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April 2019
features
24 Take Me to the River
BY WILLIAM GOULET, SE, AND MARIAN BARTH, PE
A new steel span provides safe pedestrian pas-
sage over a busy street to a prominent gather-
ing spot along the Charles River in Boston.
34 Bending Basics
Curved steel: How it happens, what to know
when it comes to designing it and why you
should consider it for your next project.
columns
steelwise
ON THE COVER:
The Fanny Appleton Bridge reaches toward the Charles River in Boston, p. 24. (Photo: Newport Industrial Fabrication)
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 59, Number 5) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.—single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the U.S. (Canada and
Mexico)—single issues $9.00; 1 year $88. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send address changes to MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601.
DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or quoted Printed on paper made
from an acknowledged source. Opinions are those of the writers and AISC is not responsible for any statement made or opinions expressed in MODERN STEEL from a minimum of
CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes where fewer than 25 10% recycled content.
photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC.
4 | APRIL 2019
The Best in Steel
MIS Just Got
Better
IS NOW
editor’s note
Editorial Offices
130 E Randolph St, Ste 2000
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400
Editorial Contacts
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Scott Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@aisc.org
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@aisc.org
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
Keith A. Grubb, SE, PE
If you go to any conference, it’s common to hear a presentation on the care 312.670.8318
grubb@aisc.org
and feeding of millennials and Gen Z. PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
Erika Salisbury
And if you Google “communicating with Does each player on your team understand 312.670.5427
millennials” you’ll get more than 1.3 million their role? This season, my youngest has played salisbury@aisc.org
results. But really, there’s a much simpler way more defense than offense. When he skates GRAPHIC DESIGN MANAGER
to understand this topic. Just go to any park up, it’s important for a forward to drop back to Kristin Hall
312.670.8313
on a Saturday or Sunday and watch a youth cover the defense. But that often doesn’t hap- hall@aisc.org
ball game. Watch the kids, watch the referees, pen—and when it doesn’t, it means the coach AISC Officers
and mostly, watch the coaches. hasn’t explained each player’s role. CHAIR
In less than half-an-hour, you can almost Is the game about the player or the coach? David Zalesne,
Owen Steel Company, Inc.
always tell which teams are well coached, I’ve seen too many coaches screaming at
VICE CHAIR
and which aren’t (hint: it’s not always their players. Statistically, 70% of players quit Jack Klimp, Cianbro Fabrication
the team that wins). I’ve played on team organized sports by the time they’re 13 and & Coating Corporation
sports, I’ve coached teams, I’ve refereed, when they do, it’s the usually the fault of the SECRETARY/LEGAL COUNSEL
and mostly, I’ve watched my kids play. The coaches and parents who made the game Edward Seglias, Cohen Seglias
Pallas Greenhall & Furman, PC
lessons I’ve learned are the same lessons “not fun anymore.”
PRESIDENT
that can—and should—be applied to any If you want to be a better manager, think Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD
business situation. about getting involved in youth sports, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
Generally, coaching falls into two areas: whether you have kids or not. Almost every Scott Melnick
teaching and motivating. youth league is crying out for volunteers, and VICE PRESIDENT
Have you given your team the tools and many offer fantastic training programs. For Lawrence F. Kruth, PE
VICE PRESIDENT
knowledge they need to succeed? I routinely example, more than 850 communities around
Tabitha S. Stine, SE, PE
hear from principals at design firms that new the country have American Youth Soccer Orga- VICE PRESIDENT
grads don’t know enough and that it takes at nization (AYSO) programs. And each of these Mark W. Trimble, PE
least six to 10 months before they are pro- programs offer coach training. Not into soc- Editorial Advisory Panel
ductive employees. If you’re a good coach cer? There are plenty of opportunities in bas- Caroline R. Bennett, PE, PhD,
you should expect to have to provide train- ketball, baseball, hockey, football, and just University of Kansas
Amanda Dean, PE,
ing to your team—and frankly, it shouldn’t about every other team sport (and increas- Huitt-Zollars, Inc.
just be in the first few months. Well-coached ingly, there are opportunities with less physical Bryan Frazier,
teams continue to practice, train, and learn teams, ranging from debate to engineering). Zalk Josephs Fabricators, LLC
new skills. My youngest has been playing But whatever you choose to do, seek out Keith R. Griesing, PE,
Hardesty and Hanover
hockey for more than a decade, but they still training and mentoring. We can all become
Steve Knitter,
work on skating skills. better coaches. Geiger and Peters
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Address Changes and
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Erika Salisbury
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6 | APRIL 2019
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Steel’s monthly Steel Interchange is for you! Send your interchange
questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
All AISC Design Guides mentioned can be found at www.aisc.org/dg, Local buckling is not a consideration for connection elements
and all Engineering Journal papers can be found at www.aisc.org/ej. with a rectangular cross section. This is because the buck-
All other AISC publications, unless noted otherwise, refer to the current led shape is characterized by lateral translation and twisting,
version and are available at www.aisc.org/specifications. which defines the lateral-torsional buckling limit state. This was
addressed in the fourth quarter 2016 AISC Engineering Journal
Field Verification and Flange paper “Stability of Rectangular Connection Elements,” which
shows that rectangular connection elements subjected to flexure
Thickness Tolerance can be designed using AISC Specification Section F11. Only the
Structural engineers are commonly asked to confirm that
lateral-torsional buckling limit state is required for these ele-
an existing structure can support a new rooftop unit, but we
ments. An example of this is in Part 9 of the 15th Edition Manual,
often don't have the original drawings and must make field
where Specification Section F11 (with a modified Cb factor) is
measurements to determine the member sizes. Sometimes
used to evaluate the flexural strength of double-coped beams.
the flange thickness does not precisely correspond to the
Extended single-plate connections in Manual Part 10 use the
flange thicknesses provided in the AISC Steel Construction
same design procedure. You can find further information on this
Manual. Is there a mill tolerance for flange thickness?
in the first quarter 2014 AISC Engineering Journal paper “Local
Stability of Double – Coped Beams.” As discussed in the Manual,
No, there is no mill tolerance for beam flange thickness. These
the Cb factors in Part 9 are only for cases where the plate is
dimensions are indirectly controlled through weight and area tol-
braced at both ends. You will need to use your judgment to deter-
erances. In ASTM A6 Annex A2, footnote “A” under flange thick-
mine Cb for other situations.
ness states: “Actual flange and web thicknesses vary due to mill
Bo Dowswell, PE, PhD
rolling practices; however, permitted variations for such dimen-
sions are not addressed.”
It is acceptable to calculate cross-sectional properties based Vibration and Low Natural Frequency
on field measurements. This is stated in Section 5.3.1 in the I am currently designing a long plate girder supporting an
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360), office space. I computed and checked the floor vibrations
which states: “All dimensions used in the evaluation, such as under walking excitation as per AISC Design Guide 11: Vibra-
spans, column heights, member spacing, bracing locations, cross- tions of Steel-Framed Structural Systems Due to Human Activity.
section dimensions, thicknesses and connection details, shall be I am getting a very low acceleration of less than 0.1% of g, but
determined from a field survey. Alternatively, when available, it is the natural frequency is approximately 1.95 Hz, which is lower
permitted to determine such dimensions from applicable project than the minimum 3-Hz requirement. Can you advise on the
design or shop drawings with field verification of critical values.” applicability the natural frequency limit?
Also note that AISC Design Guide 15: Rehabilitation and Retro-
fit also provides tables of dimensional and material properties for In my own designs, I try to avoid natural frequencies below
historic steel shapes that would be helpful. The design guide also 3 Hz. Some of the most dramatic problems I have seen have
contains example problems as well as guidance for handling other been when the natural frequency was below that limit. In those
design or analysis nuances that arise when dealing with historic cases, rhythmic group loading caused extremely high accel-
steel structures. erations. In your case, the 1.95-Hz natural frequency is at the
Jonathan Tavarez, PE average step frequency of humans, so I would expect resonance
on a regular basis.
Local Buckling of Rectangular Bars If your system must have a natural frequency below 3 Hz, then
I am looking for guidance on designing a connection plate I recommend the following approach using Design Guide 11:
subject to flexure. AISC Specification Section F11 addresses Evaluate the floor for walking using a modified form of Equa-
the design of rectangular bars. Yielding and lateral-torsional tion 4-1 that accounts for the first harmonic of the walking force
buckling are the only limit states considered. Isn’t local and a higher R factor.
buckling also a potential failure mode? Are there any guide- Evaluate the floor for vandal jumping using the Normal Jump-
lines or current research on how to evaluate local buckling ing category in Table 1-2, along with the equations in Chapter 5.
of a plate subjected to non-uniform flexural stresses? Brad Davis, SE, PhD
Unzipping Welds
We have been asked by the engineer of record (EOR) to add continuity plates in
column webs to prevent zippering of the flange plates of a beam-to-column flange
moment connection. I have checked the typical limit states (flange local bending,
web local yielding, etc.). Is zippering an issue typically and if so, what exactly is it?
10 | APRIL 2019
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V U LC R A F T / V E R C O G R O U P
1 True or False: If a fabricator notifies the c. Welds joining box section elements 4 True or False: Seismic drift limits,
engineer of record (EOR) that ASTM d. Beam flange and web CJP welds which are commonly used to ensure
A709 is readily available for hot-rolled to columns the serviceability of a structure, are
sections used in the seismic force- 3 For the square, moderately ductile regarded as a matter of judgement
resisting system (SFRS) for a project encased composite column shown rather than absolute design limits.
where the requirements in the AISC in Figure 1, what is the maximum 5 Buckling-restrained braced
Seismic Provisions need to be met, spacing of transverse reinforcement frames (BRBFs) provide significant
this is acceptable so long as the EOR at the top and bottom? inelastic defor mation capacity
fully evaluates the suitability based
W14×132
W14x132 through yielding and shall be
on strength properties, ductility, #3#3 TIE BARS designed, tested and detailed
formability, soundness, weldability, TIE
BARS to accommodate at least what
notch toughness and corrosivity,
expected deformation?
among other considerations.
6 True or False. K-braced frames are
2 Which of the following are not listed
allowed to be used as an SFRS so long
in the Seismic Provisions as special
#8 as the additional brace post-buckling
moment frame (SMF) demand-critical BARS
#8 BARS (TYP.)
forces are accounted for through
welds? (TYP.)
inelasticity similar to the link in an
a. Column-to-base plate connections
eccentrically braced frame (EBF).
b. Column splice groove welds
1'-10"
1’-10“ TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR THE ANSWERS
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12 | APRIL 2019
Redi.
Set.
Go.
REDICOR SIMPLIFIES AND ACCELERATES THE
CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CORES.
Conventional methods of constructing reinforced concrete shear
cores can be a challenge. Unpredictable onsite construction
timelines frequently delay framing, and unacceptable concrete
tolerances or improperly located steel embed plates often bring
production schedules to a halt.
1 False. Section A3.1 of the AISC least of the following four options This is in addition to any brace
Seismic Provisions contains shall be used: 12 in.; one-half the deformations that may result from
charging language prohibiting the least dimension of the concrete frame deformation due to gravity
use of materials not included in encasement section is taken as (22 loads. The Commentary to this
the list provided. The Commentary in./2) = 11 in.; 8 #8 longitudinal bar section provides a useful discussion
for this section explains that the diameters would be 8(1 in.) = 8 in.; on the basis of these provisions,
structural steels listed are explicitly or 24 #3 tie bar diameters would be based on testing.
per mitted for use in seismic 24(3∕8 in.) = 9 in. Thus, the least of
these values is 8 in.
6 False. K-braced frames are
applications based on their inelastic prohibited, in Chapter F of the
properties and weldability. 4 False. The Commentary for Section Seismic Provisions, in ordinary
2 c. Section E3.6a in the Seismic C1 of the Seismic Provisions concentric braced frames (OCBFs)
P ro v i s i o n s p ro v i d e s a l i s t o f explains that drift due to seismic (F1.4b), special concentric braced
demand-critical welds that must effects differ than that of wind as frames (SCBFs) (F2.4c) and BRBF
satisfy the requirements of Sections it impacts the serviceability and (F4.4b) systems. The Commentary
A3.4b and I2.3. Note that AISC stability of the structure. Story drift explains that K-bracing can have
358 or other test standards may limits improve frame stability and very poor post-elastic performance.
designate welds as demand-critical seismic performance because of the After brace buckling, the action of
that are not identified as such by resulting strength and stiffness. the brace in tension induces large
the Seismic Provisions. flexural forces on the column,
5 Section F4.2 of the Seismic possibly leading to buckling. No
3 8 in. Section D1.4b.1 of the Seismic Provisions states that the expected
a d e q u a t e d e s i g n p ro c e d u re s
Provisions provides requirements deformations correspond to a
addressing the high-consequence
for the maximum spacing of story drift of at least 2% the story
stability issues are available.
transverse reinforcement at the top height or two times the design
and bottom of the column. The story drift, whichever is larger.
BOOTH 1027
14 | APRIL 2019
“A must read!” —Charlie D. Pug
Learn more about the 15th Edition Steel Construction Manual and all of AISC’s
great manual-related resources at www.aisc.org/manualresources.
Order of Magnitude
The primary difference in a building’s
structural system when designed for use as
a storm shelter or safe room, as compared to
conventional construction, is the magnitude
of the design wind forces and the need to re- James M. Fisher (jfisher.florida@gmail.com)
sist wind-borne debris. Safe rooms and storm is emeritus vice president of CSD in
shelters are designed to resist larger wind Milwaukee, and Roger A. LaBoube
Design Guide 35
speeds, which correspond to larger wind pres- Steel-Framed (laboube@mst.edu) is the Curator’s
sures than standard designs, as well as wind- Storm Shelters Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus
borne “missiles.” Note that it is important of Civil Engineering and director of the
to understand that these two criteria are not Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed Steel
concurrently occurring design events. Structures at the Missouri University of
A storm shelter will typically be either an interior room within a building or a des- Science and Technology in Rolla.
ignated wing of a building, though the concepts presented Design Guide 35 may be
also employed for standalone structures or retrofitting existing structures. Also con-
sider that while current design guidelines address both community and residential
shelters, this guide focuses mostly on community shelters. Here, we’ve provided a
brief, chapter-by-chapter overview of the new resource.
Chapter 1 provides a discussion of the differences between a safe room and a The authors wish to express their
storm shelter, as well as a brief overview of industry design codes, standards and guide- appreciation to Robert J. Neumann
lines. Essentially, the two shelter types are governed by different standards, and safe of CSD for his assistance with drawing
rooms generally must meet more restrictive criteria than storm shelters. various figures in Design Guide 35.
MOMENT
FRAME
EXPERTISE
949-238-8900
info@sideplate.com
www.sideplate.com
18 | APRIL 2019
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Chapter 3 presents an overview of the
various test protocols employed to assess a
building envelope’s ability to withstand the
impact of a wind-borne missile. As a pre-
HELP YOU
cursor to developing this guide, missile im-
pact tests, using standard steel construction
methods and materials, were performed.
HELP YOUR
The findings from this test program are
summarized in this chapter, as are previous
building envelope system tests.
Chapter 4 addresses the importance
of providing an appropriate load path be-
CUSTOMERS.
tween all building structural elements. The
most important load paths indicated by
damage observations are the roof-to-wall
connections, the wall-to-foundation con-
nections and the connections between the
exterior walls at the corners. In addition to
the exterior walls, shear walls in the interi-
or of the building may reduce the tendency
for the building to rack and or overturn.
Adequate shear wall design requires proper QuickFrames bolt-on, pre-engineered, adjustable RTU frames help teams:
anchorage at the ends of the shear walls INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY | SOLVE COORDINATION & TIME ISSUES | PERFORM BETTER
and sometimes at the ends of shear wall
segments. Forces and connection details
must be properly specified and shown on
the contract documents. In addition, typi- quickframes.us 480-464-1500
cal connection details are illustrated.
ONE MACHINE
• Total number of occupants the area
can hold
• The approximate maximum safe
DOES IT ALL
wind speed for the best available
refuge area
• The timeframe before which the area
should be reevaluated
Save time and money with • An outline of potential modifications
all-in-one plasma cutting, that could be made to the structure
milling & drilling to improve its performance in high-
wind events
• Changes to the building may make
it such that the current refuge area
is no longer the best available for
that purpose
Chapter 6 presents design examples
that are representative of the tornado and
hurricane wind load calculations that may
be required when designing a storm shelter
or safe room.
Design Guide 35 addresses the most
current requirements and considerations
for storm shelter and safe room design. We
hope that it will prove to be an invaluable
See Us At NASCC BOOTH 1939
resource and push your next shelter design
project to be as safe as it can be, as efficient-
ly as it can be. The guide will be available
KineticUSA.com by mid-April at www.aisc.org/dg, where
1.800.606.2954 you can also access AISC’s entire library of
Design Guides. ■
20 | APRIL 2019
STIMULATE
THE SENSES (INCLUDING COMMON SENSE)
ROOFING & FLOORING SYSTEMS | CEILING & CLADDING SYSTEMS | MULTI-STORY LONG-SPAN COMPOSITE FLOOR SYSTEMS | STEEL & CONCRETE BRIDGE SYSTEMS
EARLY IN YOUR CAREER, it’s wise to identify your own opportunities to prac-
tice being a leader. (And if you’re past the early stage, not to worry! It’s never too late
to hone leadership skills.)
While leadership is demonstrated in myriad scenarios, one option is to put yourself
in a “facilitator” position. What’s a facilitator? Simply put, it’s an individual that leads a
group —of one or many—through a discussion. By no means is the ability to facilitate
meetings a prerequisite to becoming an effective leader, but it certainly provides an
opportunity to build overall leadership skills.
So where to cut your facilitation teeth? Maybe within a formal presentation at
a conference or seminar. Maybe while conducting the weekly internal project team
meeting. Maybe during an in-progress project meeting with the client. Or maybe even
while running a meeting for a volunteer organization.
Anne Scarlett is president of Scarlett Consult-
ing, a Chicago-based company specializing in Translating Leadership Skills from Volunteering to Work
AEC-specific strategic marketing plans, mar- If you’ve recently joined the workforce, the latter option might be the perfect one
keting audits and coaching. She is also on the to practice your facilitator skills so that you can enjoy the magic firsthand. After all,
adjunct faculty at Columbia College of Chicago young enthusiasts with fresh ideas and energy are warmly welcomed within nonprofit
and DePaul University. She can be contacted organizations—whether the affiliations are professional such as AISC, philanthropic
via her website, www.annescarlett.com. such as your local animal shelter, cultural such as the junior board of a theater com-
pany or all-out recreational such as your local intramural sports league. These organi-
zations all have boards, committees and special project groups; they need you as much
as you need them.
Presuming that you’ve identified an organization that you can genuinely pour your
heart into, your next step is become actively involved. Most nonprofit organizations
clearly articulate the options, as they know that’s the best way to recruit young blood!
Fast-forward to the point where you’ve aligned with a committee or special group.
Now is your chance to locate facilitation opportunities.
22 | APRIL 2019
business issues
Performance
Collect information from attend- Keep your prepared content (lec-
ees in advance. This effort pays off ture) tight. Sometimes in meetings—and That Can
Be Trusted.
three-fold: most certainly in formal presentations—
• Shape your agenda and ensure you’ll need to provide substance for the
involvement. Who has time to talk with audience to chew on. It’s tempting to data
attendees prior to a meeting (or formal dump a whole lot of information in one fell
presentation) particularly in a volunteer swoop, with the hope that it will stick. Yet
capacity? You do! If you craft an agenda due to today’s short attention spans—along
based upon the input of others, they will with the audience’s desire to learn from one
ultimately have a vested interest in the another—it’s best to “chunk” your content.
meeting’s success. It’s shared ownership. After delivering a chunk between five and
Isn’t that worth an extra hour or two? But 15 minutes, provide a subsequent prompt
take note: You’re not asking attendees to for the audience to either discuss or apply.
review your full agenda. Rather, you are While this approach may feel risky at first,
surveying them to gain their insights and/or with practice you will discover that it ener-
questions about challenges, ideas, visions, gizes the overall experience.
goals, competitors, communication or Tap into your inquisitive self while
whatever themes make the most sense for facilitating. Ask thought-provoking
your charge. questions and listen with open curiosity
• Feed two birds with one seed. Dur- to responses. Keep your questions tight,
ing the meeting or speech, proactively and provide initial prompters to encour-
reference relevant attendee informa- age quick but thoughtful responses. For
tion. “Kaitlyn shared an inspirational story example, “In your experience as a project
about a recent adopt-a-pet blitz. Sloane manager, what do you find to be the big-
spoke of a challenging conversation with a gest challenge to motivate your team? Is it
theater patron. Connor mentioned a new identifying interesting projects? Opportu-
idea for the volleyball tournament. Car- nities for career advancement? Continu-
Have peace of mind
los described his eye-opening experience ing education?” These types of questions
when touring the client’s facility.” If it’s are more provocative than simply asking, knowing that your building
relevant to your meeting and will motivate “In your experience as a project manager, will perform at a high level
discussion, weave it in! Attendees will col- what is your biggest challenge to motivate
for many years to come.
lectively relish the personalization, even if the team?”
you don’t reference each person directly. Group ’em, then group ’em again. When using FormLok ®
• Create warmth and intimacy, one Personally, I vastly prefer to converse dovetail deck, you are
person at a time. As an introvert, I wel- one-on-one or in smaller, intimate groups.
using dependable, high-
come connecting one-on-one; it’s manage- Even if your meeting is comprised of just
able rather than overwhelming. So when eight people, there’s still value in providing quality products that are
gathering information, dedicate time to opportunities for intimate conversations. made to last.
learn tidbits about what’s going on with Then, to further add to the dynamic over-
that person, at work or otherwise. Then, all experience, regroup them. Shake it up. We are open for design.
when the actual presentation or meeting Whether it’s rotating or putting pairs with See how at dovetaildeck.com
occurs, try to privately reference those side pairs (to create a new group of four, for
notes, either before the meeting or dur- example) information and ideas will flow.
ing a break. In general, other attendees The variety will do them good, and it will
will feed off the energy that exudes from provide an opportunity for them to more
personal connections between the facili- closely connect with multiple people.
tator and individuals. Maybe Michael is Already mastered some of these tips as
expanding his family. Perhaps Cynthia just a facilitator? Great! Stay tuned for my next
won an award at work. Heather is dealing column, which will focus on “what-ifs?”
with an aging parent. And Marc is training and how to troubleshoot on-the-spot dur-
for an Ironman triathlon. Whatever the ing facilitations. ■
tidbit, your genuine interest (and it must
be genuine—otherwise, don’t bother!) will Have tips/anecdotes on becoming a leader, Powerful Partnerships.
strengthen your connections. particularly a facilitator? Send them to Powerful Results.
melnick@aisc.org.
Take Me
to the River
BY WILLIAM GOULET, SE, AND MARIAN BARTH, PE
Courtesy of STV
7
∕16
TYP. 7∕16
6½”
9∕16
TYP.
the desired appearance while not incurring the cost of plug welds and assumptions, and it was determined that the group loading assump-
the associated grinding. tions in SETRA were most appropriate given the size and anticipated
Engineer of record STV’s designers recognized early on that a use of the bridge. The allowable accelerations from the other guides
slender main span and flexible pier system could provide the potential were also compared to the allowable limits provided by SETRA to
for pedestrian-induced vibrations. Multiple publications that address confirm that the appropriate limits were being used.
vibration, including AISC’s Design Guide 11: Floor Vibrations Due to Modifications to the structure were made to improve the
Human Activity (Second Edition, available at www.aisc.org/dg), the dynamic performance of the bridge. However, providing strength
AASHTO LRFD Guide Specifications for the Design of Pedestrian Bridges and stiffness needed to be balanced with the fact that a continuous
and the SETRA guide Assessment of Vibrational Behavior of Footbridges curvilinear structure would require a certain amount of flexibility
under Pedestrian Loading were used to evaluate the bridge at different to accommodate thermal movements. Some elements, such as the
stages in the design process and to evaluate the as-built structure. The spandrel columns, were used to improve dynamic performance with
various guides provide different analysis methods and varying loading only minor impact on the influence of thermal forces. The span-
26 | APRIL 2019
Open
For
Design.
Courtesy of Newport Industrial Fabrication
dovetail deck.
We are open for design.
Courtesy of Newport Industrial Fabrication
See how at dovetaildeck.com
drel columns were varied to provide added stiffness in areas of the Vierendeel arch that
were determined to be most critical, while at the same time maintaining a lighter structure
where the spandrel columns had little influence. The spandrel column connections to the
tub girders were welded moment connections and were provided with internal stiffeners at
all locations. Although some spandrel columns did not require stiffeners to provide adequate
strength at the connections, this lack of stiffeners would provide a significantly more flexible
connection due to the width of the tub girder bottom flange—and this added flexibility
would have been detrimental to the dynamic performance of the bridge.
Challenging Curves
The curved tub-girder and stair members
were fabricated as built-up sections with
each plate cut to shape and were formed in-
house by Newport as needed prior to assem-
bly of the section. The 1-in. fascia plate was
challenging to form, as the slope in the fascia
plates and fascia girders mathematically cre-
28 | APRIL 2019
Efficiency
That’s Built
To Last.
Powerful Partnerships.
Powerful Results.
30 | APRIL 2019
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General Contractor TEKLA SOFTWARE WEBINAR ANNOUNCED
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Steel Team
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Newport Industrial Fabrication,
Newport, Maine
Erector
Saugus Construction Corp.,
Georgetown, Mass.
Bender-Roller
Kottler Metal Products,
Willoughby, Ohio
2005 EAE Merit Award - 570 tons of 12”, 14”, 16”, 2003 IDEAS2 National Winner - 300 tons of 5”
18” and 20” pipe curved for the Jay Pritzker square tubing curved 45° off-axis for the Kimmel
Pavilion. Chicago, IL Center. Philadelphia, PA
2007 NSBA Special Purpose Prize Bridge Award - 152 tons of 18” pipe
curved in our Kansas City plant for the Highland Bridge. Denver, CO
More information
can be found at Smarter. Stronger. Steel.
www.aisc.org/ American Institute of Steel Construction
312.670.2400 | www.aisc.org
seminars
Bending
Basics Curved steel: How it happens,
what to know when it comes to designing it
and why you should consider it for
your next project.
LET’S FACE IT: Curved structures command attention. The observation tower at Austin’s Circuit of the Americas racetrack
uses curved steel—painted bright red, no less—on a grand scale,
The most successful structures often feature a memorable creating an icon that can be seen from great distances.
design feature that allows you to reference the building, even if
you don’t remember the address.
“I got a latte this morning at a new coffee shop a few blocks from
the office on State Street, kitty- that can range from merely adding an attention-grabbing element
corner to that building, the one to elevating an edifice to the level of award-winning masterpiece.
with the round windows.” Or Given the infinite number of geometric possibilities possible,
the one with the gray brick and curved elements can adapt to or enhance their surrounding
the terracotta window frames. structures and elements, from a simple arc to a complex form that
Or the one with the curved prompts viewers to wonder, “How did they do that?”
steel arch over the entrance. In addition to the dramatic aesthetic effect of curved elements,
Curved steel gets noticed. their structural efficiency also makes them an attractive choice, and
It is an elegant yet strong many commercial and industrial structures rely on horizontally
method for bringing flair curved members where straight members would be impractical.
to a building, that extra Despite the widespread use of curved structural steel members,
“oomph” that not only draws detailed design guidance in the U.S. was, up until recently,
Design Guide 33
Curved the eye but also stimulates relatively scarce. This is why AISC released Design Guide 33:
Member the imagination. It allows Curved Member Design last year. The purpose of this publication,
Design for flexibility in construction which you can access at www.aisc.org/dg, is to provide design
and the ability to create guidance and practical information on the fabrication and
signature, flowing shapes detailing of curved members.
Modern Steel Construction | 35
Images this spread courtesy of Thornton Tomasetti
In addition to Design Guide 33, this special curved steel section ness, bend radius and architecturally exposed structural steel
provides a look at the basics of bending and rolling steel and how (AESS) level. A bender-roller can offer the best process for
to make the most out of a curved steel project from a design, cost your specific project.
and schedule standpoint. Tolerances will be a cost factor. Bender-rollers perform their
AISC has more than a dozen bender-roller members, all of work to the AISC Code of Standard Practice tolerances for bending,
whom offer specialized processes and skills that can provide unless alternative tolerances are agreed upon. If tighter tolerances
insightful information on designing and fabricating curved steel. A are required, then costs will increase.
list of AISC benders-rollers can be found at www.aisc.org/benders Increasing wall thickness can lower costs in the long term.
as well as on the last page of this article. Although increasing wall thickness of material to be curved may
increase the up-front cost, it may reduce the labor costs of the
So... What’s It Going to Cost Me? bender-roller and also may reduce costs by simplifying fabrication/
One of the first questions that comes to mind in relation to erection due to less cross-sectional distortion.
curved steel is “Will curved steel add significant cost to my proj- Designing curves with uncommon material sizes and
ect?” The short answer is no, but here are some considerations thicknesses can increase bending-rolling costs. Odd-sized
and tips to ensure that answer remains true and that there are no materials and wall thicknesses can be difficult to curve, due to the
surprises late in a project. tooling that each bender-roller has in their shop. Bender-rollers
Get involved early with a bender-roller. As with a steel fab- will not make a large investment into tooling they may only use
ricator, it is important to engage a bender-roller as early in the one or two times to accommodate such materials. This is why it is
design process as possible to discuss materials that can be bent to ideal to design with common, readily available materials.
specific configurations. An AISC member bender-roller will be AESS level is a major determining factor for curved steel
able to provide you with quality information during the design costs. There are significant cost differences when comparing
stage and before a project is budgeted. standard structural steel (i.e., not exposed) versus AESS 4 (close-
Curving steel is more economical than “faking” a curve. It to-view) showcase elements. Identifying the proper level of AESS
is less expensive to curve a length of steel than to separate a span early in the design process will help define the bending costs. If the
into small sections and miter cut and weld each section to create product will not be highly visible, then do not request a high level
the appearance of a curved section. of AESS. Also, when working with HSS members, specifying the
Time is money, but curved steel doesn’t add time. Curved location of the weld seam in relation to the bend is critical when the
steel is like any other component. If it is planned for early in the bent material needs to adhere to AESS standards. The weld seam
design phase and obtained it in a timely manner, it will not add can cause greater distortion during the bending process and if the
extra time to a project’s schedule. material needs to meet AESS standards, the preference would be
Different bending methods will result in different cost to have the weld seam on the least visible side. For more on AESS
structures. The various bending methods (discussed later in and the various categories/levels, see “Maximum Exposure” in the
this article) are dictated by the material size, material thick- November 2017 issue, available at www.modernsteel.com.
36 | APRIL 2019
The roof of the Anaheim Regional
Transportation Intermodal Center employs
CELLULAR BEAMS
Common Questions CREATE
Now that cost has been addressed, there INNOVATIVE
are several other questions that will no doubt AESTHETICS
arise when it comes to considering curved
steel on a project, and AISC’s Bender-Roller
Committee members have provided answers.
38 | APRIL 2019
Freyja Bardell
of the material. Also, keep in mind that varying amounts
of extra material are required at one or both ends of the
member, depending on the process used; you don’t want
to have to splice additional material to one or both ends.
Talk to a bender-roller about the best options for your
particular application as well as their capabilities. The
various bending types and methods are discussed later in
this article.
Naotake Murayama
of adjacent arcs form an angle and are completely distinguishable is due to the necessary bending moment needed to induce the
from one another, then the two arcs or radii in question are not second curve, which is required due to machine limitations. Most
tangent and, as described above, would either need to be pressed/ members can be redesigned to achieve this mid-tangent. In some
kinked at that point in order to achieve the desired geometry or be cases, and with special machinery, it is possible to eliminate or
miter cut and have a connection placed between the adjacent arcs. drastically reduce the straight needed in between opposing curves.
Designing with tangential arcs or radii simplifies the curving pro-
cess and is necessary to achieve the desired geometry when using What is the maximum geometric camber that I can specify
bending-rolling methods without pressing or kinking. for, say, a W27 rolled beam?
The capabilities of bender-rollers and fabricators vary, as do the
Is it possible to put a 90° bend in a pipe? equipment used and the cost. A tighter radius can often be obtained
Yes. The key factors are the radius and the bending method used. using a more sophisticated and costly process. It is best to speak
You will need to contact a bender-roller or a fabricator to discuss with a bender-roller and a fabricator to get their opinions.
the limits, options and costs.
Is there a minimum radius for bending?
When are reverse curves necessary? Minimum radius is merely a concept. Each bender-roller has their
It is sometimes necessary to design reverse curves with a small own practices, machinery and developed technologies that, when
amount of straight or tangent in between opposing radii. This applied to specific rolling jobs, can produce very different results.
40 | APRIL 2019
How do you address cross-sectional distortion with Curved steel members of various lengths and radii form a sculptural
canopy at the Tecumseh Monument.
curved members?
Regardless of whether you can eliminate wrinkles and/or con-
cavity (which is the most common type of undesirable distortion) When a curved member is to be connected to a straight member
shrinkage and growth can severely limit the ability to make con- or if two curved members of differing radii are to be connected
nections and can cause major delays and have cost implications to with a welded joint, it is always best to keep in mind the possibilities
a project. Welded connections, especially full-penetration, require of cross-sectional distortion and how that may negatively affect the
a very good fit-up in order to achieve the desired results. Cross- fabricator’s ability to make a connection. Bender-rollers do their best
sectional distortion in the form of shrinkage and or growth can dras- to limit this type of distortion, which is often referred to as shrink-
tically limit the ability of the fabricator to make welded connections. age and or growth (some companies have established “up to and
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Bending Geometries
There are various geometries
available for curved members and
the methods used to bend them. Due
to the wide variety of bending equip-
ment available, almost any structural
shape can be curved, including HSS,
hot-rolled open sections, welded
built-up members and multi-sided
shapes formed by cold bending.
Standard bends are the simplest
type, where a member is bent about a
principal or geometric axis to form a
single-radius curve. Members can also
be bent about a non-principal axis or
about more than one axis, providing
three-dimensional curvature. Bender-
roller companies have the capability to
provide multiple arcs within a member,
as well as parabolic, elliptical and other
non-circular bends. Spirals are another
common specialty bend.
Because each bender-roller has dif-
ferent capabilities, early communica-
tion of bending requirements will allow
potential complications to be addressed
in the preliminary design stages. The
following are different bending types, as
detailed in Design Guide 33.
Standard bends. Standard bends
are those where a member is bent about
a principal or geometric axis to form a
single-radius curve.
In this case, the member can be bent
about the weak axis, known as bending
the easy way, or bent about the strong
axis, known as bending the hard way.
Hard-way and easy-way bending are
sometimes called camber and sweep,
respectively. However, be aware that above: Bending orientations for various types of steel members.
Fig. 2-2. Bending orientations.
these terms are typically also used to below: Curving round HSS. An off-axis bent wide-flange member.
describe mill tolerances or a small cur- AISC DESIGN GUIDE 33 / CURVED MEMBER DESIGN / 1
vature induced in a beam to partially
offset gravity-load deflections. Standard
bending orientations for several com-
mon structural shapes are illustrated in
the chart at right.
Off-axis bends. For off-axis bends,
also called conical rolling, the member
is curved about a non-principal or non-
geometric axis. Most off-axis bends are
fabricated with a constant rotation rela-
tive to the plane of curvature; however,
they can also be formed with a variable
42 | APRIL 2019 (a) I-shape
Fig. 2-3. Off-axis bends (c
(a) I-shape
Anvil Craft Corp. A curved stair stringer with markings for the treads and risers.
44 | APRIL 2019
In this method, the member is removed
from the machine after the initial bend is
completed, turned over and placed back into
the same machine, or a different machine,
to complete the second bend. Due to the
difficulty in fitting the member into the
machine after the first bend is completed,
a straight segment between the tangent
points of each curve may be required. The
minimum straight segment length varies
with the member geometry and the bend-
ing machine; therefore, the bender-roller
company should be consulted for specific
requirements. S-curves can also be formed
Bending Processes
So how, exactly, is steel bent? There are multiple ways to curve and another may be able to bend hollow shapes to a tight radius
steel, which are listed in Section 2.3 of Design Guide 33. These with minimal distortion. It is advantageous to involve a bender-
include pyramid roll bending, incremental step bending, induction roller early in the design process to provide information on the
bending, rotary draw bending and other processes. Some methods results that can be expected from each bending process.
are more common in the steel construction industry, while others When a member is bent to form a permanent curvature, it must
are used more in the forming of parts for automobile, piping and be strained beyond its yield point, inevitably causing some level of
other industries. Members of almost any shape can be curved by cross-sectional distortion. The tendency for cross-sectional distor-
bending, including rolled open shapes, welded built-up shapes and tion during the bending process can be controlled using various
closed shapes. techniques. HSS wall distortion is often limited by using an inter-
Cold bending, where the member is bent at room temperature, nal support mechanism such as a mandrel, a smaller HSS member
is usually more economical than hot bending or induction bend- or filling the member with a supporting material like sand. Many
ing; however, there are cases where the required geometry cannot bending machines control the distortion of open shapes with spe-
be formed by cold bending. The primary advantage of hot bending cialized rolls and various forms of mechanical restraint. Bender-
is that the material yield strength is lower compared to the room roller companies may have hundreds of specialized rolls, mandrels,
temperature value, requiring smaller forces to be exerted by the die sets and other tooling to bend various HSS and open shapes
bending machine. with minimal distortion.
Each bending method has advantages and disadvantages, and Pyramid roll bending. Pyramid roll bending is a cold-bending
each bender-roller company has developed unique bending meth- method where a member is bent progressively by repeatedly
ods and often use one-of-a-kind, patented machines. Developing passing it through a set of three adjustable rolls in a pyramid
proper bending techniques that ensure accurate and consistent arrangement. Force is applied by opposing rolls, and the distance
dimensions requires significant judgment and experience. Due to between rolls is manipulated before each pass, bending the member
differences in equipment, technique and personnel, the capabilities into successively smaller radii. This process is repeated until the
of each bender-roller vary significantly. proper curvature is formed. Pyramid roll bending can be used
For example, one shop may have the capability to bend heavy to provide curvature up to a 360° angle. When curving I-shaped
members the hard way, another shop may specialize in spiral bends sections, the tension and compression flanges tend to bend locally
46 | APRIL 2019
Talking the Talk
Here is a glossary of common bending-rolling terms, taken from Design Guide 33.
Arc. Part of the circumference of a curve. stresses and deflections are in the plane of Rise. The distance, perpendicular to
The curved portion of a bend. curvature. the chord, between the mid-point of
a chord and an arc. Also known as the
Arc length. The curved distance along Incremental step bending. A cold-bending
mid-ordinate.
a circumferential line. The length of the method that uses hydraulic rams to apply
curved portion of a member. bending forces at several discrete, closely Rotary-draw bending. A bending method
spaced locations along the member. where the member is clamped to a form
Bend radius. The radius of curvature,
and bent by rotating it around a bend die.
measured to a reference point on the cross Induction bending. A hot-bending
section. method that utilizes an electric induction Slope. The angle of an inclined member
coil to heat a short section of the member designated using the vertical (rise) and
Center-to-center. The distance between
before it is curved by force. horizontal (run) distances between two
tangent points of two adjoining bends.
points. Also known as bevel or pitch.
Local buckling. A type of potential
Chord. The straight distance between two
cross-sectional distortion that is caused Snap-through buckling. A type of instabil-
points on a curve.
by compression stresses in the member ity where the load-displacement diagram
Cold bending. Any bending process induced during the bending operation. descends after reaching a limit point and
where curvature is induced by load Local buckling can be in the form of a the structure abruptly transforms from
application at room temperature. single half-wave or a series of wrinkles one equilibrium state to another remote
along the entire bend length. Also known equilibrium state on the ascending, stable
Compound bend. A curve made up of as waving or wrinkling. portion of the curve.
two or more arcs in the same plane, joined
tangentially without reversal of curvature. Mandrel. A tool that can be inserted into Spiral. A three-dimensional curve with
a HSS member to support the walls and an arc in one plane and a constant slope
Degree of bend. The angle to which a minimize cross-sectional distortion during in a perpendicular plane. Also known
bend is formed. the bending process. as a helix or helical curve. The curving
Distortion. A deviation from the original process is often called sloped rolling or
Multi-axis bend. A bend with curvature
cross-sectional shape. pitched rolling.
about more than one axis. Also known as a
Ductility. The ability of the material to multi-plane bend. Springback. The deformation of a bent
deform without fracture. member immediately after a bending
Normalizing. A thermal treatment where
load is released, where a portion of the
Easy way. The orientation of a member the member is heated to a suitable tem-
curvature is lost.
where bending occurs about the weak perature above the upper transformation
principal axis. temperature, followed by cooling in still air Strake. A protruding fin that can be
at room temperature. connected to a structure to improve
Gag pressing. A cold-bending method aerodynamic stability.
that uses hydraulic rams to simultaneously Off-axis bend. A bending orientation
apply bending forces at discrete, widely- where the member is curved about a non- Synchronized incremental cold bending.
spaced, locations along the member. principal or non-geometric axis. A cold-bending process where syn-
Also known as point bending. Also known as conical rolling. chronized forces are applied at several
locations along the member.
Grip. An additional straight length at each Oil-canning. A form of local buckling that
end of a curved member required in the can cause collapse of the cross section due Tangent. A straight line, perpendicular to
bending operation. Also known as “hold to the combined effect of ovalization and the radius, that touches a curve at a single
and tail” or “lead and tail” to emphasize local buckling in a single half-wave. point. A straight member adjacent to a
the additional length is required at each curved segment.
Out-of-plane flexure. Bending of a curved
end of the member. member where moment is applied in the Tangent point. The start or end point of
Hard way. The orientation of a member plane of curvature. The primary flexural a curve.
where bending occurs about the strong stresses and deflections are in perpendicu-
Variable-radius bend. Parabolic, elliptical
principal axis. lar to the plane of curvature.
and other noncircular bends with variable
Heat curving. A bending process that Ovality. The cross-sectional distortion of radii. Also known as multiradius and a
relies only on the application of heat in a round HSS where the deviation from the non-circular bends.
specific patterns to induce curvature. theoretical shape forms an oval.
Vertically curved member. A member
Horizontally curved member. A member Pyramid roll bending. A cold-bending with curvature in the vertical plane.
with curvature in the horizontal plane. operation where a member is bent pro-
Waving. See Local buckling.
gressively by repeatedly passing it through
Hot bending. Any bending process where a set of three adjustable rolls in a pyramid Wrinkling. See Local buckling.
curvature is induced by load application at arrangement.
an elevated temperature. Yield point. The curvature at which a
Reverse-compound bend. A curve made member will deform permanently during
In-plane flexure. Bending of a curved up of two or more arcs in the same plane, bending.
member where moment is applied about joined tangentially with reversal of curvature.
the axis of curvature. The primary flexural Also known as an S-curve or an offset bend.
Modern Steel Construction | 47
above: Pyramid roll bending a steel channel.
right: Curved steel tops a concourse at Norman Y. Mineta San Jose
International Airport.
below: Heat induction bending.
(b) Channel
Sherman Takata
toward one another. These flange forces induce web compression with the leading end following the arc set by the pivot arm. After
stresses, potentially causing web buckling distortion. This can be passing through the coil, the material adjacent to the heated sec-
controlled with supplementary rolls providing a restraining tension tion is usually sprayed with a coolant (usually water) or cooled with
force on the inner surface of the tension flange on both sides of forced air, or the member is sometimes allowed to cool slowly in
the web. In some cases, the web is restrained against buckling by still air.
compression rollers on each side of the web. To provide support Although induction bending usually costs more than cold bend-
during the bending operation, the rolls are contoured to match the ing, there are several advantages that can make it the most appro-
cross-sectional shape of the workpiece. Contoured rolls can also priate bending method for some structural members. Because the
be used for other cross-sectional profiles, and special rolls can be inelastic bending strains are confined to the narrow heat band,
used to stabilize the cross-sectional elements and reduce distortion small-radius bends are possible with high dimensional accuracy and
in common rolled shapes. low cross-sectional distortion. Also, heavy shapes that exceed the
Incremental step bending. Incremental step bending is a capacity of cold bending machines can often be bent with induc-
cold-bending method that uses hydraulic rams to apply bend- tion bending machines. Hollow shapes with wall thicknesses up to 6
ing forces at several discrete, closely-spaced locations along the in. have been successfully bent with induction bending equipment;
member. Cross-sectional elements can be supported mechani- shapes with 12-in.-thick to 2-in.-thick walls are commonly bent.
cally or hydraulically to reduce distortion during the bending Induction bending may provide a viable method when the
operation, resulting in the potential for small-radius bends with dimensional requirements cannot be met with cold bending. For
minimal distortion. example, induction bending may be the only method with the capa-
Induction bending. Induction bending is a hot-bending bility to bend a multi-sided hollow shape to a small R/D ratio with
method that uses an electric induction coil to heat a narrow limited cross-sectional distortion. Because bending special shapes
band—typically between 2 in. and 6 in.—around the member cir- requires a significant investment in tooling, duplicate member
cumference to between 1,500 °F and 1,950 °F before it is curved quantities are required to make this method economically feasible.
C Bender/Roller Committee).
by force. Equal wall thickness around the perimeter of the cross Rotary draw bending. Rotary draw bending is a cold bending
section is necessary for uniform heating throughout the section. method where the member is clamped to a rotating bend die and
As the member moves through an induction heating coil, it can drawn around the bend die. The tailing tangent is held against the
be bent incrementally (similar to incremental step bending) but is bend die by a pressure die, and the bend die rotates until the desired
usually rotated around a fixed-radius pivot arm. When a pivot-arm geometry is formed. A mandrel is often placed inside the member
is used, a hydraulic ram pushes the straight section of the member to restrain cross-sectional distortion during the bending process.
through the coil at a constant rate (typically 1 in. to 2 in./min), Bends can also be formed with special draw-bending equipment
48 | APRIL 2019
where deformations are controlled by
tensioning along the member axis. Rotary
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draw bending is commonly used to form
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Intuitive
method is best suited for projects requiring
many identical bends. Some bender-roller
companies have hundreds of die sets, likely
eliminating any initial tooling costs for
common geometries.
This bending method is primarily used
in the machine and parts industry and for
piping. The maximum degree of bend is
180°, but the minimum bend radii of round
HSS is approximately 50% smaller than
that of other cold-bending methods.
Other methods can be used to bend
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the hydraulic rams are located approxi-
mately at one-third points to produce
a curved shape approximating a typical
beam deflection curve. The supports for
For more information, visit
most cambering machines are between 20
ft and 28 ft apart. www.aisc.org/nascclive
Beams are usually cambered in a
custom-built machine at the fabricator’s
shop; however, members can also be
cambered by a bender-roller company.
Because beam lines can be used only with
straight members, beams are usually cam-
bered after they are cut to the final length
and holes are punched or drilled. If the
machine capacity is exceeded, heat can
be applied to the member to reduce the
yield stress. Because many bender-roller
companies have specialized, high-capacity
equipment, it can be more economical for
the fabricator to sublet the cambering of
large beams.
50 | APRIL 2019
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STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS have a direct impact 3. Coordinate the filler plates at slip-critical connections.
on a project’s success. Oversized holes with slip-critical bolts are commonly preferred at
Those of us who design and build with steel are well aware of bolted flange-plated beam-to-column moment connections to allow
this, as well as the fact that connections should be strong and stiff for additional erection tolerance. Due to possible overrun of the beam
enough to resist the required loads, cost-effective to fabricate and depth and flange tilt, filler plates are needed at the beam bottom flange.
safe and easy to erect. Sound advice and insightful tips from indus- The gap left for the fillers is typically ¼ in. to 3∕8 in. If multiple fillers
try experts can help you raise your connection game and achieve are used, there is a 15% reduction in bolt slip resistance due to the fac-
the most efficient balance between these fundamental criteria. tor for fillers, hf. The penalty for multiple fillers should be considered
Here are some tips from around the structural steel world—educa- and coordinated with the fabricator and erector. To avoid an increase
tion, design, detailing, fabrication and erection—on how to pro- in bolts due to multiple fillers, the fabricator can provide alternate filler
vide efficient connection design and avoid costly missteps. thicknesses for the connection (but this may increase cost.) The exact
1. Read user notes and Commentary in the Specification. filler used will depend on the actual gap (see Figure 1).
The user notes in the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Fig. 1.
(ANSI/AISC 360) contain helpful information that is not consid-
ered Specification language. For example, the user note in Specifica-
tion Section J4.3 indicates that typical cases where the block shear
reduction coefficient, UBS, should be taken as 0.5 are illustrated
in the Commentary, which contains a wealth of knowledge and
design guidance for the Specification.
2. Confirm the erector’s preferred hole type for single-
plate beam-to-column connections. While short slotted holes
are typically preferred at double-angle connections and end plate
connections, erector preferences at single-plate connections to
column flanges and webs may vary. Some erectors prefer short-
slotted holes to allow for additional erection tolerance while oth-
ers prefer standard holes to help plumb the column. The exact,
preferred hole type should be confirmed with the erector before
finalizing the design.
52 | APRIL 2019
4. Keep it symmetric. The single-plate shear connection, if symmetrical, can be
installed upside-down or opposite-hand with no effect (see Figures 2 and 3 for examples).
The small increase in material will offset possible fabrication errors, and the symmetrical
pattern helps to avoid base plate-to-column errors and anchor rod placement errors.
Figure 3 shows a base plate with a doubly symmetrical anchor rod pattern.
Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
5. Use single-pass fillet welds. If possible, try to use single-pass fillet welds. Fig-
ure 4 indicates that a 3∕8-in. fillet weld requires three passes, which is approximately
three times the cost for a strength increase of 20%. Figure 5 indicates that doubling
the fillet weld strength will increase the cost to approximately six times that of a single-
pass weld. The increase in welding cost for multiple-pass welds is generally much
more than the increased material cost required to accommodate single-pass welds.
Fig. 4.
9
Fillet Welds
8
can be more than six times the cost
7
# of Passes
6
Relative Strength
5
twice the
4 strength
at six times
3 the passes
0
3∕16 5∕16 3∕8 7∕16 9∕16 5∕8 11∕16
¼ ½ ¾
Leg Size (in.)
Fig. 5.
Carol Drucker is founding principal of
6. Avoid UDL. UDL (uniform design Drucker Zajdel Structural Engineers; William
load)—which is covered in Table 3-6 of the Thornton is a corporate consultant to Cives
AISC Steel Construction Manual—is not an Corporation; Dominick D’Antonio is vice
economical design choice and can actually be president of W&W Steel Erectors, a division
unsafe. Figure 6 shows two beams framing to a of W&W/AFCO Steel, Patrick Fortney is
column, with one offset from the column line; an associate professor at the University of
each was designed for UDL. This is obviously Cincinnati; and Snehal Supe is a general
not safe in this situation, and a point load near a manager with Pan Gulf Technologies.
Fig. 6. beam end negates the uniform load assumption.
Modern Steel Construction | 53
Fig. 7. Determining a load path
via two different methods.
(a) Design by parallel force method (b) Design by uniform force method
7. Load paths have consequences. The essence of connec- building using both methods. Which do you think is the more
tion design (and all design) is the determination of a statically economical of the two?
admissible load path. The uniform force method (UFM) and the 8. Engage the erector as soon as possible. Engage the erec-
parallel force method (PFM) both provide statically admissible tor, preferably before detailing and connection design begins, in
load paths for bracing connections, as shown in AISC Design order to understand their bolting and welding preferences/pro-
Guide 29: Vertical Bracing Connections—Analysis and Design. These cedures, as well as the overall erection plan, sequencing and any
methods both produce safe and acceptable designs, but not the special requirements—cranes, logistics, etc. Connection designs,
same design. Figure 7 shows designs for the same location in a detailing and fabrication need to meet these requirements.
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1000 Ton x 30’ 750 Ton x 24’
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WhiteFab’s patented structural bending process minimizes
deformation and provides smoother curvatures. Each bent
section is verified for accuracy along its arc.
54 | APRIL 2019
9. Share the design basis for connec- Fig. 8. Potential net section reinforcement plates on an axially loaded member.
tions with your erector to avoid problems
in the field. That is, are connections SC- or
N-type or Class-A or B slip-critical, do they
use oversized or standard holes, are there any
special washer requirements, are multiple
fills allowed or not, etc.? If the erector knows
what to expect, they can help ensure that
detailing and fabrication are in conformance
with design during erection.
10. Design connections with erec-
tion forces in mind. Member forces and
resultant end reactions during erection, as
well as while a structure is in a temporary
condition during construction, may exceed
the final design reactions. Connections
need to be designed with this in mind and
should be coordinated with the erector.
Some examples of this are:
• Truss web member sizes/loading
may exceed final design during
rigging/erection.
• Beams supporting cranes/crane ties
may need to be upsized and may have
8a. Detail
significantly greater end reactions in
the temporary conditions versus the
permanent condition.
• The axial demand in temporary
conditions for members subject
to temporary axial loads but not
designed for axial loading under
permanent conditions.
11. Stress Limits on members with
bolted connections. When making pre- 8b. Section A-A 8c. Section A-A
liminary and final member size selections, Without reinforcement With reinforcement
set your stress ratio limits in a manner
that allows for bolted connections. Plac-
ing holes for bolted connections can create
net section rupture issues if not accounted
for in main member design. This is true Fig. 9. Bolted flange connections in axially loaded beams or beam-to-column
not only for axial members, but also for moment connections.
moment connections (see Figures 8 and 9
for examples of these connection types).
Reinforcement plates increase design and
shop time and can quickly drive up the cost
of the steel package. As a rule of thumb,
reducing stress ratio upper limits from 1.0
to 0.85 can avoid such a costly outcome.
12. Geometry and bolting spatial
considerations. Line drawings and details
can be tricky. As connection designers, we
have to see things in an extruded form from
a 3D perspective; see the beam-column
moment connection in Figure 9 for an
example. Typically, beam flange and web
bolts are detailed with the same pull-off.
In most cases, this works just fine without
really even having to think about it. How-
ever, beam/column combinations in heav-
ily loaded joints may require k-riding for
fit-up of the web connection plate, as shown in Figure 10. This, in ematically) but the supporting member may be overstressed as well.
combination with relatively narrow beam flanges, can cause bolt Loading for joint A-2 in Table 1 represents such a case.
fouling or entering and tightening issues. In this case, one pos-
sible solution is to use a longer pull-off for the beam flange bolt Table 1. HSS-beam-to-wide-flange-column
group (again, indicated in Figure 10). Just be sure to consider the moment connection design loads.
stability of the flange connection plate for pull-offs on plates in Joint Az Vx Vy Mx My Mz
compression. Note there are myriad issues in regard to entering
Coord. (kips) (kips) (kips) (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.)
and tightening. Figure 10 shows just one condition.
13. Keep analysis and boundary conditions in mind. You A-1 35 15 42 95 0.50 0.25
should always carefully consider the degrees of freedom required A-2 * * * * * *
for the desired structural behavior and performance during analy- *Provide available axial, shear or moment strength of HSS.
sis. Some commercially available software assumes no releases in
the default condition, so be sure to provide releases where appro- 14. Use extended shear tabs for connecting braced beams
priate. Figure 11 shows an example of a typical hollow structural to column webs. When installing a braced beam between two
section (HSS) beam-to-wide-flange-column connection. The column webs, the beam needs to be slid down. Due to the presence
loading chart in Table 1 suggests axial load, shears and bending of gussets, swinging a braced beam inside the column is a difficult
moments for all three axes. Notice that the connection at joint A-1 task for the erector. And the presence of cap plates or stiffeners in
requires design moments of My and Mz equal to 500 lb-in. and 250 column webs can make installation nearly impossible. Extended
lb-in., respectively, in combination with the other required loads. shear plate connections offer many advantages like avoiding mem-
This can complicate connection design and drive up design and ber coping and less detailing erection and detailing required. A
effort time, as well as the cost of the steel package. For the typical major concern for the designer is to design an extended tab for
structure, releases are appropriate. If all of the degrees of freedom the moment at the group of bolts due to eccentricity and transfer
truly are required, so be it. only shear load at the center of the column—which makes the tab
When communicating connection loading information to the thicker and requires more bolts. If precise loads are supplied by
delegated connection designer, it is best to provide the loads required the engineer of record (EOR) these connections can be designed
from analysis. Simply requiring a connection to develop the strength lighter as compared to those designed for generalized UDL crite-
of the member being connected is not necessary in most cases. This ria. If extended tabs are specified at the start of the job, the beams
can be significantly exacerbated when no releases are provided. Not can be procured in lesser lengths (up to the column flange edge)
only is the member being connected overstressed (at least math- thereby lowering material requirements.
56 | APRIL 2019
Fig. 12. A paddle plate-bolted
moment connection.
Negative connotations and stereotypes of trade workers have dents and help them enter alternative postsecondary programs.
penetrated society and contributed to the problem by discourag- Those who do graduate may not find employment requiring a
ing young people from pursuing careers in the trades. Most people four-year degree. Meanwhile, many well-paid and rapidly increas-
have no idea of the importance of manufacturing and its contribu- ing manufacturing jobs remain unfilled.
tion to the American economy, including manufacturing employ- “This push towards college or bust shifted the culture’s percep-
ees and executives. tion of our great career alternatives into meaning something less
“The changes that have been occurring in our pre-professional than the white collar variety,” said Youdell. “We should also stop re-
education system have contributed greatly to the skilled workforce ferring to our employees as workers or laborers. Who ever wanted
shortage problem. Over the years, we have put a focus on the value of to grow up to be a worker? Change the paradigm. We can do better.”
a college education, while at the same time devalued the career op- The Coalition strives to eradicate public perception and restore
portunities of the skilled trades, discouraging people from entering the image of essential skilled personnel. A few key takeaways from
these fields,” said Robert H. Chalker, CEO, NACE International. the meeting as they relate to improving the skilled trades perception
on the national and local levels and attracting skilled trade workers
Influencing Public Perceptions include: 1. targeting women, minorities and young people (research-
Research has explored what today’s young people are looking ing key influencers); 2. investing in resources to craft a message and
for in their careers, how they make career choices and how well get it out to the public (e.g., TV commercials and social media);
today’s educational programs support careers in manufacturing. It 3. investing in a central location for resources; 4. building on and
touches on the fact that high schools in the United States have leveraging existing programs; and 5. engaging other organizations/
shifted their focus to preparing students for four-year colleges groups who are also working in the same space.
rather than vocational schools. Most of the agricultural arts pro-
grams that were so popular 50 years ago have been removed from Next Steps/Action Planning
high schools, and the educational system exacerbates the negative Over the next decade, nearly 3.5 million manufacturing jobs
perception of manufacturing. will likely be needed. This skilled workforce shortage is not new.
“The shift in the national education system 30-40 years ago away The urgency of the problem was described as far back as the 1990s
from supporting vocational programming as part of the curriculum and has been well documented over the past 15 years.
and a big push to have students follow a ‘college prep’ curriculum was “Certainly the skilled trades and manufacturers themselves bear
a defining moment in creating the skilled trades workforce shortage,” some responsibility for this situation because, collectively, we lost
said Edward S. Youdell, president and CEO of FMA International. control of the narrative and did not respond strongly enough about
“This sea change in approach funneled many people away from ca- the value of our industries and career opportunities,” said Youdell.
reers in either manufacturing or skilled trades, where great value is As for the question posed in the beginning, what can be done
placed on the ability to work with both one’s hands and mind.” to solve this problem, the answer is to establish partnerships with
Half of high school graduates who attend college drop out. industry organizations, schools and the public, and the STC has
However, the educational system has failed to engage these stu- taken the first step. As part of this nationwide effort, the partners
Modern Steel Construction | 59
have shared stories, data and ideas to inspire action. Collaboration is at the heart of The 17 partners in the
the Coalition, and the participating partners demonstrate their enthusiasm to work Skilled Trades Coalition include:
together with all of their knowledge to bring the tools and information necessary to
American Boiler Manufacturers Association
help the industry when skilled trades issues arise, being a strong voice for trades within
American Gear Manufacturers Association
industry to provide assistance and solve problems.
American Institute of Steel Construction
“While the Coalition is made up of a diverse set of industry leaders and associations,
American Society for Nondestructive
our ability to find common ground for a shared issue will hopefully lead to a set of so-
Testing
lutions that can be deployed to raise the visibility of the issue on a national scale,” said
American Welding Society
Youdell. “From there, communicating the solutions to our individual industry’s members,
Chemical Coaters Association
stakeholders, suppliers and original equipment manufacturers, and then having them adopt
International
them into their operations, can hopefully alleviate the shortage of skilled professionals.”
Helmets to Hardhats
Consensus has been sought for action moving forward. The 17 partners have start-
Fabricators and Manufacturers
ed their focus in the areas of initiative, coalition governance, data mining, marketing
Association, International
campaigns, stakeholders and funding. Executive sponsors have volunteered to helm
Gases and Welding Distributors
the projects, with assistance from one or two groups.
Association
“Each of the organizations in the Coalition is doing something to promote the val-
International Association of Plumbing
ue of a profession in the skilled trades, but as individual groups, with limited resources,
and Mechanical Officials
we can only accomplish so much,” said Chalker. “Together, combining our efforts and
Iron Workers (International Association
resources, we can amplify our impact. I see the most important role we can play is to
of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and
reestablish the skilled trades as a long-term, secure career for young men and women
Reinforcing Iron Workers)
in the formative years while they are making career decisions.”
International Training Institute
The partners will be exploring initiatives at the upcoming teleconference this
International Union of Painters
month. Subsequently, AISC will host the second in-person Skilled Trades Coalition
and Allied Trades
meeting September 5 and 6 at its headquarters in Chicago.
NACE International
It is time to act. ■
Steel Erectors Association of America
Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
This article originally appeared in the March 2019 issue of Welding Journal and is being
Society of Manufacturing Engineers
reprinted here with the permission of the American Welding Society.
MAKE YOUR
VISION
REALITY
60 | APRIL 2019
At Max Weiss, we’ve defined the standards for quality since 1946, as the pioneers in
the industry. We support our customers with more than our structural steel shaping
skills. We also offer a full range of specialty services that add value to your basic
requirements. Our Material expertise extends to a wide variety of grades and alloys
including carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, and aluminum, with unique forming
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W W W.M A X W E I S S . C O M
news & events
NASCC
AISC to Honor Eight Structural Steel Leaders at
NASCC: The Steel Conference People and Companies
Eight leaders from across the structural steel • Doug Rutledge, Chief Integration • DeSimone Consulting
design, construction and academic commu- Officer, KL&A, Inc. Engineers has recently
nities will be presented with awards by AISC The Early Career Faculty Award promoted Robert Stimson and
at the 2019 NASCC: The Steel Conference, provides recognition to faculty who dem- Tarek Bannoura to associates of
taking place April 3–5 in St. Louis. The onstrate promise in the areas of structural the firm’s Structural Engineering
awards presentation and opening keynote steel research, teaching and/or other con- Practice in Las Vegas. Together,
will take place on Wednesday, April 3, from tributions to the structural steel industry. the new associates will facilitate
10:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. at the America’s This year’s recipients are: t h e c o m p a n y ’s e x p a n d i n g
Center Convention Complex. The awards • Matthew Yarnold, PE, PhD, Assis- presence in the Western United
honor significant individuals who have made tant Professor, Texas A&M University States. Stimson brings over 40
a difference in the success of the fabricated • Matthew Hebdon, PE, PhD, years of experience in structural
structural steel industry. Whether it’s for an Assistant Professor, Virginia engineering and management
innovative design, an insightful technical Tech University experience, and Bannoura has
paper or a lifetime of outstanding service, The Special Achievement Award rec- over 25 years of experience,
an AISC award bestows prestige and well- ognizes individuals who have demonstrated both with an extensive range of
deserved recognition upon its recipient. notable achievements in structural steel project types.
The Lifetime Achievement Award hon- design, construction, research or education.
ors individuals who have made a difference It honors those who have made a positive • AZZ, Inc., a provider of metal
in AISC’s and the structural steel industry’s and substantial impact on the structural coating services, welding
success and provides special recognition to steel design and construction industry. This solutions, specialty electrical
those who have provided outstanding ser- year’s award recipients are: equipment and highly
vice over a sustained period of years to AISC • Heather Gilmer, PE, Steel Opera- engineered services, announced
and the structural steel design/construction/ tions Manager, HRV Conformance it has reached a preliminary
academic community. This year’s Lifetime Verification Associates, Inc. agreement to acquire Tennessee
Achievement Award winners are: • Francesco M. Russo, PE, PhD, Galvanizing, Inc., a metal
• Michel Bruneau, PhD, PEng, Vice President and Technical coatings company with four
Professor, University at Buffalo Director, Bridge Engineering, operating galvanizing lines; both
• John P. Cross, PE, LEED AP, Michael Baker International companies are AISC associate
Consultant, Former Vice President For more information on The Steel members. The transaction is
(Retired), AISC Conference, visit www.aisc.org/nascc. expected to close in the spring
• David B. Ratterman, Senior Mem- And to learn more about AISC’s award pro- of 2019, pending completion
ber of Stites & Harbison, PLLC, and grams, visit www.aisc.org/awards. of final due diligence activities.
Former AISC General Counsel The facility will operate as AZZ
Galvanizing – Chattanooga.
STANDARDS
New AISC Seismic Standard now Available for Public Review
The current draft of a new AISC used with ASCE/SEI 41, which focuses (for a $35 charge) by calling 312.670.5411.
standard, Seismic Provisions for Evaluation on seismic evaluation and retrofit of Please submit comments, using the review
and Retrofit of Existing Structural Steel existing structural steel buildings. form, to Cynthia J. Duncan, AISC’s director
Buildings (AISC 342), is available for The standard and review form are both of engineering (duncan@aisc.org), by May
public review until May 1, 2019. The available for download at www.aisc.org/ 1, 2019 for consideration.
standard will provide provisions to be publicreview. Copies are also available
advertiser index
AISC 16 | 34 | 49 Kinetic Cutting Systems 20
Applied Bolting Technology 14 Kottler Metal Products 67
Bull Moose Industries back cover Lindapter USA 41
C-BEAMS 37 Max Weiss 61
Cast Connex Corporation 60 New Millennium Building Systems 21
Chicago Metal Rolled Products 32 | 33 Nucor Vulcraft-Verco Group 11 | 13 | 23 | 27 | 29
Controlled Automation 15 Peddinghaus Corporation 2
Dlubal Software 49 Qnect 45
Dowco Consultants 51 QuickFrames USA 19
FICEP Corporation 8 SDS/2 7
Grating Fasteners 45 Sideplate Systems 18
Hypertherm 57 St. Louis Screw & Bolt 19
IES 3 Trimble 5 | 31
InfoSight Corporation 37 Voortman Corporation 12
JGM Fabricators & Constructors 30 Whitefab 54
64 | APRIL 2019
marketplace & employment
Structural Engineers Join us at Barton Malow!
Are you looking for a new and exciting opportunity?
We are a niche recruiter that specializes in matching great As a 100% American and employee-owned firm, Barton
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• We are structural engineers by background and enjoy productivity, we bring self-perform capabilities and custom
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LATE MODEL STRUCTURAL
STEEL FABRICATING EQUIPMENT
Contract Auditor Peddinghaus FPDB-2500 CNC Heavy Plate Processor, 96” W, (3)
Quality Management Company, LLC (QMC) is seeking Spindles, HPR260 Plasma, (1) Oxy, Siemens 840D, 2008 #27974
qualified independent contract auditors to conduct site Peddinghaus FDB-2500A CNC Plate Drill with Oxy/Plasma
audits for the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Torches, (3) Head Drill, 96” Max. Plate Width, 2003 #29542
Certified Fabricators and Certified Erector Programs.
Controlled Automation DRL-336 CNC Beam Drill, 36” x 18”, (3)
This contract requires travel throughout North America and 15 HP Spindles, Hem WF140 Tandem Saw, 2005 #29344
limited International travel. This is not a regionally based Peddinghaus PCD-1100 CNC Beam Drill, 44” x 18”, (3) Spindles,
contract and a minimum travel of 75% should be expected. 13.5 HP, 900 RPM, 3” Max. Diameter, 13” Stroke, 2008 #29286
Contract auditors must have knowledge of quality Controlled Automation DRL344 CNC Beam Drill Line, Hem
management systems, audit principles and techniques. WF140 Saw, Tandem Line, 2008 #24937
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Peddinghaus 623-0 CNC Angle Line, 6” x 6” x 5/8” Capacity, 75
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AISC facebook.com/AISCdotORG
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@AISC @AISC
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youtube.com/AISCSteelTV
to learn more visit www.aisc.org/mynextcareer
Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com. To advertise, call 231.995.0637 or email renae@gurthetmedia.com.
Modern Steel Construction | 65
structurally sound
Anton Grassl
MAKING AN ENTRANCE
USING GRAPH PAPER to draw a building is typical. Using plates that matched the panel spacing of the curtain wall system,
graph paper to inspire a building is not. thereby eliminating additional aluminum mullions in the pro-
For the angular entry pavilion of the Exchange at 100 Federal cess. In addition, Cives located and oriented all plate members to
Street in Boston, the design team of Perkins+Will (architect) and accurately maintain the 53∕8-in. offset required by the curtain wall.
McNamara/Salvia, Inc. (engineer) did both. Where the vertical rib members were not oriented perpendicular
The sharply faceted glass and steel structure, inspired by a piece to the plane of the glass, the outside plate edge was chamfered
of folded graph paper, incorporates a grid of steel plate fabricated parallel to the glass plane.
by AISC member and certified fabricator Cives Steel Company– The Exchange at 100 Federal Street is one of this year’s AISC
New England Division to achieve 75-ft main spans while also IDEAS2 Award winners. You can read about all of the winners—and
meeting the architectural vision of narrow members (less than 6 in. see plenty of amazing photos—in the May issue. And for more on
wide) with sharp edges. While the plate shapes required frequent the Exchange’s entry pavilion, see “Functional Folds” in the January
lateral bracing, this issue was addressed via additional steel bracing 2018 issue, available at www.modernsteel.com.
66 | APRIL 2019
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Fig. 1.1
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