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Terrorism has become an international problem that the
international community has devoted a lot of effort to
resolve and to reduce the impact on people. Under the
umbrella of the United Nations, it has been a number of
agreements and decisions at the international level to
adopt. In addition, at the regional level, the EU has taken
a lot of measures to help this serious problem. In addition,
countries such as the United States, England and others,
which strongly suffered terrorist attacks, strict measures
have been taken to put an end to these injured problems.
Although each of the international or regional level and
individual countries had a lot of measures, terrorism
continues to pose a major problem to be addressed. There
are many causes of terrorism, such as poverty, the right to
selfdetermination, in violation of international law and
religious incentives. In order to effectively fight terrorism,
first, the international community must put an end to the
causes of terrorism. For example, if poverty is the likely
reason for terrorism, the international community must
help the country concerned, both technically and
economically feasible to eradicate poverty. After the
diagnosis of the causes of terrorism, fully defined,
consistent and coherent terrorism can give a strong boost
in the fight against terrorism. Seen from the international
conventions, we understand that there is no specific
definition It is generally accepted by the states, which
lead to suspicion and mistrust between the nations. All
this, and human rights are other topics that should be
played. Some states take such strict measures, which go
beyond the need. These measures led to the violation of
human rights. Therefore, the balance between counter
terrorism and human rights must be protected under the
European Court of Human Rights decisions. In this study,
we sought to examine the definition of terrorism in terms
of the causes, the measures by the international
community and the European Human Rights taken. We
ended our study, and evaluate the International and
European Law on terrorism and the measures taken at the
conclusion that.
It was one of the most horrific and tragic 11/9 emergence
of the issue of terrorism consequences. 11/9 and its
aftermath have had a clear impact on the world.
Terrorism suddenly become the focus of the world during
the 21st century Pakistan, once again came in the lime
light, but this time not by choice. Pakistan has announced
that the state "frontline" in the war against terrorism in the
United States, but at such a high cost that was never
anticipated by decisionmakers. Pakistan was also a
victim of the socalled "jihadists" and a new era of terror
began to Pakistan. The situation has also become a very
worrying. Internally, it is usually considered that
terrorism prevails in Pakistan is the result of Pakistan's
alliance to the US war against terrorism, but terrorism in
Pakistan is not as simple as that. 11/9 terrorism in
Pakistan is a multidimensional complex issue with roots
that lead to more than one source. This paper explores
added 11/9 terrorism in Pakistan on the basis of actual
events, any terrorist acts announced in Pakistan, such
attacks and the type of goals. This paper presents the acts
of terrorism and their studies for objective reasons to
determine the path of terror site in Pakistan.
In the wake of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the
United States, President George W. Bush launched major
military operations as part of a global U.S.led
antiterrorism effort. Operation Enduring Freedom in
Afghanistan has realized major successes with the vital
assistance of neighboring Pakistan. Yet a resurgent
Taliban today operates in southern and eastern
Afghanistan with the benefit of apparent sanctuary in
parts of western Pakistan. The United States is
increasingly concerned that members of Al Qaeda, its
Taliban supporters, and other Islamist militants find safe
haven in Pakistani cities such as Quetta and Peshawar, as
well as in the rugged PakistanAfghanistan border region.
This latter area is inhabited by ethnic Pashtuns who
express solidarity with antiU.S. forces. Al Qaeda militants
also reportedly have made alliances with indigenous
Pakistani terrorist groups that have been implicated in
both antiWestern attacks in Pakistan and terrorism in
India. These groups seek to oust the Islamabad
government of President Gen. Pervez Musharraf and
have been implicated in assassination attempts that were
only narrowly survived by the Pakistani leader and other
top officials. In fact, Pakistan’s struggle with militant
Islamist extremism appears for some to have become a
matter of survival for that country
T
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Introduction
Terrorism is the deliberate use or threat of violence by
individuals or groups without a national target for
political or social reasons, because of the fear of a large
audience beyond the immediate victims (Enders and
Sandler 0.2012) use. This definition is consistent with
others in the literature (Hoffman, 2006; Rand 0.2012).
Violence is the hallmark of terrorism and terrorist groups
involved in the terrible attacks to create public anxiety or
repulsion. It described as terrorism, and should be a
politically motivated attack. By agents to curb terrorism
without national and above definition does not include
state terrorism, when the government terrorizes its own
people. However, the definition does not eliminate state-
sponsored terrorism, and that the confidentiality of state
aid to a terrorist group by the money, intelligence, safe
passage, or some other means. Finally, the definition
confirms that the real target of the attacks that generate
concern is wider audience. It can exert pressure on the
government of caving in to the demands of terrorists.
An analytical study of terrorism in part because scientists
like Landes William, who saw terrorists as actors rational.
This logic is based on a prediction, not a desire to plans
or targets of the terrorists. If the changes in restrictions
on the terrorists, he says, through government policies,
leading to behavioral responses to the terrorists cannot
be predicted, and the terrorists are rational actors. Some
researchers - most notably Abrahms (2008) - wonders
whether terrorists are rational, they usually do not
achieve their goal sought. Abrahms (2008: 83) states: "I
realized that in a sample of twenty-terrorist campaigns
known terrorist organizations have a policy thousand
from zero percent of the time goals to attack civilians."
On the contrary, he said Jones and Libicki (2008) 132
campaigns that terrorist groups to renounce terrorism
and joined the political process or achieved its goal.
Although Abrahms (2008) offers several interesting
rationality and evidence is a selective challenge to some
extent.
Terrorism is an extreme and violent shock exacerbated by
human shape design. After the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001, the United States and around the
world has entered a new era in history. As far as adults
are trying to protect children from harm, and often
touched their lives through the shock, including
terrorism. It is necessary to examine and compile the
results of previous investigations into the terror and
trauma in order to guide our work in the field of mental
health with children and families, especially after the
recent terrorist events. Stress disorder and put annoying
symptoms in children affected by terrorism are high, with
the other common long-term consequences, such as
depression, anxiety, and behavioral and developmental
problems
The United States and the world entered this new phase
of history, questions about the potential impact of these
attacks was raised. One area of concern is the lack of
psychological security, while going to school, especially
with regard to children. Empirical literatures on the
psychological effects of terrorism are rare. Literature
related to children is more than that. Basically literature
is extracted from war-torn countries where terrorist acts
are more common.
Since the attacks in the United States on September 11,
2001, has tried to politicians and the public to shed light
on the factors that incite terrorism.. Bush has said (2002)
that there is a vicious cycle of marginalization and state
failure, terrorism, pointing out that for persistence of
poverty and oppression can lead to hopelessness and
despair .
Failed states have become a haven for terrorism." The
media and the audience very receptive to the argument
lines linking terrorism in the development of social,
economic and political backwardness”. As a result, and he
defended the policy, which aims to alleviate
underdevelopment, for example, measures to reduce the
social, economic or political instability burden. For
example, the then German Chancellor Gerhard
Schroeder (2003), he said. To address, the root causes of
terrorism isinsecurity. If there is a social and physical
security and guarantee, there should also the cultural
security in the region.
He revealed the causes of terrorism and get sound advice
in politics is important because terrorism is costly for the
affected countries. Even if the direct costs of terrorism
marginal, it can be political, economic, indirect costs are
large. For example, it can reduce the stability of the
government's terrorism (Gassebner et al., 2008).
Terrorism can also be a negative impact on trade and
capital and economic development of both flows (Nitsch
and Schumacher, 2004; Crane Crane and 2006) Abadi and
Gardeazabal 2008; Mirza and Verdier, 2008) and can lead
to loss of satisfaction with the individual and collective
life (Frey et al., 2009).
There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. A
large audience usually is defined as the deliberate use of
violence and intimidation to force the society (the
government) to grant or ideologically motivated political
demands. Tactical objectives (short-term) Home
terrorism are (1) to get publicity and media attention, (2)
political instability and (3) damage to economies (eg
Tavares 2004). Among the long-term goals of terrorism is
a redistribution of power, influence and wealth (such as
Fry and Luechinger 2004). Terrorist organizations must be
objectives that can not be imposed in the normal political
process, implementation, and its members are willing to
use force. Tactical terrorist behavior (for example,
murder, hostage-taking) and then works to achieve these
strategic objectives, making violence as a means to more
abstract goals.
Individually, the terrorists must provide certain personal
attributes that enable them to carry out terrorist acts.
Organizationally, and the predominance of group leaders
and group dynamics and other factors (psychological)
also affect the terrorist behavior (see Victorov 2005).
Therefore, public opinion is often associated with
terrorism to irrationality or insanity. However, this
argument is very simple, and perhaps even wrong. And
economic point of view instead of terrorism assumes that
the terrorists are rational, so that the average terrorist
act more or less like homo economicus (Kaplan, 2006).
Actors as rational a violent terrorist act to maximize their
usefulness, given some of the benefits, costs and
restrictions associated with these actions (for example,
Sandler and Enders
2004).
Methodology:
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN (.05) POUT (.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT T
/METHOD=ENTER E I.
Regression
[DataSet0]
Variables Entered/Removed
Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 I, Eb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: T
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
a. Predictors: (Constant), I, E
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Total 27.472 58
a. Dependent Variable: T
b. Predictors: (Constant), I, E
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
a. Dependent Variable: T
The main causes of Terrorism
Injustice
Corruption
Unemployement
Lack of Education
poverty
REFERENCES:
>Madrassas, Pesantrens, and the Impact of Education on
Support for Radicalism and Terrorism
Kumar Ramakrishna
>Sociology of terrorism