Case study 1-stockton college-

 Stockton College is a public, undergraduate college of arts and sciences located in the
Pine

 Lands of Southern New Jersey, 12 miles northwest of Atlantic City.

 The main academic building complex consists of 14 wings connected by an enclosed

gallery containing

 approximately 440,000 square feet of floor space.

 The campus buildings were constructed in three stages: Phase 1 (wings A to D)

 Phase 2 (wings E through H) was completed in 1973 and Phase 3

 (wings I through M) was completed in 1975.

 By 1990, the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) units manufactured by
Nesbitt and Lennox were reaching the end of their useful life.

2. THE COLLEGE ACADEMIC BUILDINGS-(about campus)-

 The 14 wings of the academic complex are labeled alphabetically from A through M with a small

‘CC’ wing located opposite C-wing.

 These wings are connected by an enclosed, 2-level gallery, I-wing (the gym) and L-wing (the pool)
are not cooled and M-wing (a 550 seat theater) has a separate 175 ton Westinghouse chiller using 2
cooling towers.

 The wings all have two levels except E (the library) and F (housing many of the science labs)
which have 3 levels.Typically each level of each wing is conditioned by two multi zone roof mounted
units.

 Energy usage for 1990 was 9,205,200 kWh of electricity and 40,543,000 cubic feet of gas.

 These translate into 106,780 million BTU of electricity and 41,759 million BTU of gas.

 The costs were $6.81/million BTU for electricity and $5.28 per million BTU for gas or an average
of

 $6.38/million BTU for gas and electricity combined.

The geothermal HVAC system installed at Stockton is shown conceptually in Figure1.

The heat

 Pumps are mounted on the roof of the academic buildings and connected to the well
field under a large parking lot by piping.

 The specifications of the new (replacement) rooftop heat pumps are shown in Tables A,
A and A.

 Note that the unit for the CC-wing (Unit No. RSZ 18) was not replaced and therefore
does not

appear in this table of new units.

2) THE WELL FIELD-

 Once the heating and cooling load is determined, the size of the well field can be
determined.

 The well field for the Stockton geothermal HVAC system was designed by Howard
Alderson of

engineering firm.

 The well field consists of 400 wells, each 425 feet deep as shown in Figure 2 with a U-
tube if 1
 ¼ inch high density polyethylene pipe inserted in each well.

 The wells are grouted with bentonite to prevent water from one aquifer getting into
another.

 Twenty wells are fed from one 4-inch diameter lateral in a `reverse return' configuration
to equalize the pressure drop (and

 presumably the flow) through each of the 20 wells.

 The 20 4-inch laterals come together into a 16-inch diameter manifold in a small cinder
block building located on the east side of the well field.

 This manifold house is the only visible feature of this large well field since the wells and

the laterals are all buried under a 4 acre parking lot.

 The heat pumps are fed by a pair of 16-inch diameter pipes (the supply and return pipes)
of the

main loop coming out of the manifold house and going to the pumps in the F-wing of the

buildings on which the heat pumps are mounted.

 This primary loop provides a flow of up to 4000 gallons per minute of water supply
through the U-tubes in the wells.

 This is distributed to the heat pumps throughout the conditioned space in 5 separate
secondary loops.

 Four hundred wells each 425 feet deep gives 170,000 lineal feet of well for heat
exchange purposes.

 This translates into 106 feet per ton of cooling.

 The pipe for this closed loop system is actually twice as long since each well contains a
U-tube. Furthermore the 4-inch laterals provide an additional 19,200 feet of pipe in contact with
the ground for additional heat exchange.

 Though this is only about 11% additional length, the 4-inch pipe has over three times the
surface

 area of an equal length of 1 ¼-inch pipe or about 1.5 times the area of the double 1 ¼-
inch pipe

of the U-tubes in the wells.

 The heat exchange of the laterals thus adds about 15% to the heat
  exchange capacity of the well field.

 The designers expected this well field configuration to maintain the temperature of the
water supplied to the heat pumps between 40°F and 90°F under the loads produced by the
college buildings.

CONCLUSION-

 This system was put into operation on January 19, 1994. During the first six months of operation

the pumps were running wide open, 24 hours a day. In June of 1994 the variable frequency

drives for the pumps were made operational and since then the pumping power has been only

what is needed for the daily load. In addition, a sophisticated energy management system (EMS)

is being developed on site by the Trane Manufacturing Company to control the system.

o This EMS monitors over 2000 points - temperatures, flow rates (or pressures)
valve or damper positions etc. - and adjusts the system accordingly. As the EMS is
completed and optimal operating strategies are developed additional energy savings and
conditioning comfort are anticipated.