CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. AVICK CHAKRABORTY, (Roll No-16901613027)

student of Electrical Engineering department (8th semester) of ACADEMY OF
TECHNOLOGY has successfully completed Electrical System Design-II
(papercode EE882)

……………………………… …..……………………….
Prof. Sandipan Mishra Prof. Kaustav Bhadar
(Electrical Engineering Department) (Electrical Engineering Department)

Academy of Technology
Hooghly, 712121

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Prof Sandipan Mishra and Prof. Kaustav Bhadar for
their kind help to complete this report for paper ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
DESIGN-II(EE882). I cordially acknowledge their effort to make me
understand the aspects of Machine Designing. I also thank my friends and
teachers from Electrical Engineering department for their support and sharing
knowledge with me. I have gone through several books of machine and enrich
my interest and knowledge.

……………………..
Avick Chakraborty
(16901613027)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE NO

1) CERTIFICATE 1

2) ACKNOLEDGEMENT 2

3) CONTENTS 3

4) DESIGN OF A SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 4

5) WIRING AND INSTALLATION DESIGN OF G+4 BUILDING 21

6) DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE 32

7) DESIGN OF IRON CORE INDUCTOR 41

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 DESIGN OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Objective:
To Design a 11kw,3 phase, 440v,50 Hz, 1000 rpm squirrel cage I.M.The machine is to be started
by a star delta starter. Given full load efficiency 86% and full load power factor is 0.86

Assumption:
Specific Magnetic Loading, Ba = 0.45 Tesla
Specific Electrical Loading, ac = 25000 A/m
Winding Factor, Kw = 0.955
Length to pole pitch, L/τp = 1.5
Slot/pole/phase, q = 2
Stacking Factor, S.F = 0.9
Current Density (Stator), δs = 4 A/mm2
Conductor Covering - Medium Enamel
Space Factor, Sf = 0.8
Standard Conductor Diameter (with insulation), ds = 1.99 mm
Slot Width of Stator at AA' = 13.04 mm
Slot Width of Stator at CC' =9.63 mm
Maximum Flux density Through Stator Teeth, Bmax = 1.7 Tesla
Core Flux Density, Bcs = 1.05 Tesla
Rotor Current Density, δr = 6 A/mm2
End Ring Current Density, δe = 7 A/mm2
Air Gap Length, lg = 0.35 mm
Copper Resistivity, ρcu = 0.021*10-6 Ω-m
Specific Core Iron Loss = 5.4 Watt/kg
Specific Weight of Material = 7.6*103 kg/m3
Specific Core Teeth Iron Loss = 7.2 Watt/kg
Specific Weight of Copper = 8.89*103 Kg/m3

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End Ring Extension (for both side) = 14.5 mm
Skewing Extension = 10 mm

Dimension Calculation:
N= (120*f)/P
Or P= (120*50)/1000= 6
Input (KVA,Q) =(11/(086*.86))=14.872 kva
Output Coefficient, Co =(1.11*Kw*Bav*ac*п2*10-3) = 117.084
We Know, Q=Co*D2*l*ns
Or D2*l =Q/(Co* ns) ----------1
Now, l/τp =1.5
Or, L=0.78D -----------------2
From 1 and 2 we get ,
D=21.3 cm
Then L=16.6 cm
Peripherial Speed, пDns = 11.461 m/s
Slot Pitch, Yss =пD/Ss = 18.58 mm
Net Core Length, Li= Sf *l = 11.97 cm

FIG: 1 - SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR DIMENSION

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Stator Design:
Eph = 4.44*f*Φ*Kw*Ts
Or, Ts = Eph /(4.44*f*Φ*Kw) ----------------------1
Bav = Φ*P/(п*D*l)
Or, Φ = Bav*п*D*l/ P = 0.0667 Weber ---2
Putting 2 in 1 we get,
Ts = 309 Turns
Number of Stator Slots, Ss = 36
Let number of conductor per slot be Zss then
Zss = (2*3*Ts)/Ss = 52 Conductors/slot
Distribution Factor, Kd = sin(mβ/2)/(m*sin(β/2))
Here, Distribution angle, β = 360/54 = 10 deg.
Therefore Kd = 0.99
Pitch Factor, Kp = Cos(α/2)
Chording angle, α =30
Therefore, Kp = 0.966

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 Fig : 2 - SEMI ENCLOSED SLOT FOR STATOR CONDUCTOR

Stator Conductor Area:

Stator Conductor area, as = 22.66/4 =2.82 sq.mm
Conductor Diameter, Ds = 1.89 mm
Standard Conductor Diameter, ds = 2.784 mm
Conductor area with insulation = 1.99 sq.mm
Slot Area, As = Total Copper Area/ Space Factor = 161.73/0.8 = 243.48 sq.mm
Slot pitch at AA’ of a slot, YAA’ = п*(D+2*(Lip+Wedge))/S=13.04 mm
Slot Height, h = Slot Area/(0.5*(AA’ width + CC’ width) = 12.52 mm
Depth of Slot, dss = h+3+0.5 =16.02 mm
Slot pitch at CC’ of a slot = п*(D+dss))/Ss = 19.26 mm
Teeth minimum area per pole = Φ/Bmax = 653.8 mm2
No. of Stator Teeth= No .of Stator Slot =36
To Find Minimum Teeth Width, (Wt)min:
(Ss/P)*(Wt)min *Li = (Min. teeth Area per pole)
Or, (Wt)min = 5.46mm
Since min. teeth width is less than (18-6) thus AA’ = 13.04 mm & CC’ = 19.26mm
Average Flux Density in stator teeth = 1.105 Wb/Sq.metre

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DO=14.52
.INCH

FIG : 3 - SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR SLOT DIAGRAM

Stator Core:
Since only 50% flux/pole passes through the stator core i.e. (0.008197/2)
Average flux density in stator core = 1.0345 Wb/m2
Stator Core area,Acs = (Φ/2)/Bcs =0.00314m²
Stator Core depth, dcs = Acs/Li =26 mm

Rotor Design:
Rotor Diameter, Dr = 280 – 2*0.35 = 279.3 mm (where air gap length = 0.35 mm)
Rotor bar Current, Ib = 369.68 A
Rotor Bar Cross Sectional Area, ar = 70 sq.mm
Rotor Bar width, wsr = 6.16 mm
Rotor Bar height, hsr = 10 mm
Rotor slot depth, dsr =6.46 mm

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 Fig : 4 - PARALLEL SIDED SLOT FOR ROTOR CONDUCTOR

Slot pitch at rotor slot CC’ = п*(Dr-2*dsr))/Sr =12.26 mm

Slot pitch = slot width + min. teeth width
Or, min. teeth width,(Wtr)min =5.8 mm
Applying (Bt)1/3 method to the rotor teeth i.e dsr’ =6.46 mm
Slot pitch at 1/3rd position from bottom,(Ysr)1/3 = п*(Dr-2*dsr’))/Sr =12.82 mm
Teeth width at 1/3rd position from bottom,(Wt)1/3 = (Ysr)1/3 – 6.6=6.36 mm
Average Flux Density,(Bt)1/3 = (Flux/pole)/(Area of Rotor/pole)= Φ/((Sr/P)*Li*(Wt)1/3
=1.093 Wb/sq.metre
Bar Length, Lb =168 mm
Bar Resistance, Rb = ρ* Lb /a=.572 u ohm
Copper loss due to Single bar = Ib2 * Rb =7. 825 W
Total Copper loss of bars = 48*5.859 =375.62 W

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 Fig : 5- END RING OF ROTOR

End Ring:
End Ring Current, Ie = (Sr*Ib)/(P*п) = 941.38 A
End Ring Area, A e = 134. 48 sq.mm
End Ring Depth, de =13 mm
End Ring Thickness, te =10.34 mm
Outer Diameter, de/out =220 mm
Inner Diameter, de/in =194 mm
Mean Diameter, de/mean = 207 mm
End Ring Mean Length, le =пde/mean = 650 mm
End Ring Resistance,Re = ρ* Le /ae = 11 mΩ
End Ring Copper Loss 179.9 W
Total Copper Loss of Rotor =555.52 W

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MMF Calculation:

1) Air Gap MMF:

Stator Carter coefficient, Kcs = 0.78
Stator Gap Concentration factor, Kgs = YAA’ / (YAA’ – Kcs*(Ws)AA’ ) =1.8422
Rotor Carter coefficient, Kcr = 0.65
Rotor Gap Concentration factor, KgR = Y1/3 / (Y1/3 – Kcr*(Ws)1/3) =1.8422
Kg = Kgs*Kgr = 2.329
Air Gap MMF at 60o , (ATg)60 = 800000*kg*lg*B60*(1/1000) = 399.09 AT

2) Stator Teeth MMF:

From the chart of stator flux density, H = 210 AT/m
Stator teeth mmf = H*l = 6.092 AT

3) Rotor Teeth MMF:

For (Btr)1/3 = 0.8443 Wb/m2 we get H= 205 AT/m.
Rotor teeth mmf = 12.81 AT

4) Stator Core MMF:

Core Flux Density, Bc = 1.25 Wb/sq.m, corresponding H = 330 AT/m
Length of flux path = (1/3) * (п*(D+2dss+dcs)/P) = 64.915 mm
MMF = 21.42 AT

5) Rotor Core MMF:

Core Flux Density, Bc = 1.25 Wb/sq.m, corresponding H = 330 AT/m
Length of flux path = (1/3) * (п*( Dr- 2dsr-dcr)/P) = 37.137 mm
MMF = 12.25 AT

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Total MMF and Magnetizing Current:
MMFTOTAL = 399.09 + 6.092 + 12.81 + 21.42 + 12.25 = 451.662 AT
Magnetizing Current, Im = P* MMFTOTAL /(2.34*Kws*Ts) = 8.66 A

Loss Calculation:
 Stator Iron Loss:
Volume of Stator = Acs*п*D’ = 0.0185 m3
Weight of material = 0.0185*7.6*103 = 141.2 kg
Stator Core Loss = 5.4 * 141.2 = 762.48 W

 Stator Teeth Iron Loss:

Volume of Teeth = 2.318*10-3 m3
Weight of Stator teeth = 17.618 kg
Stator Teeth Iron loss = 126.8 W
Friction and Windage Loss = 2% of Output = 447.6W
Total Iron Loss = 889.28W
Total no-load loss= 447.6 + 889.28 = 1336.88W

Induction Machine Parameter Calculation:

Core loss Component Current, Ia = Io* cos ϴo = P/(3 Vph) = 1.013 A
Magnetizing Current, Im = P* MMFTOTAL /(2.34*Kws*Ts) = 8.66A
No load Current, Io = √( Im2 + Ia2 ) = 8.719 A
No load Power Factor, cos ϴo = Ia/Io = 0.116
Core Loss resistance, Rm = Vph/Ia = 434.35 Ω
Magnetizing Reactance, Xm = Vph/Im = 50.8 Ω
Io/Ifl *100% = 31%

Short Circuit Analysis:

Length of Mean Turn, Lmts = 2*L+2.3* τp +0.24 = 1.01741m
Resistance of Stator Winding per phase, Rs = ρ*Lmts *Ts/as = 0.5 Ω
Total stator Copper Loss ( 3 phase) =3* Is2*Rs = 770.2134 W
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Total Cu loss = Stator Cu Loss + Rotor Cu Loss = 770.2134 + 662.28 = 1432.5 W

Fig : 6 - STATOR SLOT DIMENSION Fig : 7 – ROTOR SLOT

DIMENSION

Leakage Reactance Calculation:

1. Slot Leakage:

 Specific Permeance of Stator Slot, λss = 2h1/3(Ws+W1)+2h2/(W1+W0)+h3/W0

Where h1 = 25.51mm, h2 = 3mm, h3 = 0.5mm, Ws = 15mm, Wo = 3mm, W1 = 8mm
λss = 1.5866
 Stator Slot Leakage Reactance, Xss = 8пfμoTs2L λss/(q*P) = 0.6 Ω

 Specific Permeance of Rotor Slot, λsr = h1/3Ws+h2/Ws+2 h3/(Ws+W0)+h4/W0

Where h1 =14mm, h2 = 1.5mm, h3 = 0.5mm Ws = 5.6mm, Wo = 2mm
λsr = 1.478
 Specific Permeance of Rotor Slot w.r.t stator, λsr’=λsr*((Kws2*Ss)/(Kwr2*Sr))= 1.977
 Stator Slot Leakage Reactance, Xsr = 8пfμoTs2L λsr’/(q*P) = 0.748 Ω

2. Overhang Leakage:
Specific Permeance, λo = Ksτp2/(LoпYss)
λoLo = Ksτp2/(пYss) = 0.24 m where Ks = f(8/9) = 0.92
Overhang Leakage Reactance, Xo = 8пfμoTs2Loλss/(q*P) = 0.6637 Ω
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 3. Zig-Zag Leakage:
Xz = 1.524Ω
Total Leakage Reactance referred to stator, X’s = 3.535 Ω
Total resistance rs = Rs + R’R = 0.5 + 0.5715 = 1.0715 Ω
Total impedence Zs = rs + jXs = 3.52Ω
Short circuit Current, Isc = Vph / Zs = 124.97 A
Short circuit Power factor, cosϴsc = rs / Z s = 0.304

 Full load slip = Rotor Cu Loss / Rotor Input

Sfl = Rotor Cu Loss / (Stator input – Stator Loss)
= 662.28 / (26023.3 – (762.48+770.2+126.8) ) = 2.72%

 Starting Current / Full-load Current = 5.51

 Starting Torque / Full load Torque = 5.512 * Sfl = 82.58%

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 DATA – SHEET
Design of a squirrel cage Induction Motor

SPECIFICATIONS:-

NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Power kW 𝑃0 22.38

Voltage Volt V 440

Phase ---- Ø 3

Frequency Hertz f 50

Poles ---- P 6

Power factor ---- cosØ 0.87

Efficiency ---- η 86%

Speed Rpm N 960

ASSUMPTIONS:-

NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Specific electrical A/m ac 2200

loading
Specific magnetic Tesla Bav 0.45
loading

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 Winding Factor ---- Kw 0.955

Current Density A/mm2 δ 4

Stacking factor ---- KF 0.9

Max. allowable flux

density Wb/m2 Bmax 1.7

MAIN DIMENSIONS:-
NAME UNIT SYMBOL VAL0UE

Gross Length cm L 22

Bore Diameter cm D 28

Duct Width mm Ld 10

Net Length cm Li 17.1

Peripheral Speed m/s v 14.65

STATOR DESIGN:-
NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Flux/pole Wb Ø 0.0145
Turns/phase Turns/ph Tph 140
Number of conductor ---- Zss 16
per slot
Phase Current A Iph 22.66
Stator Current Density A/mm2 δ 4
Radius mm R 0.94

Area of conductor mm2 as 5.66

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Diameter of conductor mm ds 2.784
Diameter with
medium enamel mm ds’ 2.96
insulation
Conductor area with mm2 as’ 6.087
insulation
Minimum teeth width mm WtAA/ 5.54
Teeth width at CC’ mm WtCC/ 8.345
Maximum slot width mm WsAA/ 10.74
Number of stator slots ------- SS 54
Height of Cu section mm h 25.51
in slot
Slot depth mm dss 29.01
Stator Core depth mm dcs 33.92
Slot height mm H 31.96
Total Diameter mm D0 405.86
Avg flux density in Wb/m2 BSC 1.25
stator core
Avg flux density in Wb/m2 BST 1.0885
stator teeth

ROTOR DESIGN :-
NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Diameter mm DR 279.3
Number of Rotor ---- SR 39
Slots
Bar Current A Ib 414.85
Current density in A/mm2 δR 6
rotor
Slot Depth mm dsr 16.3
Slot Width mm WRCC/ 5.3
Air gap length mm lg 0.35

Diameter of Rotor mm DR 279.3

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 Slot Pitch mm YRCC/ 19.87

Teeth width mm WRTCC/ 14.57

Average Flux Density Wb/m2 (BtR)1/3 0.8443

at 1/3rd distance
Rotor bar length cm Lb 22.5

Depth of rotor bar mm Hb 14

Resistance of rotor Ω Rb 6.75*10-5

bar
Total Cu loss in bar W (PCu)b 453.05

Total end ring current A Ie 858.33

End ring current A/mm2 δe 7

density
Depth of end ring mm de 14.5
Thickness of end ring mm te 8.48
Inner diameter mm Die 250.3

Outer diameter mm Doe 279.3

Mean diameter mm Dme 264.8

Resistance of each mΩ re 0.142

end ring
Total Cu loss in end W (PCu)e 209.23
ring
Total Cu loss in rotor W (PCu)R 662.28

IRON LOSS:
NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Specific weight of kg/m3 ---- 7.6*103

iron
Mean diameter of mm Dm 371.94
stator core
Volume of stator core m3 ---- 0.0185

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Weight of stator core kg ---- 141.2
Total stator core loss W (PFe)S 762.48
Total volume of stator m3 ---- 2.318*10-3
teeth
Total iron loss in W (PFe)t 1336.88
stator teeth
Total no-load loss W P0 0.9557

Friction and windage W ---- 447.6

loss

M.M.F AND NO-LOAD PARAMETERS

NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Working component A Iw 1.013

of no-load current
Stator gap ---- KgS 1.8422
concentration factor
Stator Carter ---- KCS 0.78
coefficient
Rotor gap
concentration factor
---- KgR 1.267
Rotor Carter
coefficient
---- KCR 0.65
mmf in Stator teeth ampere-turns ATSt 6.092
mmf in Rotor teeth ampere-turns ATRt 12.81
Total mmf ampere-turns ATtotal 451.662
Magnetizing current
per phase
A Im 8.66
No-load current per
phase
A I0 8.719
No-load power factor ---- cos ϕ0 0.116
Parallel branch
Ω Rm 434.53
resistance
Parallel branch
Ω Xm 50.8
reactance

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SHORT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS AND EFFICIENCY
NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Stator conductor Ω RS 0.5

resistance/phase
Rotor resistance Ω RR’ 0.5715
referred to stator
Total Cu loss in Stator W (PCu)S 770.2134
Total Cu loss in rotor W (PCu)R 662.28

Total Cu loss W PCu 1432.5

Calculated efficiency ---- ƞ 88.98%

MAGNETIZING AND LEAKAG REACTANCE:-

NAME UNIT SYMBOL VALUE

Specific permeance of Ω-1/ph λSS 1.5866

stator slot
Stator leakage Ω XSS 0.6
reactance per phase
Rotor slot permeance Ω-1/ph λSR / 1.9773
referred to stator
Rotor slot reactance Ω XSR / 0.748
referred to stator
Overhang leakage Ω Xoh 0.6637
reactance
Zig-zag leakage
Ω XZ 1.524
reactance
Total leakage
reactance referred to Ω XS / 3.5357
stator
Total short circuit
Ω ZS 3.52
impedence
Short circuit current A ISC 124.97
Short circuit power
factor
---- cos ϕSC 0.30424

Full load slip ---- sFL 2.72%

Starting/Full load
torque
---- TST / TFL 82.58%

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 WIRING AND INSTALLATION DESIGN OF
G+4 BUILDING

 Calculation of area:
 1m=3.28ft
 1mm2=1.076*10-5 sq. ft

Flat-1:-
Bedroom 1 :- 3475*2700*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 100.946 ft2
Bedroom 2 :- 3475*2700*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 100.946 ft2
Toilet :- 2400*1200*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 30.98 ft2
Kitchen :- 2700*1500**10-5 *1.076 ft2 =43.59 ft2
Dining :- :- 2700*1500**10-5 *1.076 ft2 =43.59 ft2

Flat-2:-
Bedroom 1 :- 3000*2400*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 77.49 ft2
Bedroom 2 :- 3300*2400*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 85.25 ft2
Sitting :- 2500*2100*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 56.48 ft2
Toilet :- 2100*1125*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 25.43 ft2
Kitchen :- 2100*1500*10-5 *1.076 ft2 =33.90 ft2

Flat-3:-
Bedroom 1 :- 3900*2400*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 100.71 ft2
Bedroom 2 :- 2575*3300*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 91.43ft2
Bedroom 3 :- 3450*2400*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 89.09 ft2
Toilet :- 2400*1200*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 30.99 ft2
Kitchen :- 2475*1885*10-5 *1.076 ft2 =50.199 ft2
Dining :- 2575*3150*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 87.28 ft2
Water Closet (wc):- 1350*1000*10-5 *1.076ft2 = 14.528 ft2

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Balcony :- 2400*1000*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 25.83 ft2

Flat-4:-
Bedroom 1 :- 3450*2500*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 92.8 ft2
Bedroom 2 :- 2530*3300*10-5*1.076 ft2 = 89.83ft2
Toilet :- 2400*1200*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 30.99 ft2
Kitchen :- 2475*1885*10-5 *1.076 ft2 =50.199 ft2
Dining :- 2575*3160*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 87.55 ft2
Water Closet (wc):- 1350*1000*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 14.52 ft2
Balcony :- 2500*1000*10-5 *1.076 ft2 = 26.896 ft2

Illumination level I.S standard

1. Bedroom / Dinning / Sitting = 300 lux
2. Kitchen = 200 lux
3. Bathroom /Toilet/ Stairs /Balcony/WC = 100 lux
4. Lift landing = 150 lux
5. Garage / Godown = 70 lux
6. Shop 1/2= 450/200 lux

1 Lux=0.093 Lumen/ft2

Average Illumination:-
Flat-1:-
Bedroom 1 :- 100.946*300*0.093 = 2818.01 lumen
Bedroom 2 :- 100.946*300*0.093 = 2818.01 lumen
Toilet :- 30.98*100*0.093 = 288.36 lumen
Kitchen :- 43.59*200*0.093 = 810.77 lumen
Dining :- 43.59 *300*0.093 = 1215.603 lumen

Flat-2:-
Bedroom 1 :- 77.49*300*0.093 = 2161.971 lumen
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Bedroom 2 :- 85.25*300*0.093 = 2378.475 lumen
Toilet :- 25.43*100*0.093 = 236.49 lumen
Kitchen :- 33.90*200*0.093 = 630.54 lumen
Sitting :- 56.51*300*0.093 = 1576.63 lumen

Flat-3:-
Bedroom 1 :- 100.71*300*0.093 = 2809.809 lumen
Bedroom 2 :- 91.47*300*0.093 = 2552.01 lumen
Bedroom 3 :- 89.09*300*0.093 = 2485.611 lumen
Toilet :- 30.98*100*0.093 = 288.207 lumen
Kitchen :- 50.19*200*0.093 = 933.7014 lumen
Dining :- 87.28*300*0.093 = 2442.366 lumen
WC :- 14.53*100*0.093= 135.09 lumen
Balcony :- 25.82*100*0.093 = 240.163 lumen

Flat-4:-
Bedroom 1 :- 92.8*300*0.093 = 2589.1 lumen
Bedroom 2 :- 89.87*300*0.093 = 2506.257 lumen
Toilet :- 30.98*100*0.093 = 288.207 lumen
Kitchen :- 50.199*200*0.093 = 933.70 lumen
Dining :- 87.55*300*0.093 = 2442.695 lumen
WC :- 14.53*100*0.093= 135.09 lumen
Balcony :- 26.896*100*0.093 = 250.13 lumen

GROUND FLOOR DESIGN:-

Godown 1 :- (9275*5050 – 1350*1400)mm2 = 483.58 ft2
Godown 2 :- 7575*4225*10-5*1.076 =344.36 ft2
Godown 3 :- 3700*2400*10-5*1.07639 =95.54 ft2
Shop1:- 2575*7950*10-5*1.07639=220.27 ft2
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Shop2 :- 2400*3650*10-5*1.07639 =94.25 ft2
Shop3 :- 2580*3650*10-5*1.07639 =101.32 ft2
Garage :- 5050*6750*10-5*1.07639 =366.78 ft2
Stair case :- 5050*2400*10-5*1.07639 =130.39ft2
Lift :- 1.35*104*10.7639= 20.3437 ft2

Illumination level:-
Garage :- 2387.41 Lumen

Godown1 :- 3148.11 Lumen

Godwon2:- 2241.5 Lumen

Godwon3:- 621.9 Lumen

Shop1: - 4096.28 Lumen

Shop 2: - 1735.05 Lumen

Shop 3 – 1884 Lumen

Lift – 283.6 Lumen

Stair case – 1212.93 Lumen

Lamp Selection:-
Flat-1:-
Room Load Type Watt Current No of Actual Lumen output
Rating light illumination
required
Bedroom 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1 2816.5 2770
Bedroom 2 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1 2818.8 2770
Toilet CFL 7 175mA 1 288.11 400
Kitchen CFL 11 160mA 1 810.4 900
Dining CFL(white) 20 381mA 1 1215.6 1160

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Flat-2:-
Room Load Type Watt Current No of Actual Lumen output
Rating light illumination
required
Bedroom 1 FLT(white) 20 0.381A 1 2161.13 1160
CFL 11 0.160A 1 900

Bedroom 2 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1 2377.26 2770

Sitting FLT(white) 20 381mA+ 1 1575.79 1160

CFL 7 175mA 1 400

Kitchen FLT(white) 20 381mA+ 1 1560.35 1160

CFL 7 175mA 1 400

Toilet CFL 7 175mA 1 236.31 400

Flat-3:-
Load Type Watt Current No of light
rating
Bedroom 1 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1

Bedroom 2 & 3 1 FLT(white)*2 40*2 0.44A*2 1*2

Kitchen CFL 11 160mA 1

Toilet CFL 7 175mA 1
Dining 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1
WC CFL 7 175mA 1
Balcony CFL 7 175mA 1

Flat-4:-
Load Type Watt Current rating No of light
Bedroom 1 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1
Bedroom 2 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1
Kitchen 1 CFL 11 160mA 1
Toilet 1 CFL 7 175mA 1
Dining 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1
WC 1 CFL 7 175mA 1
Balcony 1 CFL 7 175mA 1

25 | P a g e
LAMP DESIGN FOR GROUND FLOOR:-
Lumen o/p Load type Watt Current No of light
rating

Godown 1 3130.98 1 FLT(white) 40+ 0.44A+ 2

1 CFL 7 0.175A
Godown 2 2241.78 1 FLT(white) 40 0.44A 1

Godown 3 621.96 1 CFL 9 0.170A 1

Shop 1 9218.29 3 FLT(white) 3*40+20*1 0.44A+ 4
1 CFL 0.38A
Shop 2 1753.05 1 FLT(white) 20+ 0.381A+ 2
1 CFL 9 0.170A
Shop 3 1884.55 1 FLT(white) 20+ 0.381A 2
1 CFL 9 0.170A
Garage 2387.73 1 FLT 40 0.44A 1
Stair case 288.195 1 CFL 7 0.175A 1
Lift 283.69 1 CFL 7 175mA 1

FAN LOAD CALCULATION:-

Performance figures for fan :- inches/mm/watt
1. AC ceiling fan (capacitor) 60/1500/75
56/1400/65
48/1200/45

2. Exhaust fan 90 watt

Flat-1:-
Room No of fan Fan load (Inches/mm/watt)
Bedroom 1 1 60/1500/75
Bedroom 2 1 60/1500/75
Kitchen 2 48/1200/45+90w exhaust
Dinning 1 56/1400/65
Toilet 1 90w exhaust

Flat-2:-
Room No of fan Fan load (Inches/mm/watt)
Bedroom 1 1 60/1500/75
26 | P a g e
Bedroom 2 1 60/1500/75
Kitchen 1 48/1200/45+90w exhaust
Dinning 1 56/1400/65
Toilet 1 90w exhaust

Flat-3:-
Room No of fan Fan load (Inches/mm/watt)
Bedroom 1 1 60/1500/75
Bedroom 2 1 60/1500/75
Bedroom 3 1 60/1500/75
Kitchen 1 48/1200/45+90w exhaust
Dining 1 60/1500/75
Toilet 1 90w

Flat-4:-
Room No of fan Fan load (Inches/mm/watt)
Bedroom 1 1 60/1500/75
Bedroom 2 1 60/1500/75
Kitchen 1 48/1200/45+90w exhaust
Dining 1 60/1500/75
Toilet 1 90w

Ground floor:-
Room No of fan Fan load (Inches/mm/watt)
Godown 1 2 90w exhaust*2
Godown 2 2 90w exhaust*2
Godown 3 2 90w exhaust*2
Shop 1 2 60/1500/75
Shop 2 1 60/1500/75
Shop 3 1 60/1500/75

Equipments:-
Name rating
1. Refrigerator (160-220ltr) 746W
2. Washing machine 1700W
3. TV 75/100W
4. Computer 450W
5. A.C (1.5 to 2 ton) 2KW
6. Geyser 1438W
7. Microwave oven 900W
27 | P a g e
 8. Cooler 170W/230v
9. Mixer grinder 650W
10. Electric iron 1440W
11. Chimney 600W

Total load calculation:-

Flat 1=43008w
Flat 2=43000w
Flat 3=43644w
Flat 4=43364w
Ground floor=1118w
Total load of building=174.204kw, in kvA=174.204/0.8=217.755 kvA ;(p.f=0.8)
Demand factor=0.7;
Max demand=217.755*0.7=152.428 kvA
Considering pump of 5HP & lift of 10HP
Now total load = 17420w+(5*746)w+(10*746)w =185.394kw
In kvA=18394/0.8=231.742kvA
Max demand=231.742*0.7=162.219kvA

PLUG POINTS AND SWITCHES BOARD:-

Flat-1:-
Room Plugs No of Switches
Bedroom 1 2*6A,1*32A 6
Bedroom 1 2*6A 5
Kitchen 1*16A, 2*6A 4
Toilet 1*6A,1*16A 3
Dining 1*16A, 4*6A 7

Flat-2:-
Room Plugs No of Switches
Bedroom 1 1*32A, 2*6A 6
Bedroom 2 2*6A 5
Kitchen 1*16A,2*6A 4
28 | P a g e
Toilet 1*16A, 1*6A 3
Sitting 1*16A, 4*6A 7

Flat-3:-
Room Plugs No of Switches
Bedroom 1 2*6A 4
Bedroom 2 1*32A, 2*6A 6
Bedroom 3 2*6A 4
Kitchen 1*16A,2*6A 4
Toilet 1*16A, 1*6A 3
Dining 1*16A , 4*6A 7
WC 1*6A 2
Balcony 1*6A 3

Flat-4:-
Room Plugs No of Switches
Bedroom 1 1*32A, 2*6A 5
Bedroom 2 2*6A 4
Kitchen 1*16A,1*6A 4
Toilet 1*16A, 1*6A 3
Dining 1*16A, 4*6A 7
WC 1*6A 2
Balcony 1*6A 3

Ground floor :-
Room Plugs No of Switches
Godown 1 2*6A 3
Godown 2 1*6A 2
Godown 3 2*6A 3
Shop 1 2*6A,1*16A 5
Shop 2 1*6A,1*16A 4
Shop 3 3*6A,3*16A 10
Garage 2*6A 3
Lift - -
Stair case 2*6A 4

In total,
248+13=261, 6A plug switch board
44+5=49, 16A plug switch board
4*4=16, 32A plug switch board
29 | P a g e
444+34 =478 switches.

Wire specification:-
Amp cross-sectional area of wire
6 1mm2/0.75mm2
16 2.5mm2
32 4mm2

For flat:-
Bedroom :-fan[5+4.428]ft*2=18.856ft (1 mm2 wire)
F.L.T[5+8.858]ft*2=31.712 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Ac[5+8.8]ft*2=35.712ft (4 mm2 wire)
Toilet :-C.F.L[5+3.936+2]*2=21.872ft (1 mm2 wire)
Gyesar [5+3.936+4]*2=25.872ft (2.5 mm2 wire)
Dinning :-C.F.L(1)-[5+4.92+2]*2 ft=23.84ft (1 mm2 wire)
C.F.L(2)-[3*2]=6ft (1 mm2 wire)
Fan [5+2.46]*2 ft=14.92 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Kitchen –C.F.L-[5+.92+2]*2ft=23.84 (1 mm2 wire)
Fan [5+2.46]*2ft=14.92ft (1 mm2 wire)
For flats: total length of wire,=>
1 mm2 wire=206.528ft
2.5 mm2 wire=25.872 ft
4 mm2 wire=35.712 ft

For ground floor:-

Godown1-white F.T[13.2*2]ft=26.56ft (1 mm2 wire)

30 | P a g e
CFL=[13.2*2]=26.56 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Godown2-white FT[11.9*2]ft=23.86 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Godown3-CFL[8.9*2]=17.87ft (1 mm2 wire)
Shop1-18+18.28+36.56 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Shop2-35.74+17.8 ft(1 mm2 wire)
Shop3-36.92+18.4 ft(1 mm2 wire)
Garage –[5+8.2]*2 ft= 26.56 ft
Stair case-14ft (1 mm2 wire)
Lift- 12 ft (1 mm2 wire)
Total length of 6A/1 mm2 wire for ground floor=355.95 ft

31 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE

Specifications:-
Power Transfer: 100MW
Span: 250km
Power factor(cosΦ): 0.85
Efficiency: 87%
Regulation: 12%

Choice of transformer voltage:

Emperical formula: V=5.5(L/1.6+P/100)0.5
where, V=Line voltage in KV
L=(Span)Distance in Km
P=Power in KW
Now,
V=5.5(250/1.6+100000/100)0.5 =187.02KV ≈ 220KV
So, Transmission voltage= 220KV

Line Current IL= P/(√3*VL*cosΦ)= (100*1000)/(√3*220*0.85)= 308.74A

Permissible Temperature Rise= 40oC, αo=0.00429/ oC

R75=R20(1+ αot2)/(1+ αot1)= 0.219{(1+ 0.00429*75)/(1+ 0.00429*20)}
=0.2665Ω/Km [from chart, R20=0.219 Ω/Km]
Losses= 3I2R75=3*308.742*0.266*200*10-6=19.05MW
Given,
Tensile Strength=40.58KN
Weight of conductor=493kg/km
Overall Diameter=15.84mm

32 | P a g e
Line Spacing for 220KV=6m

Inductance Calculation:
Deq= 3√(Dab Dbc Dca)= 3√(6*6*12)=7.56m
r'=0.7788r=0.7788*15.14/2=6.168*10-3m
L=0.4605 log(7.65/6.168*10-3)=1.422mH/Km
Total inductance=1.422*250=355mH
Total resistance=R=0.2665*250=66.625Ω
Total line impedence=Z=R+jX=66.265+j*2*π*50*355*10-3=66.625+j111.52
Z=129.91∟59.1 o

Capacitance Calculation:
C=0.02412/log(Deq/r') uF/Km= 8.094*10-3 F/Km
Total capacitance=2.0236F
Y=2*π*50*2.0236*10-6 =6.357*10-4 ∟90o
VR=220/√3KV
IR=308.74∟-31.8o

ABCD Parameters Calculation:-

D=A=(1+YZ/2)=0.9647∟1.257o
B=Z= Z=129.91∟59.1 o
C=Y(1+YZ/4)=6.244*10-4∟90.58o
VS=AVR+BIR
=159.532∟7.604 oKV Per Phase
Is= CVR+DIR=256∟-15.5 o
Input power factor=cos 23.104=0.919 lagging

Input Power=√3VsIsCos=112.59MW
Efficiency=(100/112.59)*100%=88.81%

33 | P a g e
At no load Vr=Vs/A=165.36∟6.348
Voltage regulation=Vs-Vr/Vr=(165.36-127.01)/127.01=30.18%

Surge Impedence:-
𝐿
Surge Impedence(Zc)=√𝐶=418.84Ω

Surge Impedence Loading(SIL)=V2/Zc=38.52MW

Convection Loss:-
5.727√𝑝𝑣
Wc= ∆𝑡 W/m2
𝑇𝑎0.123 √𝑑

where, p=pressure in atmosphere ≈1atm

v=velocity of wind in m/s=8.5m/s(for moderate wind)
Ta=Ambient temp. in K= 35℃=308K
d= Diameter of conductor=15.84*10-3 m
∆t= Difference in temp. of air and conductor (ie.75-35=40)
5.727√1∗8.54
Wc= ∗ 40 = 2.62KW/m2
3080.123 √15.84∗10−3

Radiation Loss:-
𝑇1 4 𝑇2 4 2
Wr= Ke[(1000 ) − (1000 ) ] W/m

where, K=57039.9
e=Emmisivity=1 for blackbody
=0.5 for oxidised gas.
T1=Conductor temp. in K
T2= Air temp. in K
348 4 308 4 2
Wr= 57039.9*.05[(1000) − (1000) ] =161.62W/m

34 | P a g e
Corona Loss Calculation:-
𝐷𝑒𝑞
3∗106 ∗𝑟∗𝜕𝑚0 ln
𝑟
Vd= V
√2
𝑝 273+𝜃
Factor affecting critical field intensity(∂) = 76 ( 273+𝜃0 ), 𝜃0 =air temp. 𝜃=conductor temp.

m0=1 for smooth conductor surface=0.93-0.98 for rough conductor surface.

76 273+35
∂ = 76 (273+75) =0.885
7.56
3∗106 ∗15.84∗10−3 ∗0.885∗0.95 ln
15.84/2∗10−3
Vd= = 96.9KV
√2∗2

𝑉 220
Now, 𝑉 = √3∗96.8=1.31
𝑑

𝑉
Since 𝑉 <1.8
𝑑

21∗10−6 𝑓𝑉 2 𝐹
P c= 𝐷 2
KW/Km/ph , D=spacing b/w the conductors in m
(log )
𝑟

220 2
21∗10−6 ∗50∗( ) ∗0.3 𝑉
√3
= 7.56 2 = 0.572 KW/Km/ph [F=0.3 for 𝑉 = 1.4]
(log ) 𝑑
7.92∗10 −3

Total Loss=0.572*250=143 KW/ph=143*3=429KW

For bad weather condition Vcd=0.8*Vd=77.52
𝑉 220
Now, 𝑉 = =1.638
𝑑 √3∗77.52

220 2
21∗10−6 ∗50∗( ) ∗1 𝑉
√3
Pc = 7.56 2 = 1.906 KW/Km/ph [F=1 for 𝑉 = 1.6]
(log ) 𝑑
7.92∗10−3

Total Corona Loss=1.906*250*3=1430KW

Mechanical Design:-
𝑊𝐿2
Sag (in normal condition) S= 8𝑇

where, T=Tension=Conductor strain/Factor of safety(ie. 2)

W= Weight of the conductor in N/m
L=Span in m=300m

35 | P a g e
 493∗9.81∗3002
S=8∗40.58/2∗1000∗1000 =2.682m

In abnormal condition, considering the effect of Ice and Wind,

Assuming, Ice thickness=0.96cm
Wind pressure p=0.059v2 N/m
Ice specific weight=8920 N/m3
Now,
WW=Pressure*Projected Area
WW
=p*1*D
=0.059*112*15.84*10-3=0.113 N/m
𝜋
Wi= 4 (𝐷2 −𝑑 2 )*8920

=6.844N/m
W=4.836N/m
W+ Wi=11.68N/m

FW=√{0.1332 + 11.682 }
=11.68N/m
𝐹𝑊𝐿2 11.68∗3002
Sag(S)= = 40.58 =6.476m
8𝑇 8∗ ∗1000∗1000
2

Calculation of Tower Height:-

For 220KV line voltage, no of disk=16
Tower Height=Clearance from ground+Sag+clearance to accomodate insulators+ extra clearence
=7+6.477+(16*145)*10-3 +4=19.797m=64.95ft

36 | P a g e
 DATA SHEET
Design of a Transmission Line

SPECIFICATIONS:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Power 100 MW

2. Span 250 Km

3. Power Factor 0.85 ----

4. Efficiency 87 %

5. Regulation 12 %

ASSUMPTIONS:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Pressure 1 Atm

2. Wind Velocity 8.5 m/s

3. Emissivity 0.5 ----

4. Conductor Spacing 6 m

5. Roughness factor 0.96 ----

Clearance between
6. the ground & 7 m
conductor

37 | P a g e
 7. Density of ice 8920 N/m3

8. Thickness of ice 9.6 mm

Distance between
9. two towers 300 m

Conductor Readings & Electrical Design:-

Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Line Voltage 220 KV

2. Line Current 308.74 A

0
3. Temp Rise 40 c
0
4. Ambient Temp 35 c
0
5. Total temp rise 75 c

7. Diameter 15.84 mm

8. Resistance at 20 0c 0.219 Ohm/Km

9. App. Ultimate strength 40.58 KN

10. Resistance at (750c) 0.2665 Ohm/Km

11. GMR (r/) 6.168×10-3 m

12. Inductance 1.422 mH/Km

13. Capacitance 8.094 ×94×-3 µF/Km

14. Total Reactance 66.625 ohm

15. Impedance 129.91<59.140 ohm

16. Admittance 6.357×10-4<900 mho

38 | P a g e
 17. Phase voltage(receiving end) 127.01 KV

18. Sending end Phase Voltage 159.532 KV

19. Regulation 30.18 %

20. Receiving end current 256 A

21. Efficiency 88.81 %

LOSS CALCULATION:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Convection Loss 2620 W/m2

2. Radiation Loss 161.62 W/m2

2. Corona Loss for total 429 Kw

span
5. Corona Loss at bad 1430 KW
weather

Mechanical design:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Sag (normal 2.682 m

condition)
2. Ice thickness 96×10-4 m

3. Weight of ice 6.844 N/m

4. Wind force act 0.113 N/m

horizontally upon
conductors

39 | P a g e
5. Resultant force 11.68 N/m

6. Sag(abnormal 6.476 m
condition)

7. Total number of 16 ----

Insulator disc

8. Total height of 2.32 m

insulator

9. Total height of tower 19.797 m

40 | P a g e
 DESIGN OF IRON CORE INDUCTOR
Problem Statement:
Design an iron core choke to the connected across a 230 V, 50 Hz supply & to carry a current of
4 Amps.

Assumption:
Magnetic Flux Density, Bm = 1 Wb/m2
Current Density, δ = 2.3 A/mm2
Stacking Factor, Sf = 0.9
Turns per volt, Te = 1.6
Number of Air Gap, ng = 3

Core Design:
Apparent Power,Q = VI = 230*4=920 VA
We know, E = 4.44fΦmT
Or, 1=4.44fBmAiTe
Or, 1=4.44*50*1*Ai*1.6
Or, Net Area, Ai=2.5593*10-3 m2
Gross area=(Net area/Stacking factor)=2.5593*10-3/0.9=2.8437*10-3 m2

Winding Design:
Total turns=230*1.6=368
Conductor Cross sectional area=4/2.3=1.739 mm2
To find Conductor Diameter: Π*(d/2)2=1.739
Conductor Diameter,d=2*√(1.739/Π)=1.488 mm
For Medium Enamel Covering Conductor Diameter,d1 = 1.608 mm
Area of Conductor with Insulation = 2.031 mm2
Total copper area=2.031*368=747.408 mm2
Window space required=Copper area/Space factor
41 | P a g e
Space factor, Sf=0.8*(d/ d1)2=0.685
Window space required=747.408/0.685=1091.02 mm2
Actual window space required, Aw' = 1.2*(Copper area/Space factor)
Assume 20% extra for accommodation
Aw'=1309.224 mm2

Selection of Lamination:
Assume E-I Stamping with square cross section core

Lamination size of central limb, A = √𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 53.32 mm=2.1 inch
Window Area, Aw = Hw*Ww = 1934.02 mm2
Where Hw = C-2E = 5-2 = 3 inch = 76.2 mm
Ww = (B-2D-A)/2 = 1 inch = 25.4 mm

FIG : 1 - E-I STAMPING

A= 2.1 inch,B= 6 inch,C= 5 inch,D= E = 1 inch

Since Aw>Aw', so our assumption for E-I stamping is correct.

42 | P a g e
Impedance of the choke:
Resistance of coil, Rc = ρlc/a
Impedance, Z =V/I=230/4=57.5 Ω
Z=R+jXL [Neglect the mmf for Iron part and neglect the coil resistance]
Here,Rc is very small compared to XL thus neglected and Z=XL
Or,XL=57.5
Or,2ΠfL=57.5
Or, L=57.5/(2Π*50)
Or, L=0.183 H
Or, L=183 mH
Total mmf=mmf for Iron part+mmf for air gap
=atili+atglgng
Where,ati=Magnetic field intensity for iron
atg=Air gap magnetizing field
We know, Bm=μ0H
Or, H=Bm/μ0=1.1/(4Π*10-7)=875352.18 AT/m
AT=(368*4)=1472
Total mmf, AT =mmf for air gap= atglgng
Or, 1472=875352.18 *lg*3
Or, lg=5.605*10-4 m
Or, Air Gap Length, lg=0.56 mm

43 | P a g e
 DATA SHEET
DESIGN OF IRON CORE INDUCTOR
(transformer or choke)

SPECIFICATIONS:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Supply Voltage 230 V

2. Frequency 50 Hz

3. Carrying Current 4 A

ASSUMPTIONS:-

Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Flux Density 1.1 Wb/m2

2. Current Density 2.3 A/m2

3. Turns/Volt 1.6 ----

4. Stacking Factor 0.9 ----

Extra space
5. required for 20 %
accommodation

44 | P a g e
CORE DESIGN:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Net Area 2.5593×10-3 m2

2. Gross Area 284.37 mm2

WINDING DESIGN:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1 Conductor cross-
Section 1.739 mm2
area(without
insulation)
2 Radius (without 0.744 mm
insulation)

3 Diameter 1.488 mm
(without
insulation)
4 Diameter with 1.608 mm
Insulation

5 Space Factor 0.685 ----

6 Conductor cross- 2.031 mm2

section area
(with insulation)

7 Total Copper 747.408 mm2

Area

45 | P a g e
WINDOW DIMENSION:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Window space 1091.02 mm2

Area

2. Actual Window 1309.224 mm2

Area

Width of central
3. limb (A) 53.32 mm
assuming square
cross -section
4. Width of each 1 Inch
Window

5. Window height 3 Inch

6. Area of Window 3 Square inch

IMPEDANCE CALCULATION:-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Inductance 183 mH

2. Impedance 57.5 Ohm

46 | P a g e
AIR GAP & MMF CALCULATION :-
Sl. No. Name Quantity Unit

1. Magnetizing 875352.18 Wb/sqr.m

Field

2. Length of air gap 0.56 mm

3. Number of Air 3 ----

Gap

47 | P a g e