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Wind Power Connection To The Grid: Aalto University 30.10.2015 Sanna Uski
Wind Power Connection To The Grid: Aalto University 30.10.2015 Sanna Uski
Content
Glossary
Transmission
400 kV
G
grid
Nuclear power plant
voltage
High-
voltage network
(”Alue-verkko”)
110 kV
Local high
Industrial plant
20 kV
Distribution
network
400 V
voltage
G Small production
Low-
consumers unit
30.10.2015 7
~ 1 MW
Weak medium-
voltage network
~100 MW
No other connections
~ 20 MW at the substation
P [MW]
Start-ip current taken from the grid is limited by
e.g. soft-starter (“pehmokäynnistimellä”) GB
“From wind to the grid” (“Tuulesta verkkoon”) –
connection is very direct (and vice versa), so 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
phenomena will transfer easily v [m /s]
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rpm[rpm]
(Type 4) Full power converter equipped generator 20
Speed control at power levels below the nominal
speed
power 15
Roottori
Constant speed and pitch control
(“lapakulmansäätö”) at nominal power 10
Rotor
Features
Converter enables speed control of the turbine 5
Operating range even 20 – 100 % of nominal speed
Reactive power is controllable
Causes harmonics (“yliaaltoja”) to the grid 0
Benefits compared to the fixed speed turbines 0 5 10 15 20 25
Better aerodynamics efficiency at larger wind speed
area Wind Tuuli
speed m/s[m/s]
Reduction of turbine loads and stresses, especially at
nominal speed
Reduction of aerodynamic noise
Better possibilities for supporting the grid
30.10.2015 12
of grid faults
GB
P [MW]
control
system ~
~ 0
0 5 10 15 20
v [m /s]
30.10.2015 13
P [MW]
control
system 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1
v [m /s]
30.10.2015 14
Im U – voltage
I – current
Q [VAr] S [VA]
cos – power factor
S – apparent power
P – active power (power that ”does work”)
Q – reactive power
P [W] Re
S=UI*
P=Scos
Reactive power: Considering active power (P), the power that ”does work”, as real, reactive power
(Q) is the imaginary part of total power, i.e. the apparent power (S). Reactive power is produced
and/or consumed on power lines and cables, as well as electric machines. It can be produced e.g.
by capacitors and consumed by shunts reactors (coils). Reactive power transmission must be
avoided, because it causes losses whereas active power transmission does. By reactive power, the
voltage can be controlled, which in some cases may be needed.
30.10.2015 15
EXAMPLE :
Type 4 (ENERCON) Source: Fingrid VJV2013 (27 September 2013)
Normal PQ-operation
range
Extended PQ-operation
range if desired
Extended PQ-operation
Source: ENERCON range as STATCOM if
required
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A BREAK
?
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Voltage change
Increase in voltage
233 V
250 kW
226 V
0 kW
400
395
L1 [V]
U [V]
390 L2 [V]
L3 [V]
385
380
375
1600000
24.9. 25.9. 26.9. 27.9. 28.9. 29.9. 30.9. 1.10. 2.10. 3.10. 4.10. 5.10.
1400000
1200000
1000000
kW
800000 P [W]
600000 -Q [VAr]
400000
200000
0
24.9. 25.9. 26.9. 27.9. 28.9. 29.9. 30.9. 1.10. 2.10. 3.10. 4.10. 5.10.
-200000
Measured phase voltages and WT active and reactive power, sampling 10min, plotted period
of 11 days.
• reactive power control reduces voltage rise
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häviöt (MWh/vuosi)
300
• peak load 2 MW
• yearly cons. 9090 MWh 200
Production:
• full load hours 100
(huipunkäyttöaika) 2000 h
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
VJV2013 requirements
in Finland
VJV2013 in force since Nov. 2013
prepared by Fingrid, approved by
Energy authority (“Energiavirasto”)
Official and binding requirements in the
Finnish version
English translation available
(non-binding/unofficial) support
documentation (“VJV-tukidokumentti”)
available
Update going on for ENTSO-E compliance
will be a consultation with stakeholders
there will be changes to VJV2013
30.10.2015 31
ENTSO-E
Network Codes
EU
In Finland:
Group 11
blokki ...
G G G G
rantaan
To shore
blokki2 2
Group ...
G G G G
Group
blokkinn
30.10.2015 37
www.hornsrev.dk
30.10.2015 38
getting cheaper .