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Chapter 2: Basic Concept of Transformer Design
Chapter 2: Basic Concept of Transformer Design
A MATLAB program has been developed to demonstrate the effect of varying ܭon
the performance of transformer. The effect of variation of ܭon no-load losses, load
losses, efficiency and percentage impedance for a 100 kVA 11/0.433 kV distribution
transformer is shown in Figure 2.1 to 2.4.
Variation of no-load losses with K
350
340
320
310
300
290
280
270
0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48
Value of K
2050
Variation of load losses with K
2000
Load losses (W)
1950
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
1650
0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48
Value of K
0.995
0.99
0.985
Efficiency (p.u.)
0.98
0.975
0.97
0.965
0.96
0.955
0.95
0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46
Value of K
As discussed earlier, iron losses increase with increase in ܭ, while load losses
decrease with increase in ܭ. However, the decrease in copper losses is much more
than the increase in iron losses. As a result, efficiency increases with increase in ܭ,
which is shown in Figure 2.3.
Variation of Percentage Impedance with K
10
Percentage Impedance
7
0
0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46
Value of K
In Figure 2.4, we see that as ܭincreases, the percentage impedance of the winding
reduces. With increase in ܭ, ܧ௧ increases as a result of which number of turns
reduces which in turn reduces the total resistance as well as radial build of HV and
LV winding. The percentage reactance, which depends on radial build of winding,
therefore reduces.
However, in modern distribution transformers, the value of flux density upto 1.7
Wb/m2 is permitted (77). A MATLAB program has been developed to demonstrate
the effect of varying flux density on the performance of transformer, and the results
for 100 kVA 11/0.433 kV transformer are shown in Figure 2.5 to Figure 2.8.
250
240
No-load losses (W)
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7
Flux density (T)
Iron losses include hysteresis and eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss and eddy
ଵ.
current loss both depend on flux density. Hysteresis loss is proportional to ܤ ,
ଶ
while eddy current loss is proportional to ܤ . Therefore, iron loss increase with
increase in flux density which is depicted in Figure 2.5.
Variation of load losses with flux density
2450
2400
Load losses (W)
2350
2300
1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7
Flux density (T)
9.5
Percentage Impedance
8.5
7.5
6.5
5.5
5
1.34 1.36 1.38 1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48
Flux density (T)
Figure 2.8 shows that with an increase in flux density, core diameter decreases
which results in reduction of core weight. Therefore, it can be concluded that core
weight and hence core material cost reduces with increase in flux density.
230
225
220
Core weight (kg)
215
210
205
200
195
190
185
1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7
Flux density (T)
2050
2000
Load losses (W)
1950
1900
1850
1800
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25
2
Current density (A/mm )
As shown in Figure 2.9, with an increase in current density, the cross-sectional area
of the conductor reduces (for rated values of HV and LV currents) which results in
increased resistance of the conductor. Increased resistance results in increased I2R
loss. Therefore load losses or copper loss increase with an increase in current
density. However, at a particular value of current density (i.e. 2.95 A/mm2) it is
possible to adjust the HV winding in less number of layers. (This is due to reduction
in cross-sectional area of the conductor). Therefore, copper losses reduce slightly
as the length of mean turn slightly reduces, and then again, an increase is seen in
load losses with an increase in current density.
Figure 2.10 shows that with increase in current density, cross-sectional area is
reduced, (assuming rated LV and HV currents) which results in increased
resistance. Therefore, percentage resistance increases with increase in current
density.
Variation of percentage resistance with current density
2
1.9
1.8
Percentage resistance
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25
2
Current density (A/mm )
9.5
9
Percentage reactance
8.5
7.5
6.5
5.5
5
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25
2
Current density(A/mm )
9.5
9
Percentage impedance
8.5
7.5
6.5
5.5
5
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 2 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25
Current density (A/mm )
0.995
0.99
0.985
Efficiency (p.u.)
0.98
0.975
0.97
0.965
0.96
0.955
0.95
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25
2
Current density (A/mm )
2.4 Conclusion
In this chapter, a variation of different design parameters on the performance
of a transformer has been investigated. From the above results, it is found that no
load losses increase as ܭand maximum flux density ܤ increase, however load
losses, and percentage impedance, along with copper weight decrease with the
increase in ܤ and ܭ.
It is also concluded that with an increase in current density, load losses and
percentage resistance increase; however percentage impedance reduces along
with slight reduction in efficiency.