methergine 0.2 mg IV
• To start normal saline drip with oxytocin and
arrange for blood
• Catheterize the bladder
Placenta separated Not separated
Express the placenta out Manual removal under GA
by controlled cord traction
Traumatic hemorrhage should be tackled by sutures
However, if the patient is in shock, she is resuscitated first before
undertaking manual removal. If the patient is delivered under general
anesthesia, quick manual removal of placenta solves the problem. In cases
where oxytocin 10 units is given IM with the delivery of the anterior shoulder,
manual removal is done promptly when two attempts of controlled cord
traction fail. Crede's expression of the placenta is abandoned as it is not
only ineffective, but produces shock and rarely inversion.
Management of Traumatic Bleeding :
The uterovaginal canal is to be explored under general anesthesia
after the placenta is expelled and hemostatic sutures are placed on the offending
sites.
39
8.VI Steps Of Manual Removal Of Placenta :
StepI :
The operation is done under general anesthesia. In extreme urgency
where anesthetist is not available, the operation may have to be done under
deep sedation with 10 mg diazepam given intravenously. The patient is placed
in lithotomy position. With all aseptic measures, the bladder is catheterized.
StepII :
One hand is introduced into the uterus after smearing with the
antiseptic solution in coneshaped manner following thje cord, which is made
taut by the other hand. While introducing the hand, the labia is separated by the
fingers of the other hand. The fingers of the uterine hand should locate the
margin of the placenta.
StepIII :
Counter pressure on the uterine fundus is applied by the other hand
placed over the abdomen. The abdominal hand should steady the fundus and
guide the movements of the finger inside the uterine cavity until the placenta is
completely separated.
StepIV :
As soon as the placental margin is reached, the fingers are insinuated
between the placenta and the uterine wall with the back of the hand in contact
with the uterine wall. The placenta is gradually separated with a sideways slicing
movement of the fingers, until whole of the placenta is separated.
40
StepV :
When the placenta is completely separated, it is extracted by traction of
the cord by the other hand. The uterine hand is still inside the uterine exploration
of the cavity to be sure that nothing is left behind.
StepVI :
Intravenous methergine 0.2 mg is given and the uterine hand is gradually
removed while massaging the uterus by the external hand to make it hard. After the
completion of manual removal, inspection of the cervicovaginal canal is to be made
to exclude any injury.
StepVII :
The placenta and membranes are inspected for completeness and be sure
that the uterus remains hard and contracted.
41
Difficulties :
(1) Hourglass contraction leading to difficulty in introducing the hand,
(2) Morbid adherent placenta which may cause difficulty in getting to the
plane of cleavage of placental separation. In such a case placenta is
removed gently in fragments using an ovum forceps.
Complications :
(1) Hemorrhage due to incomplete removal;
(2) shock;
(3) Injury to the uterus;
(4) Infection;
(5) Inversion (rare);
(6) Subinvolution;
(7) Thrombophlebitis;
(8) Embolism.
In such a case, placenta is removed in fragments using an ovum
forceps or a flushing curette.
42
8.VII MANAGEMENT OF TRUE POSTPARTUM,
HEMORRHAGE :
Principles : Spontaneous approach
• Communication
• Resuscitation
• Monitoring
• Arrest of bleeding
It is essential in all cases of major PPH (blood loss > 1000mL
or clinical shock).
Management :
Immediate measures are to be taken by the attending house
officer (doctor / midwife).
1. Call for extra help – involve the obstetric registrar (senior staff) on call.
2. Put in two large bore (14gauge) intravenous cannulas.
3. Keep patient flat and warm.
4. Send blood for full blood count, group, crossmatching, diagnostic tests
(RFT, LFT), coagulation screen, including fibrinogen and ask for 2 units
(at least) of blood.
5. Infuse rapidly 2 liters of normal saline (crystalloids) or plasma substitutes
like haemaccel (colloids), an urea linked gelatin, to expand the vascular
bed. It does not interfere with crossmatching.
43
6. Give oxygen by mask 1015 L/min.
7. Start 20 units of oxytocin in 1 L of normal saline IV at the rate of 60
drops per minute. Transfuse blood as soon as possible.
8. One midwife / rotating houseman should be assigned to monitor the
following (I)Pulse, (ii)Blood pressure, (iii)Temperature, (iv)Respiratory
rate and oximeter, (v)Type and amount of fluids (blood, blood products)
the patient has received, (vi)Urine output (continuous catheterization),
(vii)Drugs type, dose and time (viii)Central venous pressure (when
sited).
44
8.VIII ACTUAL MANAGEMENT :
• Atonic • Traumatic
• Retained tissues • Coagulopathy
The first step is to control the fundus and to note the feel of the
uterus. If the uterus is flabby, the bleeding is likely to be from the atonic uterus.
If the uterus is firm and contracted, the bleeding is likely of traumatic origin.
Atonic uterus :
StepI :
a) Massage the uterus to make it hard and express the blood clot,
b) Methergine 0.2 mg is given intravenously,
c) Injection oxytocin drip is started (10 units in 500 ml of normal
saline) at the rate of 4060 drops per minute,
d) Foleys catheter to keep bladder empty and to monitor urine
output,
e) To examine the expelled placenta and membranes, for evidence
of missing cotyledon or piece of membranes. If the uterus fails
to contract, proceed to the next step.
StepII :
The uterus is to be explored under general anesthesia.
Simultaneous inspection of the cervix, vagina especially the
paraurethral region is to be done to exclude coexistant bleeding sites
from the injured area.
45
In refractory cases :
• Injection methyl PGF2ҩ 250 ųg IM in the deltoid muscle every 15
minutes (up to maximum of 2 mg).
OR
• Misoprostol (PGE1) 1000 ųg per rectum is effective.
• Injection tranexamic acid 0.5 gm or 1 gm IV may be given in addition
to oxytocin.
• When uterine atony is due to tocolytic drugs, calcium gluconate (1g
IV slowly) should be given to neutralize the calcium blocking effect
of these drugs.
StepIII : Uterine massage and bimanual compression.
• Procedure :
a) The whole hand is introduced into the vagina in coneshaped
fashion after separating the labia with fingers of the other
hand,
b) The vaginal hand is clenched into a first with the back of the
hand directed posteriorly and the knuckles in the anterior
fornix,
c) The other hand is placed over the abdomen behind the uterus
to make it anteverted,
d) The uterus is firmly squeezed between the two hands. It may be
necessary to continue the compression for a prolonged period
until the tone of the uterus is regained. This is evidenced by
absence of bleeding if the compression is released.
46
During the period, the resuscitative measures are to be continued.
If, in spite of therapy, the uterus remains refractory and the bleeding continues,
the possibility of blood coagulation disorders should be kept in mind and
massive fresh whole blood transfusion should be given until specific measures
can be employed. However, with oxytocics and blood transfusion, almost all
cases respond well. Uterine contraction and retraction regain and bleeding stops.
But in rare cases, when the uterus fails to contract, the following may be tried
desperately as an alternative to hysterectomy.
StepIV : Uterine tamponade
a) Tight uterine packing is done uniformly under general
anesthesia.
• Procedure :
A 5 meters long strip of gauze, 8 cm wide folded twice is required.
The gauze should be soaked in antiseptic cream before introduction. The gauze is
placed high up and packed into the fundal area first while the while the uterus is
steadied by the external hand. Gradually, the rest of the cavity is packed so that no
empty space is left behind. A separate pack is used to fill the vagina. An abdominal
binder is placed. Intrauterine plugging acts not only by stimulating contraction but
exerts direct hemostatic pressure (tamponade effect) to the open uterine sinuses.
Antibiotic should be given and the plug should be removed after 24 hours.
Intrauterine packing is useful in a case of uncontrolled postpartum
hemorrhage where other methods have failed and the patient is being prepared for
transport to a tertiary care center.
b) Balloon tamponade : Tamponade using various types of hydrostatic
balloon catheter has mostly replaced uterine packing. Mechanism of action is
similar to uterine packing. Foley catheter, Bakri balloon, Condom catheter or
Sengstaken Blakemore tube is inserted into the uterine cavity and the balloon is
inflated with normal saline (200500mL). It is kept for 46 hours. It is successful
in atonic PPH. This can avoid hysterectomy in 78% cases. It is considered the first
line surgical intervention for most women with atonic PPH.
47
Other Measures :
A nonpneumatic antishock garment may be used when the patient is
being transferred to a referral center.
Compression of the abdominal aorta may be a temporary but effective
measure. This allows time for resuscitation and volume replacement
before any surgical intervention is done.
StepVI :
surgical methods to control PPH are many. An outline of stepwise
uterine devascularization procedures are given below :
a) BLynch compression suture (1997) and multiple square sutures:
Both these surgical methods work by tamponade (like bimanual
compression) of the uterus. Success rate is about 80% and it can
avoid hysterectomy .
b) Ligation of uterine arteries the ascending branch of the uterine
artery is ligated at the lateral border between upper and lower
uterine segment. The suture (No.1 chromic) is passed into the
myometrium 2 cm medial to the artery. In atonic hemorrhage,
bilateral ligation is effective in about 75% of cases.
c) Ligation of the ovarian and uterine artery anastomosis, if
bleeding continues, is done just below the ovarian ligament.
Rarely temporary occlusion of the ovarian vessels at the
infundibulopelvic ligament may be done by rubbersleeved
clamps.
d) Ligation of anterior division of internal iliac artery (unilateral
or bilateral) reduce3s the distal blood flow. It helps stable clot
formation by reducing the pulse pressure up to 85%. Due to
extensive collateral circulation, there is no pelvic tissue necrosis.
Bilateral ligation (not division) can avoid hysterectomy in about
50% of the cases.
48
e) Angiographic selective arterial embolization (bleeding vessel)
under fleuroscopy (interventional radiology) can be using gel
foam. Success rate is more than 90% and it avoids hysterectomy.
StepVI :
Hysterectomy rarely uterus fail to contract and bleeding
continues in spite of the above measures. Hysterectomy has to be
considered involving a second consultant. Decision of hysterectomy
should be taken earlier in a parous woman. Depending on the case,
it may be subtotal or total.
49
Traumatic PPH :
The trauma to the perineum, vagina and the cervix is to be
searched under good light by speculum examination and hemostasis
is achieved by appropriate catgut sutures. The repair is done under
general anesthesia, if necessary.
Skill drill for management of PPH management for all
birth attendants is essential to improve outcome.
Documentation of all measure adopted in respect of time
should be done.
50
9.
SECONDARY
POSTPARTUM
HEMORRHAGE
51
SECONDARY POSTPARTUM
HEMORRHAGE
9.I CAUSES :
The bleeding usually occurs between 8th and 14th
day of delivery. The causes of late postpartum hemorrhage are :
1) Retained bits of cotyledon or membranes (most common) ;
2) Infection and separation of slough over a deep cervicovaginal
laceration ;
3) Endometritis and subinvolution of the placental site – due to
delayed healing process ;
4) Secondary hemorrhage from caesarean section wound usually
occurs between 10 and 14 days. It is commonly due to
a) separation of slough exposing a bleeding vessel, or
b) from granulation tissue ;
5) Withdrawal bleeding following estrogen therapy for suppression
of lactation ;
6) Other rare causes are : chorionepithelioma occurs usually beyond
4 weeks of delivery ; carcinoma cervix ; placental polyp ; infected
fibroid, uterine arteriovenous fistula formation and puerperal
inversion of uterus.
52
9.II DIAGNOSIS :
The bleeding is bright red and of varying amount. Rarely,
it may be brisk. Varying degrees of anemia and evidences of sepsis
are present. Internal examination reveals evidences of sepsis,
subinvolution of the uterus and often a patulous cervical os.
Ultrasonography is useful in detecting the bits of placenta inside the
uterine cavity.
53
9.III MANAGEMENT :
Principles :
* To assess the amount of blood loss and to replace it (blood
transfusion).
* To find out the cause and to take appropriate steps to rectify it.
Supportive Therapy :
1) Blood transfusion, if necessary ;
2) To administer methergine 0.2 mg intramuscularly, if the
intramuscularly in origine ;
3) To administer antibiotics (clindamycin and metronidazole)
as a routine.
Conservative :
If the bleeding is slight and no apparent cause is detected,
a careful watch for a period of 24 hours or so is done in the
hospital.
54
Active Management :
As the most common cause is due to retained bits of cotyledon
or membranes, it is preferable to explore the uterus urgently
under general anesthesia. One should not ignore the small
amount of bleeding; as unexpected alarming hemorrhage may
follow sooner or later. The products are removed by ovum
forceps. Gentle curettage is done by using flushing curette.
Methergine 0.2 mg is given intramuscularly. The materials
removed are to be sent for histological examination.
Presence of bleeding from the sloughing wound of
cervicovaginal canal should be controlled by hemostatic sutures.
Secondary hemorrhage following caesarean section may, at times,
require laparotomy. The bleeding from uterine wound can be
controlled by hemostatic sutures; may rarely require uterine artery
embolization, ligation of the internal iliac artery or may end in
hysterectomy.
55
10.
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
56
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
While caring of the patient of postpartum hemorrhage I
found that following nursing diagnosis :
1. Fluid volume deficit related to the blood loss and decreased
food & fluid intake
2. Ineffective tissue perfusion related to the blood loss
3. Knowledge deficit related to lack of information about
disease condition
4. Anxiety related to the disease condition
5. Fatigue related to the low hemoglobin level
6. Nutrition less than body requirement related to the reduce
appetite and decreased energy level
7. Risk of infection related to the self care
8. Altered body temperature as an infection related to the
disease condition
57
11.
NURSING
CARE
PLANS
58
1.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Fluid volume Short Term To assess the Assess the To gain After giving
Data : deficit Goal : patient's patient's baseline all these
related to the * condition. condition is data. nursing
Patient says blood loss Increase done. interventions,
that she have and fluid To provide Knowledge To gain the patient
feeling of decreased volume knowledge about patient's co will be able
thirsty for food & fluid * about maintaining operation for to
long time intake as Decrease maintaining nutritional improving
also whether evidenced by sore throat nutritional status is her >
she drunk patient's and feeling status. provided to nutritional Demonstrate
water. verbulization of thirst the patient. status and relieved pain
and self * increase and
observation. Patient Get fluid volume. increased
relief from fluid volume.
Objective pain To give Coconut To increase
Data : plenty of water and fluid volume. >
* fluid intake. orange juice is Demonstrate
Dryness of given to the reduced
mouth and patient. dryness of
dry, cracked Long Term To IVF NS and To maintain mouth and
lips Goal : administer IVF RL is electrolyte cracked lips
* * IV fluid. administered balance. becomes
Sore throat Maintain intravenously. smooth as
* fluid and healthy
Feeling of To give Health To avoid
electrolyte person.
thirst health education is further
balance education to given to the illness and
* *
Painful the patient. patient. other
maintain complication
facial nutritional
expression in future
status of related to
* patient
Anorexia decreased
nutritional
status.
59
2.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Ineffective After 8 hors To Patient is To become After 8 hors
Data : tissue of nursing encourage encouraged blood of nursing
Purpura on perfusion intervention patient to to take iron components intervention
the skin as related to the patient take iron supplements in normal the patient
verbulized by the blood will be able supplements and eat foods range. was able to :
the patient. loss, pallor, to : and eat rich in iron.
dizziness Demonstrate foods rich in >
and muscle different ways iron. Demonstrate
weakness as to improve different
Objective evidenced blood To elevate Head of the To increase ways to
Data : by self oxygenation the bed up bed is blood improve
* observation. and to 10 elevated. circulation blood
Pallor circulation. degrees. and promote oxygenation
* oxygenation. and
Hemoglobin circulation.
level : To Strengthous To avoid
9.7gms% discourage activities of paramount >
* strengthous patient are oxygen. Verbulize
Muscle activities of discouraged. understandin
weakness on patient. g of
both condition and
extremities To provide Health To increase importance
* health education patient's of treatment
Patient education regarding knowledge regimen.
shows sign regarding Postpartum about her
of dizziness Postpartum hemorrhage disease and >
* hemorrhage. is provided to possible Demonstrate
Platelet the patient. complication a increased
s.
count : 2.4 tissue
lakh / cumm To provide Information To increase perfusion.
information about drugs patient's
about drugs being taken knowledge
being taken. is provided. about drugs
being taken.
60
To provide Psychologica To relieve
psychologic l support and anxiety and
al support for recreation divert mind
and newspaper is of patient
recreation. provided to from her
the patient. disease.
61
3.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Knowledge Patient will To assess I asked her As a Goal met
Data : deficit be patient's level some baseline data Patient having
related to understand of knowledge questions & to plan a good
Patient lack of about her and about her further understanding
asked lot information disease and understanding disease. intervention. about her
of about able to regarding her disease after
questions postpartum explain after disease. 1 hour
about her hemorrhage 1 hour To explain the By using To enhance nursing
disease as evidenced intervention. patient by simple patient intervention
condition. by patient using simple language & knowledge is given.
verbulization language & easy to and
and self easy to understanding understand
Objective observation. understanding. sentences regarding
Data : information is her disease.
explained to
Patient the patient.
look
confused. To explain the Definition and To make
definition, sign clinical patient
& symptoms to manifestation aware about
the patient. are explained her disease.
to the patient.
62
To encourage I asked her to To
the patient to explain back encourage
explain back to me in her patient for
what she own words. more
understand understand.
about her
disease after
explaination
given.
63
4.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Anxiety * To stay with During Reassure the Goal is
Data : related to the Reduce the patient episodes of patient that achieved
disease anxiety during hemorrhage I competent
Patient says condition as * episodes of stayed with help is >
that she have evidenced by Patient feel hemorrhage. the patient. available if Patient's
fear self restful needed. anxiety is
regarding her observation. reduced.
disease To provide Clean, fresh Reduction of
condition. clean, fresh and restful external >
and restful environment stimuli helps She
environment. is provided to to reduce demonstrates
the patient. anxiety. use of
relaxation
Objective To encourage Patient is A feeling of technique in
Data : to take full encouraged reduced pain episodes of
* bedrest. for taking full by bedrest hemorrhage
Restless look bedrest. will help to and appears
* reduce restful.
Anxious and anxiety.
fearful facial >
expression Patient
discusses
activities pr
methods that
can be
performed to
pain during
hemorrhage.
5.
64
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Fatigue The patient To evaluate Nutrition and To provide Goal is
Data : related to the will adequacy of sleep patterns baseline data achieved
low demonstrate sleep pattern are evaluated. for further
Patient says hemoglobin relieved and nutrition. intervention. After
that she has level as fatigue and To review Medications To prevent providing all
complain of evidenced by energy medications are checked side effects. these nursing
anorexia, lab fullness. for side for side interventions
weakness, investigation effects. effects. patient was
insomnia report. able to
and nausea. demonstrate
Objective To teach Energy To increase relieved
Data : strategies for conservation knowledge of fatigue and
* energy strategies are patient and energy
Patient look conservation. taught to the increase her fullness.
weak patient. health status.
* To encourage Patient is It helps in
Pale the patient to encouraged providing her
conjunctiva express for express rest.
* feelings her feelings
White mucus about about fatigue.
membrane fatigue.
*
Tachycardia
*
Hb : 9.7
gm%
Vital signs :
*
Temp.
99.4°F
*
Pulse
90bpm
*
Resp.
22bpm
*
BP 100/60
mmHg
65
6.
Assessment Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
Diagnosis tation
Subjective Data Altered To improve To provide The calm and Due to calm Goal met
: nutritional nutritional calm and clean and clean
Patient says status status of clean environment environment >
that she has no related to the patient. environment. is provided to the patient is After giving
wish to take disease the patient. feel fresh and all these
any food. condition as comfortable. nursing
verbulized To assess Nutritional To gain intervention
by patient nutritional pattern of baseline data. patient can
and self pattern of patient is take
observation. patient. assessed. therapeutic
diet
Objective To give Knowledge To increase according to
Data : knowledge about patient's her disease
* about balanced diet knowledge condition.
Patient is not balanced is given to about
taking adequate diet. the patient. balanced diet. >
intake of food To advice Iron rich diet To increase Her
* patient to is adviced to hemoglobin nutritional
Patient is take iron rich the patient. level in the status is
undernourished diet. blood. improved.
*
Look fatigue
and tired
66
7.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Risk of The patient To assess Signs and Fever may Goal met
Data : infection will be free signs and symptoms of indicate
related to the from signs symptoms of infection are infection. After
Patient says poor and infection assessed. providing
that she have personal symptoms especially all these
itching at hygiene. of infection temperature. nursing
perineal area. as intervention
Objective manifested To The It serves as a patient was
Data : by absence emphasize importance first line of free from
* of fever. the of defence against any sign and
Profuse importance handwashing infection. symptoms
hemorrhage of technique is of infection
* handwashing emphasized. as
Unclean technique. manifested
perineal area by absence
of fever.
Vital Signs : To maintain Aseptic Regular
* aseptic techniques perineum
Temp. technique are cleaning
99.4°F when maintained reduces
* changing when spreading of
Pulse sanitary pads changing infection.
90bpm or caring sanitary pads
* perineum. and caring
Resp. perineum.
22bpm To keep the Perineal area Wet area can be
* perineal area is kept clean lodge area of
BP 100/60 clean and and dry. bacteria.
mmHg dry.
To The Premature
emphasize necessity of discontinuation
necessity of taking of treatment
taking antibiotics as when patient
antibiotics as ordered is begins to feel
ordered. emphasized. well may result
in return of
infection.
67
8.
Assess Nursing Goal Planning Implemen Rationale Evaluation
ment Diagnosis tation
Subjective Alteration in After 2 To monitor Vital signs of It serves as Goal is
Data : body hours of vital signs. patient are baseline data achieved
temperature nursing monitored. for further
Patient says as an intervention intervention >
that she feel infection the patient's and After 2 hours
very warm. related to body comparison. of nursing
Objective disease temperature To give Plenty of Increased intervention
Data : condition as will plenty of fluid is given. fluid volume the patient
* evidenced by becomes fluid intake. can help to was be able
Warm skin patient normal. reduce body to
on physical verbulization temperature. Manifest
examination and self reduction of
observation. core
Vital Signs : To give bed Bed bath is Evaporation temperature
* bath. given to the of water can from 99.4°F
Temp. patient. reduce the to 98.6o°F.
99.4°F temperature.
*
To Tab. Tab.
Pulse
administer paracetamol is Paracetamol
90bpm
medication given as per is an
*
as per doctor's order. antipyretic
Resp.
doctor's drug.
22bpm
order.
*
BP 100/60
mmHg
68
12.
DRUG
STUDY
69
DRUG STUDY
70
13.
Health
Education
71
Health Education
Medication :
Take prescribed medicines with accurate dose at prorper time.
The effects and side effects of given medicines are told to the patient.
Nutrition :
Patient should take well balanced diet.
The diet which is advised to the patient should be iron rich.
She must take green leafy vegetables, fruits, milk, pulses, jaggery in
her daily diet.
Rest & Sleep :
The patient is adviced to take more and sleep.
Rest and sleep will help to reduce vaginal bleeding of patient and
also reduces abdominal pain.
Exercise :
To avoid stressful activities such as turning or heavy lifting is adviced
to the patient.
The daily activities are adviced to the patient.
Also she can do housework such as making foodstuffs, washing
clothes or cleaning vessels.
72
Personal Hygiene :
Maintain personal hygiene by doing daily activities.
The activities such as regular bathing, mouth wash, perineal care,
hair combing.
She should cut her nails once in a week.
Child Care :
Child rearing practices such as cleaning of baby after its bladder or
bowel movements, breastfeeding etc.
Immunization :
Information about immunization schedule is given to the patient
due to which she can fully immunize her baby.
Family Planning :
Information about methods of family planning is given.
Advice of permanent family planning is given to the patient.
73
14.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
74
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sr. Page Number
Name of Book Edition Author Publication
No. From To
385 393 Jaypee
1 Textbook of Obstetrics 9th Edition D. C. Dutta
464 470 publication
Neelam
Kumari P. V.
2 Textbook of Obstetrics 3rd Edition 574 579
Shivani Sharma Publication
Dr. Priti Shaha
75
THANK
YOU !
76