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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

Gases
Jonyl L. Garcia, M.Sc.

Why study gases?

• An understanding of real world phenomena.

• An understanding of how science “works.”

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Physical Characteristics of Gases

• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers. Force
Pressure = Area
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to (force = mass x acceleration)
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
Units of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

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NO2 gas

Example 5.1

The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls

considerably below standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore,
the air inside the cabin must be pressurized to protect the
passengers.

10 miles 0.2 atm

What is the pressure in atmospheres in the cabin if the
barometer reading is 688 mmHg?

4 miles 0.5 atm

Sea level 1 atm

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Example 5.2 Example 5.2

Strategy
The atmospheric pressure in San Francisco on a certain day Here we are asked to convert mmHg to kPa.
was 732 mmHg.
Because
What was the pressure in kPa? 1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 760 mmHg

the conversion factor we need is

Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas
closed-tube open-tube

11 12 As P (h) increases V decreases

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Liquid Nitrogen and a

Balloon Volume and Temperature
• What law results from observations
like these?
• The volume of a gas depends on the
temperature of the gas (constant P, pressure,
and n, # of moles of gas).

• What happened to the gas in the balloon?

• A decrease in temperature was followed by
a decrease in the volume of the balloon.

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Boyle’s Law
Exercise
A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L at 23°C
and 0.956 atm. What volume will it occupy at
1.20 atm assuming that the temperature stays
constant?

9.88 L
P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P151 x V1 = P2 x V2 16

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Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
at Constant Pressure

Charles’s &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law

VaT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin
17 As T increases V increases 18 V1/T1 = V2 /T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15

Exercise Avogadro’s Law

V a number of moles (n) Constant temperature
Constant pressure
V = constant x n
Suppose a balloon containing 1.30 L of air at
24.7°C is placed into a beaker containing liquid V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
nitrogen at –78.5°C. What will the volume of
the sample of air become (at constant
pressure)?

0.849 L

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Summary of Gas Laws

Exercise
Boyle’s Law

If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of

89.0 L, what volume will 2.10 mol of argon
occupy under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure?

76.3 L

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Charles’s Law

Avogadro’s Law

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The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard

Ideal Gas Equation temperature and pressure (STP).
Boyle’s law: P a 1 (at constant n and T)
V Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
Charles’s law: V a T (at constant n and P) gas occupies 22.414 L.

Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT
Va
P PV = nRT
nT nT PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant R= =
P P nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)

PV = nRT R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

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Example Example

Exercise Exercise

An automobile tire at 23°C with an internal What is the pressure in a 304.0 L tank that
volume of 25.0 L is filled with air to a total contains 5.670 kg of helium at 25°C?
pressure of 3.18 atm. Determine the number of
moles of air in the tire. 114 atm

3.27 mol

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Example Example 5.3

Exercise Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a

colorless and odorless gas.

At what temperature (in °C) does 121 mL of

Due to its lack of chemical
CO2 at 27°C and 1.05 atm occupy a volume of reactivity, it is used as an
293 mL at a pressure of 1.40 atm? insulator in electronic
equipment.
696°C
Calculate the pressure (in atm)
exerted by 1.82 moles of the
gas in a steel vessel of volume
5.43 L at 69.5°C.

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Example 5.4 Example 5.5

Calculate the volume (in L) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP. An inflated helium balloon with
a volume of 0.55 L at sea level
(1.0 atm) is allowed to rise to a
height of 6.5 km, where the
pressure is about 0.40 atm.

Assuming that the temperature

remains constant, what is the
final volume of the balloon?

A scientific research
helium balloon.

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Example 5.6 Example 5.7

Argon is an inert gas used in
lightbulbs to retard the A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the
vaporization of the tungsten temperature and pressure are 8°C and 6.4 atm, to the water’s
filament. surface, where the temperature is 25°C and the pressure
is 1.0 atm.
A certain lightbulb containing
argon at 1.20 atm and 18°C is Calculate the final volume (in mL) of the bubble if its initial
heated to 85°C at constant
volume was 2.1 mL.
volume.

Calculate its final pressure

(in atm).

Electric lightbulbs are

usually filled with
argon.

Example 5.8
Density (d) Calculations
Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per liter
PM m is the mass of the gas in g
d= m = (g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55°C.
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

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Example 5.9 Example 5.10

A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous
compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its density is
7.71 g/L at 36°C and 2.88 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the compound and determine its
molecular formula.
Chemical analysis of a gaseous compound showed that it
contained 33.0 percent silicon (Si) and 67.0 percent fluorine (F)
by mass.
At 35°C, 0.210 L of the compound exerted a pressure of 1.70
atm.
If the mass of 0.210 L of the compound was 2.38 g, calculate
the molecular formula of the compound.

Example 5.11
Gas Stoichiometry
Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters)
required for the complete combustion
of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2)
measured at the same temperature
and pressure.

The reaction of calcium

carbide (CaC2) with water
produces acetylene (C2H2),
39 a flammable gas.

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Example 5.12 Example 5.13

Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some Aqueous lithium hydroxide solution is used to purify air in
automobile air bags. The impact of a spacecrafts and submarines because it absorbs carbon dioxide,
collision triggers the decomposition of which is an end product of metabolism, according to the
NaN3 as follows: equation

The nitrogen gas produced quickly The pressure of carbon dioxide inside the cabin of a submarine
inflates the bag between the driver having a volume of 2.4 × 105 L is 7.9 × 10−3 atm at 312 K. A
and the windshield and dashboard. solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) of negligible volume is
introduced into the cabin. Eventually the pressure of CO2 falls
Calculate the volume of N2 generated to 1.2 × 10−4 atm. How many grams of lithium carbonate are
formed by this process?
at 80°C and 823 mmHg by the
An air bag can
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
protect the driver in
an automobile
collision.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
V and T are constant container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2 ni
P1 Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
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Example 5.14 Collecting a Gas over Water

A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole

of argon (Ar), and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe).

Calculate the partial pressures of the gases if the total pressure

is 2.00 atm at a certain temperature.

2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

46 PT = PO2 + PH2 O

Example 5.15
Vapor of Water and Temperature
Oxygen gas generated by the decomposition of potassium
chlorate is collected as shown in Figure 5.15.

The volume of oxygen collected at 24°C and atmospheric

pressure of 762 mmHg is 128 mL.

Calculate the mass (in grams) of oxygen gas obtained.

The pressure of the water vapor at 24°C is 22.4 mmHg.

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Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1
• So far we have considered “what happens,”
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but not “why.”
66 3 • In science, “what” always comes before
“why.”

P V

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Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Kinetic theory of gases and …

1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own • Compressibility of Gases
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
• Boyle’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions Collision rate a number density
among molecules are perfectly elastic. Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another. • Charles’s Law
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional P a collision rate with wall
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic Average kinetic energy a T
energy PaT
KE = ½ mu2
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Kinetic theory of gases and …

Apparatus for Studying Molecular Speed Distribution
• Avogadro’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
Pan

• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
Ptotal = SPi

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Root Mean Square Velocity

The distribution of speeds
3RT of three different gases
urms = at the same temperature
M

R = 8.3145 J/K·mol
(J = joule = kg·m2/s2)
T = temperature of gas (in K)
M = mass of a mole of gas in kg
The distribution of speeds
for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures

 Final units are in m/s. urms =  3RT

M
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Example 5.16 Chemistry in Action: Super Cold Atoms

Calculate the root-mean-square speeds of helium atoms and

nitrogen molecules in m/s at 25°C.

Maxwell velocity distribution of Rb atoms at about 1.7 x 10−7 K

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Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)

Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas

with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
 Diffusion – the mixing of gases.


 Effusion – describes the passage of a gas r1 M2
=
through a tiny orifice into an evacuated r2 M1
chamber.
 Rate of effusion measures the speed at molecular path
which the gas is transferred into the
chamber. NH4Cl

NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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Gas effusion is the process by which gas under pressure
escapes from one compartment of a container to another by
passing through a small opening.
Example 5.17
A flammable gas made up only of
carbon and hydrogen is found to
effuse through a porous barrier in
1.50 min.

Under the same conditions of

temperature and pressure, it


r1 t2 M2 takes an equal volume of bromine
= =
r2 t1 M1 vapor 4.73 min to effuse through
the same barrier.
Gas effusion. Gas
Calculate the molar mass of the molecules move from a
unknown gas, and suggest what high-pressure
this gas might be. region (left) to a low-
pressure
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one through a pinhole.

Real Gases Deviations from Ideal Behavior

• We must correct for non-

ideal gas behavior when:
 Pressure of the gas is
high. 1 mole of ideal gas
Repulsive Forces
 Temperature is low. PV = nRT
• Under these conditions: PV = 1.0
n=
 Concentration of gas RT
Attractive Forces
particles is high.
 Attractive forces
become important.

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Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.

Van der Waals equation

nonideal gas

2
( P + an
V2 )
(V – nb) = nRT

}
corrected corrected
pressure volume

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Example 5.18
Given that 3.50 moles of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47°C, calculate
the pressure of the gas (in atm) using

• For a real gas, the actual observed (a) the ideal gas equation and
pressure is lower than the pressure
the van der Waals equation.
expected for an ideal gas due to
(b)

the intermolecular attractions that

occur in real gases.

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