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IOT Tutorial PDF
IOT Tutorial PDF
IOT Tutorial PDF
2
Internet of Things
Source: CISCO 4
Future Internet - A new dimension
55
Internet of Things - definition
Source: Stephan Haller, Internet of Things: An integral Part of the Future Internet, SAP Research, 2009.
6
What ―Things‖ can be connected?
Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…
Sensor devices are becoming widely
available
- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools
Application domain
Why is IoT important?
Observation and measurement data
Adapted from: W3C Semantic Sensor Networks, SSN Ontology presentation, http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/
Data is important and IoT will produce
lots of it!
Sensors and devices provide data about the physical world objects.
The observation and measurement data related to an ―object‖ can be
related to an event, situation in the physical world.
The processing of turning this data into knowledge/ perception and
using it for decision making, automated control, etc. is another important
phase.
Huge amount of data related to our physical world that need to be
Published
Stored (temporary or for longer term)
Discovered
Accessed
Proceeded
Utilised in different applications
Turning Data into Wisdom
The ―Things‖
Waspmote
Source: Wireless Sensor Networks to Control Radiation Levels, David Gascón, Marcos Yarza, Libelium, April 2011.
Energy consumption of the nodes
Human as a sensor
e.g. tweeting real world data and/or events
Virtual sensors
e.g. Software agents generating data
Adapted from: The Web of Things, Marko Grobelnik, Carolina Fortuna, Jožef Stefan Institute.
Actuators
[2]
[4] [3]
Image credits:
[1] http://directory.ac/telco-motion.html
[2] http://bruce.pennypacker.org/category/theater/
[3] http://www.busytrade.com/products/1195641/TG-100-Linear-Actuator.html
[4] http://www.arbworx.com/services/fencing-garden-fencing/
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Image source: Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
Holger Karl, Andreas Willig, chapter 3, Wiley, 2005 .
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)-
gateway connection
Gateway
SunSpots
Directory server
Web user/application
Control channel
Information channel
Distributed WSN
What are the main issues?
Heterogeneity
Interoperability
Mobility
Energy efficiency
Scalability
Security
What is important?
Robustness
Quality of Service
Scalability
Seamless integration
Security, privacy, Trust
In-network processing
source: Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
Holger Karl, Andreas Willig, chapter 3, Wiley, 2005 .
Implementation options for
data-centric networking
Overlay networks & distributed hash tables (DHT)
Hash table: content-addressable memory
Retrieve data from an unknown source, like in peer-to-peer networking – with efficient
implementation
Some disparities remain
Static key in DHT, dynamic changes in WSN
DHTs typically ignore issues like hop count or distance between nodes when performing a
lookup operation
Publish/subscribe
Different interaction paradigm
Nodes can publish data, can subscribe to any particular kind of data
Once data of a certain type has been published, it is delivered to all subscribes
Subscription and publication are decoupled in time; subscriber and published are agnostic
of each other (decoupled in identity);
There is concepts of Semantic Sensor Networks- to annotate sensor resources and
observation and measurement data!
Adapted from: Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks
Holger Karl, Andreas Willig, chapter 3, Wiley, 2005 .
IoT and Semantic technologies
34
Semantic Web
SSW Introduction (according to Farside)
Concrete Facts
Resource Description Framework
lives in
General Knowledge
Web Ontology Language
has pet
Person Animal
has pet is a
is a
~ 50 Billion Statements
SW is moving from academia
to industry
In the last few years, we have seen
many successes …
Apple
Siri
Watson
Knowledge Graph
Google Knowledge Graph
Sensors and the Web
42
Sensors are ubiquitous
Sensors are small and inexpensive
Digitization of the physical world
Leading to …
Improved situational
awareness
Advanced cyber-physical
systems / applications
Devices/things to work
together
Sensor systems are too
often stovepiped.
Closed centralized
management of sensing
resources
To fulfill this vision, there are difficult challenges to overcome such as the
discovery, access, search, integration, and interpretation of sensors and
sensor data at scale
Integration
Using shared domain models / data representation
OGC Sensor Web Enablement
W3C Semantic Sensor Networks
Solution
Interpretation
Abstraction – converting low-level data to high-level knowledge
Machine Perception – w/ prior knowledge and abductive reasoning
IntellegO – Ontology of Perception
Solution
Scalability
Data overload – sensors produce too much data
Computational complexity of semantic interpretation
―Intelligence at the edge‖ – local and distributed integration and
interpretation of sensor data
SSW Adoption and Applications
Part 2: Semantic Modelling
for the Internet of “Things”
60
Recall of the Internet of Things
Diagram adapted from L. Atzori et al., 2010, ―the Internet of Things: a Survey‖
Semantic oriented vision
Users
Physical entities
Virtual entities
Devices
Resource
Services
…
Definition adapted from De et al, 2012, “Service modeling for the Internet of Things”
Other concepts need to considered
Gateways
Directories
Platforms
Systems
Subsystems
…
Relationships among them
And links to existing knowledge base and linked data
Don‘t forget the IoT data
http://ccsriottb3.ee.surrey.ac.uk:8080/IOTA/
Sensor discovery using linked sensor data
Semantics in IoT - reality
93
Introducing the Sensor Web
What is the Sensor Web?
In general
Enable tight coupling of the cyber and physical
world
In relation to IoT
Enable shared situation awareness (or context)
between devices/things
Bridging the Cyber-Physical Divide
Tweeting Sensors
sensors are becoming social
How do we design the Sensor Web?
Sensor Registries
discovery of sensors and sensor data
OGC SWE Services
OGC SWE Languages
RDF OWL
Sensor Web + Semantic Web
The web of data where web content is processed by The internet of things made up of Wireless Sensor
machines, with human actors at the end of the chain. Networks, RFID, stream gauges, orbiting satellites,
weather stations, GPS, traffic sensors, ocean buoys,
The web as a huge, dynamic, evolving database of animal and fish tags, cameras, habitat monitors,
facts, rather than pages, that can be interpreted and recording data from the physical world.
presented in many ways (mashups).
Today there are 4 billion mobile sensing devices plus
Fundamental importance of ontologies to describe the even more fixed sensors. The US National Research
fact that represents the data. RDF(S) emphasises Council predicts that this may grow to trillions by 2020,
labelled links as the source of meaning: essentially a and they are increasingly connected by internet and
graph model . A label (URI) uniquely identifies a Web protocols.
concept.
Record observations of a wide variety of modalities:
OWL emphasises inference as the source of meaning: but a big part is time-series‟ of numeric measurements.
a label also refers to a package of logical axioms
with a proof theory. The Open Geospatial Consortium has some web-service
standards for shared data access (Sensor Web
Usually, the two notions of meaning fit. Enablement).
Goal to combine information and services for Goal is to open up access to real-time and archival
targeted purpose and new knowledge data, and to combine in applications.
So, what is a Semantic Sensor Web?
Chairs:
Amit Sheth, Kno.e.sis Center, Wright State University
Kerry Taylor, CSIRO
Amit Parashar Holger Neuhaus Laurent Lefort, CSIRO
OWL 2 DL ontology
Authored by the XG
participants
Metrics
Classes: 117
Properties: 148
DL Expressivity: SIQ(D)
SSN Ontology – http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn
SSN Use Cases
SSN Use Cases
SSN Ontology
Stimulus-Sensor-Observation
The SSO Ontology Design Pattern is developed following the principle of minimal
ontological commitments to make it reusable for a variety of application areas.
Introduces a minimal set of classes and relations centered around the notions of stimuli,
sensor, and observations. Defines stimuli as the (only) link to the physical environment.
Empirical science observes these stimuli using sensors to infer information about
environmental properties and construct features of interest.
SSN Ontology Modules
SSN Ontology Modules
SSN Sensor
A sensor can do (implements) sensing: that is, a sensor is any entity that can follow a
sensing method and thus observe some Property of a FeatureOfInterest.
Sensors may be physical devices, computational methods, a laboratory setup with a
person following a method, or any other thing that can follow a Sensing Method to
observe a Property.
SSN Measurement Capability
Collects together measurement properties (accuracy, range, precision, etc) and the
environmental conditions in which those properties hold, representing a specification of a
sensor's capability in those conditions.
SSN Observation
An Observation is a Situation in which a Sensing method has been used to estimate or calculate a
value of a Property.
Links to Sensing and Sensor describe what made the Observation and how; links to Property and
Feature detail what was sensed; the result is the output of a Sensor; other metadata gives the
time(s) and the quality.
Different from OGC‘s O&M, in which an ―observation‖ is an act or event, although it also provides
the record of the event.
Alignment with DOLCE
What SSN does not model
Animate sensors
….
Semantic Annotation of SWE
Recommended technique
via Xlink attributes requires
no change to SWE
xlink:href - link to
ontology individual
xlink:role - link to
ontology class
xlink:arcrole - link to
ontology object
property
How do we design the Sensor Web?
conceptualization
of “real-world”
observe perceive
“real-world”
Semantic Perception/Abstraction
Fundamental Questions
Abstracting
Explaining
Discriminating
Choosing
What can we learn from Cognitive
Models of Perception?
Representation
Heterogeneous sensors, sensing, and observation records
Background knowledge (observable properties,
objects/events, etc.)
Inference
Explain observations (hypothesis building)
Focus attention by seeking additional stimuli (that
discriminate between explanations)
observes
Observer Quality
Quality
* Formally described in
inheres in domain ontologies
(and knowledge bases)
Entity
With the help of sophisticated inference, both people and
machines are also capable of perceiving entities, such as apples.
perceives
Perceiver Entity
minimize
explanations tractable
Web reasoning
degrade gracefully
Perceptual Inference
(i.e., abstraction)
The ability to perceive efficiently is afforded through the cyclical
exchange of information between observers and perceivers.
Observer
Perceiver
Neisser‘s Perceptual Cycle
Cognitive Theories of Perception
Contemporary Issues
Internet/Web expands our background knowledge to a global scope;
thus our perception is global in scope
Social networks influence our knowledge and beliefs, thus influencing our
perception
Integrated together, we have an general model – capable of
abstraction – relating observers, perceivers, and background
knowledge.
observes
Observer Quality
sends sends
observation inheres in
focus
perceives
Perceiver Entity
Ontology of Perception – as an extension of SSN
ObservedProperty ≡ ∃ssn:observedProperty—.{o1} ⊔ … ⊔
∃ssn:observedProperty—.{on}
ExplanatoryFeature ≡ ∃ssn:isPropertyOf—.{p1} ⊓ … ⊓
∃ssn:isPropertyOf—.{pn}
Semantics of Explanation
Example
Assume the properties elevated blood pressure and
palpitations have been observed, and encoded in RDF
(conformant with SSN):
ExplanatoryFeature(Hypertension)
ExplanatoryFeature(Hyperthyroidism)
Semantics of Discrimination
Example
Given the explanatory features from the previous example,
Hypertension and Hyperthyroidism, the following classes are
constructed:
ExpectedProperty ≡ ∃ssn:isPropertyOf.{Hypertension} ⊓
∃ssn:isPropertyOf.{Hyperthyroidism}
NotApplicableProperty ≡ ¬∃ssn:isPropertyOf.{Hypertension} ⊓
¬∃ssn:isPropertyOf.{Hyperthyroidism}
DiscriminatingProperty(clammy skin)
How do we design the Sensor Web?
Lower
Lift
Evaluation: The bit vector encodings and algorithms yield significant and necessary
computational enhancements – including asymptotic order of magnitude improvement, with
running times reduced from minutes to milliseconds, and problem size increased from 10‘s
to 1000‘s.
Adoption of SSN
SSN Applications
Linked Sensor Data
Applications of SSN
Weather Rescue Healthcare
SSN Application: Weather
Weather Application
SECURE: Semantics-empowered Rescue Environment
(detect different types of fires)
DEMO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in2KMkD_uqg
SSN Application: Health Care
yes
Are you have trouble taking deep breaths? Observed Symptoms Possible Explanations
yes
no