1.

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water

supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping
system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically only used in
factories and large commercial buildings, home and small building systems are now
available at a cost-effective price.
Major A Stewart Harrison of the First Engineer Volunteers of London invented
the first sprinkler in 1864. However it was until 1874 when Henry S Parmelee of
Connecticut of USA produced the first widely used automatic sprinkler with heat
sensitive device, that sprinklers became widely used for fire protection. Throughout
this 135 years, many rules, codes, regulations and standards have been produced for
automatic sprinkler installations, firstly started by the fire insurance associations and
later by national authorities.
The fire insurance company offers an annual premium reduction to the building
owner for a properly installed with an automatic sprinkler system. This premium
reduction could be as high as 45%, provided that other fire safety features such as
compartmentation, portable fire extinguishing equipment etc. as required by the
insurance company, are also installed. This annual premium reduction, together with
the much less anticipated loss in case of fire, help encourage the building owner to
spend an initial amount of money to install sprinkler systems. A sprinkler system is
usually about 1% to 1.5% of the total building cost, or 3% to 5% of the total electrical
and mechanical services installation cost.
Over the years, fire sprinklers have become mandatory safety equipment in
certain occupancies, including, but not limited to newly constructed hospitals, schools,
hotels and other public buildings, subject to the local building codes and enforcement.
However, outside of the US and Canada, sprinklers are rarely mandated by building
codes for normal hazard occupancies which do not have large numbers of occupants
(e.g. factories, process lines, retail outlets, petrol stations etc).

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 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE ENGINEERING REPORT

The objective of this report is to recommend the approach on the design,

installation, operation, and maintenance of fire sprinkler system for a school building.
In addition, this report will be utilized for future basis in practice as Mechanical
Engineer.

3. IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGINEERING REPORT

This report will explain procedures in designing the fire sprinkler pipe sizing and
pump size based on National Fire Protection Association 13 design criteria.
Fire sprinkler system for an Educational Building is one of the type of
occupancy wherein many options for design are available yet recommending such
design and approach is still challenging and must be thoroughly checked in order to
maximize the cost and secure the efficiency of the system.
Sprinkler systems for all educational buildings can be designed under NFPA
13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.

4. LIMITATION OF THE ENGINEERING REPORT

The sprinkler systems are designed to deal mainly with solid-fuel fires, but can
serve also to hold a flammable-liquid fire in check and to extinguish some oil fires (e.g.
transformer oil fires) by deluge sprinklers, by purely using water. With suitable foam
concentrate added to the water, its fire-fighting capability on oil fires can be greatly
enhanced.
Each system is designed for its particular function, and its features may vary widely
according to the purpose. In general, a system will consist of the following items:

1. A water storage capacity or adequate running supply, to feed the system.

2. An adequate method of pumping water from the supply to the system.
3. Distribution pipework capable of conveying all the water required to feed
losses.
4. A sprinkler installation valve connected to a hydraulic motor alarm gong to give
an audible mechanical water motor alarm when the valve opens to allow water
to flow to the sprinklers discharging water.
5. A series of distributor heads (i.e. sprinklers - close / open type; open jet
nozzles) capable of passing the design flow rates of water and distributing the
water as a spray, over the area to be protected.

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 6. A detector, or detector system, capable of actuating the fire-fighting / protection
system. The detector can be the sprinkler itself or other detection device /
system.
7. Other features include flow detectors, pressure switches for starting pumps,
and control / signal monitoring alarm panels etc.

5. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROPER

5.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS

Automatic Sprinkler. A fire suppression or control device that operates automatically

when its heat-activated element is heated to its thermal rating or above, allowing water
to discharge over a specified area.
Bathroom. Within a dwelling unit, any room or compartment containing a lavatory
dedicated to personal hygiene, or a water closet, or bathing capability such as a
shower or tub, or any combination of facilities thereof.
Ceiling Height. The distance between the floor and the underside of the ceiling above
(or roof deck) within the area.
Flat Ceiling. A continuous ceiling in a single plane.
Horizontal Ceiling. A ceiling with a slope not exceeding 2 in 12.

Sloped Ceiling. A ceiling with a slope exceeding 2 in 12.

Smooth Ceiling. A continuous ceiling free from significant irregularities, lumps, or

indentations.
Compartment. A space completely enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The compartment
enclosure is permitted to have openings to an adjoining space if the openings have a
minimum lintel depth of 8 in. (203 mm) from the ceiling.
Drop-Out Ceiling. A suspended ceiling system, which is installed below the sprinklers,
with listed translucent or opaque panels that are heat sensitive and fall from their
setting when exposed to heat.
Dwelling Unit. One or more rooms arranged for the use of one or more individuals
living together, as in a single housekeeping unit normally having cooking, living,
sanitary, and sleeping facilities. For purposes of this standard, dwelling unit includes
hotel rooms, dormitory rooms, apartments, condominiums, sleeping rooms in nursing
homes, and similar living units.

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Fire Control. Limiting the size of a fire by distribution of water so as to decrease the
heat release rate and pre-wet adjacent combustibles, while controlling ceiling gas
temperatures to avoid structural damage.
Fire Suppression. Sharply reducing the heat release rate of a fire and preventing its
regrowth by means of direct and sufficient application of water through the fire plume
to the burning fuel surface.
Hydraulically Designed System. A calculated sprinkler system in which pipe sizes are
selected on a pressure loss basis to provide a prescribed water density, in gallons per
minute per square foot (mm/min), or a prescribed minimum discharge pressure or flow
per sprinkler, distributed with a reasonable degree of uniformity over a specified area.
Pipe Schedule System. A sprinkler system in which the pipe sizing is selected from a
schedule that is determined by the occupancy classification and in which a given
number of sprinklers are allowed to be supplied from specific sizes of pipe.
Small Rooms. A room of light hazard occupancy classification having unobstructed
construction and floor areas not exceeding 800 ft2 (74.3 m2) that are enclosed by
walls and a ceiling. Openings to the adjoining space are permitted if the minimum lintel
depth is 8 in. (203 mm) from the ceiling.
Sprinkler System. For fire protection purposes, an integrated system of underground
and overhead piping designed in accordance with fire protection engineering
standards. The installation includes one or more automatic water supplies. The portion
of the sprinkler system aboveground is a network of specially sized or hydraulically
designed piping installed in a building, structure, or area, generally overhead, and to
which sprinklers are attached in a systematic pattern. The valve controlling each
system riser is located in the system riser or its supply piping. Each sprinkler system
riser includes a device for actuating an alarm when the system is in operation. The
system is usually activated by heat from a fire and discharges water over the fire area.
System Working Pressure. The maximum anticipated static (non-flowing) or flowing
pressure applied to sprinkler system components exclusive of surge pressures.

5.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM

• Antifreeze Sprinkler System. A wet pipe sprinkler system employing automatic

sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that contains an antifreeze
solution and that are connected to a water supply. The antifreeze solution is
discharged, followed by water, immediately upon operation of sprinklers
opened by heat from a fire.

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• Circulating Closed-Loop Sprinkler System. A wet pipe sprinkler system having
non–fire protection connections to automatic sprinkler systems in a closed-
loop piping arrangement for the purpose of utilizing sprinkler piping to conduct
water for heating or cooling, where water is not removed or used from the
system but only circulated through the piping system.
• Combined Dry Pipe-Preaction Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing
automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air under pressure
with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the
sprinklers. Operation of the detection system actuates tripping devices that
open dry pipe valves simultaneously and without loss of air pressure in the
system. Operation of the detection system also opens listed air exhaust valves
at the end of the feed main, which usually precedes the opening of sprinklers.
The detection system also serves as an automatic fire alarm system.

• Deluge Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers that

are attached to a piping system that is connected to a water supply through a
valve that is opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the
same areas as the sprinklers. When this valve opens, water flows into the
piping system and discharges from all sprinklers attached thereto.

• Dry Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic

sprinklers that are attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen
under pressure, the release of which (as from the opening of a sprinkler)
permits the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry pipe valve, and
the water then flows into the piping system and out the opened sprinklers.

• Gridded Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which parallel cross mains are
connected by multiple branch lines. An operating sprinkler will receive water
from both ends of its branch line while other branch lines help transfer water
between cross mains.

• Looped Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are
tied together so as to provide more than one path for water to flow to an
operating sprinkler and branch lines are not tied together.

• Pre-action Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic

sprinklers that are attached to a piping system that contains air that might or
might not be under pressure, with a supplemental detection system installed
in the same areas as the sprinklers.

• Wet Pipe Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers

attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply

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 so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a
fire.

5.3. DEFINITION OF SYSTEM COMPONENT

Branch Lines. The pipes in which the sprinklers are placed, either directly or through
risers.
Cross Mains. The pipes supplying the branch lines, either directly or through risers.

Feed Mains. The pipes supplying cross mains, either directly or through risers.
Flexible Listed Pipe Coupling. A listed coupling or fitting that allows axial displacement,
rotation, and at least 1 degree of angular movement of the pipe without inducing harm
on the pipe. For pipe diameters of 8 in. (203.2 mm) and larger, the angular movement
shall be permitted to be less than 1 degree but not less than 0.5 degree.

Risers. The vertical supply pipes in a sprinkler system.

Sprig-up. A line that rises vertically and supplies a single sprinkler.

Supervisory Device. A device arranged to supervise the operative condition of

automatic sprinkler systems.
System Riser. The aboveground horizontal or vertical pipe between the water supply
and the mains (cross or feed) that contains a control valve (either directly or within its
supply pipe) and a water flow alarm device.

5.4. TYPES OF SPRINKLER

5.4.1. According to design and performance characteristics

• Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler. A type of fast-response

sprinkler that meets the criteria of 3.6.1(a)(1) and is listed for its capability to
provide fire suppression of specific high-challenge fire hazards.

• Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type of spray sprinkler with maximum

coverage areas as specified in Sections 8.8 and 8.9 NFPA 13.

• Large Drop Sprinkler. A type of specific application control mode sprinkler that
is capable of producing characteristic large water droplets and that is listed for
its capability to provide fire control of specific high-challenge fire hazards.

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• Nozzles. A device for use in applications requiring special water discharge
patterns, directional spray, or other unusual discharge characteristics.
• Old-Style/Conventional Sprinkler. A sprinkler that directs from 40 percent to 60
percent of the total water initially in a downward direction and that is designed
to be installed with the deflector either upright or pendent.

• Open Sprinkler. A sprinkler that does not have actuators or heat responsive
elements.

• Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprinkler. A type of quick

response sprinkler that meets the criteria of 3.6.1(a)(1) and is listed for its
capability to provide fire suppression of specific fire hazards.

• Quick-Response Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type of quick-response

sprinkler that meets the criteria of 3.6.1(a)(1) and complies with the extended
protection areas defined in Chapter 8, NFPA 13.

• Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler. A type of spray sprinkler that meets the

criteria of 3.6.1(a)(1) and is listed as a quick-response sprinkler for its intended
use.

• Residential Sprinkler. A type of fast-response sprinkler that meets the criteria

of 3.6.1(a)(1) that has been specifically investigated for its ability to enhance
survivability in the room of fire origin and is listed for use in the protection of
dwelling units.

• Special Sprinkler. A sprinkler that has been tested and listed as prescribed in
8.4.9.

• Specific Application Control Mode Sprinkler (for Storage Use). A type of spray
sprinkler listed at a minimum operating pressure with a specific number of
operating sprinklers for a given protection scheme.

• Spray Sprinkler. A type of sprinkler listed for its capability to provide fire control
for a wide range of fire hazards.

• Standard Spray Sprinkler. A spray sprinkler with maximum coverage areas as

specified in Sections 8.6 and 8.7 of NFPA 13.
5.4.2. According to Orientation

• Concealed Sprinkler. A recessed sprinkler with cover plates.

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 • Flush Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, including the shank
thread, is mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling.
• Pendent Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the
water stream is directed downward against the deflector.

• Recessed Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, other than the
shank thread, is mounted within a recessed housing.

• Sidewall Sprinkler. A sprinkler having special deflectors that are designed to

discharge most of the water away from the nearby wall in a pattern resembling
one-quarter of a sphere, with a small portion of the discharge directed at the
wall behind the sprinkler.

• Upright Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the

water spray is directed upwards against the deflector.
5.4.3. According to special application or environment

• Corrosion-Resistant Sprinkler. A sprinkler fabricated with corrosion-resistant

material, or with special coatings or platings, to be used in an atmosphere that
would normally corrode sprinklers.

• Dry Sprinkler. A sprinkler secured in an extension nipple that has a seal at the
inlet end to prevent water from entering the nipple until the sprinkler operates.

• Intermediate Level Sprinkler/Rack Storage Sprinkler. A sprinkler equipped with

integral shields to protect its operating elements from the discharge of
sprinklers installed at higher elevations.

• Ornamental/Decorative Sprinkler. A sprinkler that has been painted or plated

by the manufacturer.

5.5. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES

5.5.1. LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIES

Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other
occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with
relatively low rates of heat release are expected.

• Churches

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 • Clubs
• Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with no combustibles
beneath
• Educational
• Hospitals
• Institutional
• Libraries, except large stack rooms
• Museums
• Nursing or convalescent homes
• Offices, including data processing
• Residential
• Restaurant seating areas
• Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums
• Unused attics

5.5.2. ORDINARY HAZARD OCCUPANCIES

Ordinary Hazard (Group 1). Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be
defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low,
quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft
(2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.

• Automobile parking and showrooms

• Bakeries
• Beverage manufacturing
• Canneries
• Dairy products manufacturing and processing
• Electronic plants
• Glass and glass products manufacturing
• Laundries
• Restaurant service areas

Ordinary Hazard (Group 2). Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be

defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and
combustibility of contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m),
and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.

• Cereal mills
• Chemical plants — ordinary
• Confectionery products
• Distilleries
• Dry cleaners

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 • Feed mills
• Horse stables
• Leather goods manufacturing
• Libraries — large stack room areas
• Machine shops
• Metal working
• Mercantile
• Paper and pulp mills
• Paper process plants
• Piers and wharves
• Post offices
• Printing and publishing Repair garages
• Resin application area
• Stages
• Textile manufacturing
• Tire manufacturing
• Tobacco products manufacturing
• Wood machining
• Wood product assembly

5.5.3. EXTRA HAZARD OCCUPANCIES.

Extra Hazard (Group 1). Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined
as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility
of contents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the
probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or
no combustible or flammable liquids.

• Resin application area

• Stages
• Textile manufacturing
• Tire manufacturing
• Tobacco products manufacturing
• Wood machining
• Wood product assembly
• Extra Hazard (Group 2). Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined
• as occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial
amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding
of combustibles is extensive.
• Asphalt saturating
• Flammable liquids spraying

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 • Flow coating
• Manufactured home or modular building assemblies (where finished enclosure
is present and has combustible interiors)
• Open oil quenching
• Plastics processing
• Solvent cleaning
• Varnish and paint dipping

5.6. SPRINKLERS
5.6.1. SPRINKLER DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

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 5.6.2. TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS

5.7. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

System requirements and pipe sizes shall be determined using hydraulic

calculations prepared in accordance with NFPA Standards 13.
NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
Total demand including hose streams to be calculated with 90% of the available
water supply pressure (i.e.; 10% of the pressure reserved as a safety factor).

5.8. DESIGN METHODOLOGY

1. Determine the hazard classification.

2. Water Demand Requirements — Hydraulic Calculation Methods.

3. Water demand requirements

4. Pipe sizing / Schedule

5. Hydraulic Calculation

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5.9. BUILDING FIRE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION

Hazard classification hierarchy

The requirements contained in NFPA 13 are keyed to the hazard classification.

Section 2-1 in the 1999 edition of NFPA 13 indicates there are three basic hazard
classifications used in the design of sprinkler systems. These three hazard
classifications are as follows:

• Light Hazard

• Ordinary Hazard

• Extra Hazard

This same section in NFPA 13 also indicates that the ordinary hazard
classification is divided into two sub-classifications an ordinary group 1 hazard and an
ordinary group 2 hazard. Similarly, the extra hazard classification is also divided into
two sub-classifications — an extra group1 hazard and an extra group 2 hazard.
The definitions of each of the hazard classifications are also included in section
2-1 in NFPA13, which defines hazard classification based upon a number of
occupancy characteristics.

These characteristics are as follows:

• The combustibility of contents.

• The quantity of combustibles.

• Rate of heat release.

• Storage height.

• Quantity of flammable and/or combustible liquids.

NFPA 13 defines a light hazard occupancy using the following description:

• Combustibility of the contents is low, and

• Quantity of the combustible is low, and

• Low rates of heat release.

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The NFPA 13 definition an ordinary group 1 hazard is as follows:

• Combustibility of the contents is low, and

• Quantity of the combustibles is moderate, and

• Moderate heat release rates, and

• Height of storage is 8 feet or less.

NFPA 13 defines an ordinary group 2 hazard as follows:

• Combustibility of the contents is moderate to high, and

• Quantity of the combustibles is moderate to high, and

• Moderate to high rates of heat release, and

• Storage height is 12 feet or less.

The NFPA 13 definition of an extra group 1 hazard is as follows:

• Combustibility of the contents is very high, and

• Quantity of the combustibles is very high, and

• High rates of heat release, and

• Quantity of flammable and/or combustible liquids small.

Finally, the NFPA 13 definition of an extra group 2 hazard is as follows:

• Quantity of flammable or combustible liquids is moderate to high, or

• Extensive shielding of the combustibles is present.

Office Ordinary Group 1

Comfort Rooms (Male & Female) Light
Hallway Light
Multi-Purpose Hall Light
Cafeteria/Kitchen Extra Group 1
Lecture Room Ordinary Group 1
Org. Room Ordinary Group 1
Library Ordinary Group 1

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 Faculty Office Ordinary Group 1
Lounge Light

5.10. WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENTS — HYDRAULIC CALCULATION

METHODS

The minimum water supply requirements for a hydraulically designed

occupancy hazard fire control sprinkler system shall be determined by adding the hose
stream demand from Table 11.2.3.1.1 to the water supply for sprinklers determined in
11.2.3.1.5.

5.10.1. HOSE STREAM DEMAND

5.10.2. DENSITY/AREA CURVES

The water supply for sprinklers only shall be determined either from the
density/area curves of Figure 11.2.3.1.5 in accordance with the method of 11.2.3.2 or
be based upon the room design method in accordance with 11.2.3.3, at the discretion
of the designer. NFPA 13 Standards.

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5.10.3. SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS

For systems with multiple hazard classifications, the hose stream demand shall be in
accordance with one of the following:
(1) Add the hose demand for the highest hazard classification within the system,
or
(2) Add the hose demand for each individual hazard classification to the
calculations for the design area for that hazard, or
(3) For systems with multiple hazard classifications where the higher classification
only lies within single rooms less than or equal to 400 ft2 in area with no such rooms
adjacent, add the hose demand for the principal occupancy for the remainder of the
system.

5.10.4. RESTRICTIONS

Regardless of which of the two methods is used, the following restrictions shall apply:
(1) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 ft 2 (139 m2) used for light and
ordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 1500 ft2 (139 m2) shall be used.

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(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 2500 ft 2 (232 m2) for extra hazard
occupancies, the density for 2500 ft2 (232 m2) shall be used.

5.11. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION PROCEDURES

5.11.1. GENERAL
A calculated system for a building, or a calculated addition to a system in an
existing sprinklered building, shall supersede the rules in this standard governing pipe
schedules, except that all systems shall continue to be limited by area.
Pipe sizes shall be no less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) nominal for ferrous piping and
¾ in. (19 mm) nominal for copper tubing or non-metallic piping listed for fire sprinkler
service.
The size of pipe, number of sprinklers per branch line, and number of branch
lines per cross main shall otherwise be limited only by the available water supply.
However, sprinkler spacing and all other rules covered in this and other
applicable standards shall be observed.

5.11.2. FRICTION LOSS FORMULA

Pipe friction losses shall be determined on the basis of the Hazen-Williams
formula, as follows:

where:
p = frictional resistance in psi per foot of pipe
Q = flow in gpm
C = friction loss coefficient
d = actual internal diameter of pipe in inches

For SI units, the following equation shall be used:

where:

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 pm = frictional resistance in kPa per meter of pipe

Qm = flow in L/min
C = friction loss coefficient dm

= actual internal diameter in

mm

Velocity Pressure Formula. Velocity pressure shall be determined on the

basis of the following formula:

where:

Pv = velocity pressure in psi (SI: 1 psi = 0.0689 bar = 6.89 kPa)

Q = flow in gpm (SI : 1 gal = 3.785 L)
D = inside diameter in inches (SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm)

Normal Pressure Formula. Normal pressure (Pn) shall be determined on

the basis of the following formula:

Pn = Pt - Pv
where:

Pn = normal pressure
Pt = total pressure in psi (bar)

Pv = velocity pressure in psi (bar)

5.11.3. HYDRAULIC JUNCTION POINTS

• Pressures at hydraulic junction points shall balance within 0.5 psi (0.03 bar).
• The highest pressure at the junction point, and the total flows as adjusted, shall
be carried into the calculations.

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 • Pressure balancing shall be permitted through the use of a K-factor developed
for branch lines or portions of systems using .

5.11.4. EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS OF VALVES AND FITTINGS

Table 14.4.3.1.1 (NFPA 13, 2002) shall be used to determine the equivalent
length of pipe for fittings and devices unless manufacturer's test data indicate that
other factors are appropriate.

Specific friction loss values or equivalent pipe lengths for alarm valves, dry pipe
valves, deluge valves, strainers, and other devices shall be made available to the
authority having jurisdiction.

5.11.5. C-FACTORS

Table 14.4.3.1.1 shall be used with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120 only. For
other values of C, the values in Table 14.4.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the factors
indicated in Table 14.4.3.2 (NFPA 13).

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5.11.6. ROOM DESIGN METHOD

Where the design is based on the room design method, the calculation shall be
based on the room and communicating space, if any, that is hydraulically the most
demanding.

5.11.7. MAXIMUM PROTECTION AREA OF COVERAGE (LIGHT AND ORDINARY

HAZARD)

The maximum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler (As) shall
be in accordance with the value indicated in Table 8.6.2.2.1(a) through Table
8.6.2.2.1(d) NFPA 13, 2002.

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21
5.11.8. MINIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar).

5.11.9. PIPE SCHEDULES

Schedule for Light Hazard Occupancies

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 Schedule for Ordinary Hazard Occupancies

Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

5.11.10. HYDRAULIC DESIGN CALCULATION

5.11.10.1. DESIGN AREA

1. Design Area = 18 266 square feet is less than 52 000 square feet; therefore, one
sprinkler system is enough.

Estimate Floor Area = (79.376 x 24.272) + (23.944 x 3.936) + (93.808 x 7.872) +

(108.24 x 12.464) + (148.584 x 43.952) + (136.776 x 55.76) = 18 266 square feet

SeenLudzMort Building Floor Plan – GF and 2F

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2. Design Area with Sprinkler Lay-out

This is considered as Educational Building, use Light Hazard Classification.

Use maximum spacing of 15 feet.

Floor Lay-out of Sprinkler as located.

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Floor lay-out of Sprinkler removing Lines.

Floor plan showing pipe run.

25
3. Initial Pipe Sizing (Using Pipe Schedule)

4. Most Remote Area

For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 ft 2 (139 m2) used for light and
ordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 1500 ft2 (139 m2) shall be used.
No. of sprinkler = 1500 ft2 / 130 ft2 = 11.5, so use 12 minimum.
Most remote area (enclosed in red lines).

26
5. Noding or Number of Sections (enclosed in violet circles).

27
*Using Elite Fire Version 6.02.23 Software.

Start with General Project Data.

Enter/Edit pipe data.

28
Node 1-3
Beginning – 1
End – 3
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 2-3
Beginning – 2
End – 3
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 3-6
Beginning – 3
End – 6
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 9.51 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 4-6

29
Beginning – 4
End – 6
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 5-6
Beginning – 5
End – 6
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 6-9
Beginning – 6
End – 9
Material – 4
Diameter = 40 mm = 1.5 in
Length (Layout) = 10.17 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

30
Node 7-9
Beginning – 7
End – 9
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 8-9
Beginning – 8
End – 9
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0

31
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 9-12
Beginning – 9
End – 12
Material – 4
Diameter = 50 mm = 2 in
Length (Layout) = 9.51 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 10-12
Beginning – 10
End – 12
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 11-12
Beginning – 11
End – 12
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

32
Node 12-15
Beginning – 12
End – 15
Material – 4
Diameter = 50 mm = 2 in
Length (Layout) = 10.76 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 13-15
Beginning – 13
End – 15
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.

33
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 14-15
Beginning – 14
End – 15
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 15-18
Beginning – 15
End – 18
Material – 4
Diameter = 50 mm = 2 in
Length (Layout) = 9.84 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 16-18
Beginning – 16
End – 18
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

34
Node 17-18
Beginning – 17
End – 18
Material – 4
Diameter = 25 mm = 1 in
Length (Layout) = 6.05 + 1 = 7.05 ft
K-factor = 5.6
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 18-19
Beginning – 18
End – 19
Material – 4
Diameter = 65 mm = 2.5 in
Length (Layout) = 10.76 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

35
Node 19-20
Beginning – 19
End – 20
Material – 4
Diameter = 65 mm = 2.5 in
Length (Layout) = 9.84 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 20-21
Beginning – 20
End – 21
Material – 4
Diameter = 65 mm = 2.5 in
Length (Layout) = 19.77 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = 2ET
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 21-22
Beginning – 21
End – 22
Material – 4
Diameter = 65 mm = 2.5 in
Length (Layout) = 5.49 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 22-23
Beginning – 22
End – 23
Material – 4

36
Diameter = 65 mm = 2.5 in
Length (Layout) = 19.03 ft.
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 23-24
Beginning – 23
End – 24
Material – 4
Diameter = 80 mm = 3 in
Length (Layout) = 21.43 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 24-25
Beginning – 24
End – 25
Material – 4
Diameter = 80 mm = 3 in
Length (Layout) = 7.44 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

37
Node 25-26
Beginning – 25
End – 26
Material – 4
Diameter = 100 mm = 4 in
Length (Layout) = 8.97 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 26-27
Beginning – 26
End – 27
Material – 4
Diameter = 100 mm = 4 in
Length (Layout) = 17.61 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

38
Node 27-28
Beginning – 27
End – 28
Material – 4
Diameter = 100 mm = 4 in
Length (Layout) = 22.97 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Standard Fitting = T
(The rest is zero as default)

Node 28-29
Beginning – 28
End – 29
Material – 4
Diameter = 100 mm = 4 in
Length (Layout) = 13.78 ft
K-factor = 0.0
K-factor = 0.0
Sprinkler Elevation = 19.7 – 1 = 18.7 ft.
Sprinkler Elevation = 0 ft.
Standard Fitting = ET2GC
(The rest is zero as default)

6. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION RESULT

Calculated Inflow Residual Pressure = 72.852 psi

Calculated System Flow Rate = 250.76 gpm
No fire hose cabinet/ or fire hose.

At 0 psi Suction Pressure,

Design Developed Pressure = 72.852 / 0.9 = 80 psi

Design Flow Rate = 250 gpm

39
5.12. WATER TANK SIZING

Duration: 30 minutes for Light Hazard

For 250 gpm
Tank size = 250 x 30 = 7500 gal

5.13. FIRE PUMP AND FUEL TANK SELECTION

https://rcwapp.xyleminc.com/fp_select.asp

Electric Pump

Jockey Pump Selection

Use 1% method in sizing Jockey Pump minimum.

Minimum = 250 gpm x 0.01
= 2.5 gpm

Head = 80 x (144 / 62.4)

=184.6154 ft.
http://mthpumps.com/sizing.html

40
Then,
Water flow rate = 6.23 GPM
Head = 184.6154 ft
Efficiency = 41.9%
Bhp = 0.649
Motor Hp = 0.649/0.419
Motor Hp = 1.55 hp
Use 2 hp.

5. SPECIFICATION

6.1 FIRE PUMP

The Contractor shall supply and install fire-fighting pumps as shown and
detailed on the drawings.

Fire pumps and control panel shall be UL listed & FM approval.

The fire sprinkler pump/ duty/standby and the Jockey pump, shall be completely fully
automatic, factory assembled, skid mounted units includes the following features:

a. One duty pump for Sprinkler system, electrically driven

b. One Jockey pump, common for the system, electrically driven.

41
 c. Galvanized Steel frame.
d. Galvanized suction and delivery manifolds with
flanged connections
e. Isolating valves and flexible connection on suction and delivery for each
pump
f. Check valves on delivery for each pump
g. Strainer on suction for each pump
h. Pressure gauges, pressure switches and pressure relief valves
i. One Pressure vessel diaphragm type of 200 liters capacity
j. Automatic control panel
k. Fire pump set (Duty / standby) to be electrical driven for hose reel and
fire hydrant.

Pump construction shall be in cast iron casing, bronze impeller, stainless steel
shaft complete with steel base frame / plate.
The motor shall be squirrel cage induction type and rated for continuous
operation at ambient temperature not less than 50 Deg. C, totally enclosed fan cooled
with insulation class F and IP 54-protection level and rated for 415 volt, 3 phase and
50 Hz.
The Engine shall be of 4-stroke mechanical injection air-cooled type with
automatic speed regulator and flywheel housing.
The Engine shall be provided with double battery kit (12 VDC) and charger,
complete with exhaust pipe (insulated) and arranged to discharge outside.

The Engine shall be manually switched off.

The Control Panel shall consist of the following:

1 Starter with Overload protection for each motor.
1 Residual current circuit breaker (for each pump)
1 Set timing relays
1 Hand / off / Auto switch for each pump
1 System Mode selector switch
1 Run and Trip Indication Lamps for each motor
3 Indicating Lamps, “Power On”, “Low Water” and “Phase Failure”.
1 Main Neutral Link

42
1 Cyclic Controller
1 Pressure switch and adjustable setting for each pump
1 Dry run prevention relay and floats switch in feed tank
1 Set of Volt free contacts for BMS interface
1 Multi attempt relay to allow at least 3 attempts for Engine Starting

1 Earth leakage sensor with hooter, mute push button and Indication lamp.

The construction of the Panel to be to IP 65 level.

The “hand” button shall be spring-loaded and shall override all control circuits
exception the overload, so that the selected pump can be checked for performance
and operation.
The pump sets shall operate under the control of pressure switches

The control panel design shall ensure:

a. Automatic operation of all pumps under the control of pressure switches
and cyclic relay. The duty pump selection switch shall be in “Auto”
position.
b. Automatic switch over to stand-by pump in case of failure of the duty
pump.
c. The hand position of H-O-A switches is only foe testing of pump and
shall be spring-loaded. Alternatively, non-latching push button shall be
used for starting pump in HAND mode.
d. Dry run protection based on level switch in the feed tank with indication.
e. Volt free terminals for remote indications of common fault including low
water level in feed tank, and pump on demand.
The fire pump set shall be constructed to local Fire department’s requirements
and a certificate stating this shall be provided with the pumps and shall confirm to B.S.
and shall be a single stage horizontal split casing centrifugal type.

6.2. SPRINKLER AND ACCESSORIES

A. General:
1. Minimum sprinkler orifice size shall be 1/2 inch.
2. Sprinklers in non-public spaces such as mechanical/electrical
equipment, and storage rooms and sprinklers on exposed
piping shall have brass finish unless noted otherwise.
3. Sprinklers and escutcheons in finished areas to have polished
brass or white finish or finish as noted on plans.

43
4. Style, size, and temperature rating to be type specifically
approved for such use.
5. Thermosensitive glass bulbs to be of all one color for a given
temperature classification.
6. For each sprinkler style, all sprinklers to be of same type
(fusible link or glass bulb). B. Upright Sprinklers:
1. Thermosensitive glass-bulb or fusible solder/alloy standard
response.
2. Thermosensitive glass-bulb quick response.
3. Fusible solder/alloy quick response.
4. Installation style:
a. Exposed: No escutcheon
C. Pendent Sprinklers:
1. Thermosensitive glass-bulb or fusible solder/alloy standard
response.
2. Thermosensitive glass-bulb quick response.
3. Fusible solder/alloy quick response.
4. Installation style:
a. Exposed: No escutcheon.

D. Vertical Sidewall Sprinklers:

1. Thermosensitive glass-bulb or fusible solder/alloy standard
response.
2. Thermosensitive glass-bulb quick response.
3. Fusible solder/alloy quick response.
4. Normal or extended coverage type is acceptable.
5. Installation style:
a. Exposed: No escutcheon.
E. Horizontal Sidewall Sprinklers:
1. Thermosensitive glass-bulb or fusible solder/alloy standard
response.
2. Thermosensitive glass-bulb quick response.
3. Fusible solder/alloy quick response.
4. Normal or extended coverage type is acceptable.
5. Fixed or field adjustable type is acceptable.
6. Installation style:
a. Exposed: No escutcheon.
F. Sprinkler Guards: Metal with red finish.

44
 G. Spare Sprinkler Cabinet: Wall mounted. Storage capacity of
not less than minimum designated by NFPA 13.
H. Sprinkler Wrench: To match style and brand of sprinklers used
Sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13.
These shall be local Fire officer’s approved, pendant glass
bulb sprinklers rated for 79 degree C. for sprinklers mounted
in non-air conditioned areas and 68 degree C. for sprinklers
mounted in air conditioned areas, and suitable for maximum
ambient temperature of 50 degree C. sprinklers shall have k
factor of 80 with 15 mm (1/2”) MSPT male inlets. Recessed
type of sprinklers shall be installed in the false ceilings in order
to make the surroundings decorative. There shall be a 2piece
design of the recessed enclosure and mounting plate allows
installation of the sprinklers prior to the installation of the false
ceiling. Both sprinklers and escutcheon plates shall have
chrome finish.
Toilet and pantry areas (AHU Plant room) shall be provided
with side wall type sprinklers and shall have chrome finish.
Samples are to be submitted to the consultant for
approval.
Side sprinkler head to be installed at plant room of swimming
pool.

7. INSTALLATION OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

PREPARATION

Ensure concrete bases are provided for floor mounted equipment.

INSTALLATION

a) Install Fire Protection System in compliance with applicable NFPA

standards (as referenced by the authority having jurisdiction.
b) Pipe and Fittings:
1. Acceptable pipe connection methods:
Schedule 40: Cut grooves or threaded.
2. Acceptable pipe size reducers:
a. Reducing fittings.
b. Tapered reducers.
3. Companion flanges or reducing grooved couplings are
unacceptable.

45
 4. Install piping as follows, unless noted otherwise:
a. Parallel to walls.
b. Above suspended ceilings.
c. Behind walls.
5. Galvanized pipe and fittings:
a. Use where exposed to corrosive atmospheres in the
following locations:
Exterior piping
b. Field paint damaged galvanizing on pipe and fittings.
6. Label piping appropriately.
c) Pipe Supports:
Install hangers in compliance with Section 15140 and NFPA 13 (as
referenced by the authority having jurisdiction). All pipe hangers, bolts,
nuts, washers and other hardware to be hot dipped galvanized
construction for use at the cooling towers. All outdoor piping to be hot
dipped galvanized construction with all threads coated to prevent
corrosion from outdoor elements.
d) Pipe Sleeves and Seals:
Install sleeves and seals in compliance with Section 15140. e) Drains:
Provide drainage facilities as follows:
a. In accordance with NFPA standards, and as indicated.
b. Drain entire system by gravity.
c. Drain size not less than 3/4 inch.
d. Provide nipple and cap or brass plug for systems or
partial systems of 5 gallons or less.
e. Provide valve and plug for systems or partial systems of
more than 5 gallons.
f) Control Valves:
1. Bolt position on lugged butterfly valves to allow removal of
downstream piping.
g) Sprinklers:
1. Unless noted otherwise, provide sprinkler types as indicated on
drawings.
2. Install sprinklers in fittings after piping is in place.
3. Install exposed sprinklers with frame parallel to branch line.
4. Install sprinkler guards where sprinklers are within 2.2 meters of
floor, or when subject to injury.
5. Line sprinklers up with themselves.

46
 6. Prior to Date of Substantial Completion, deliver spare heads and
wrench and place in spare head cabinet(s).

8. OPERATION OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

A fire sprinkler system is a network of concealed pipes supplying water to

sprinkler heads located at strategic positions within the property, and its associated
alarm system. The design of the fire sprinklers allows the system to respond
automatically to a growing fire and control it before it can develop to the point at which
lives are endangered and serious damage is done to the property.
How does the system work?
A fire sprinkler system comprises a number of sprinkler heads, set either in the
ceiling or high on the wall, and attached to pipework usually connected to the domestic
mains water supply and an alarm system. Sprinkler heads contains a mechanism
which is sensitive to heat and which, at a predetermined temperature (usually 68° C),
releases a plug allowing water to escape. The flow of water in the system triggers an
audio-visual alarm which can be heard both inside and out. The water is directed onto
a diffuser which is designed to not only break up the water into droplets of a specific
size, it also directs the spray to cover a specific floor and wall area. Each sprinkler
head is individually and directly activated by the heat from the fire. In the majority of
fires just one sprinkler head is triggered and that is sufficient to deal with the fire.
Residential fire sprinkler heads are rated as quick response heads and it is this speed
of reaction that gives the system its ability to deal with fires when they are small and
more easily controllable. When compared to other fire detection equipment the
advantage this speed of reaction creates is multiplied by the fact that the sprinkler
system is actually starting to control the fire at about the same point in time as a call
would normally be made to the Fire Brigade. Time is a vital factor in dealing with fires.

47
 9. MAINTENANCE AND TESTING OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Introduction

When properly installed and maintained, automatic fire sprinkler systems have
proven to be the most effective means for protecting life and property against fire. In
recognition of their excellent track record in controlling the spread of fire, both state
codes and national standards offer fire sprinklers as a costeffective alternative to
meeting many of their base code requirements.
A lot is riding, therefore, on a sprinkler system’s ability to operate and function
properly. So much so, in fact, that state law prohibits the occupancy of any portion of
a building until the required suppression system has been tested and approved.
Further, it requires that such systems be maintained in an operative condition at all
times and be repaired or replaced when defective.
In order to meet both certification requirements and licensure requirements,
automatic fire sprinkler systems are required to be inspected, tested and maintained
in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.. While the provisions in this edition of the
standard applicable to fire sprinkler systems are very similar to those found in the
1998 edition, you’ll find that the 2002 edition contains more restrictive testing
requirements for dry sprinklers and sprinklers subjected to harsh environments.
Application
It must be noted that this document is intended to serve as a quickreference
guide only and is not intended to be all-inclusive. It covers most, but not all, of the
inspection, testing and maintenance requirements applicable to fire sprinkler systems.
Some facilities may have additional equipment not covered in this guide. It is
important, therefore, that the user have access to, and become familiar with all the
requirements found in, NFPA 25.
System types
The requirements contained in NFPA 25 are based on the type of sprinkler
system installed.
The two types most commonly found in healthcare occupancies are wet pipe
and dry pipe sprinkler systems. Some buildings contain both types of systems – a wet
pipe system in heated areas and a dry-pipe system in unheated areas. Simply put, a
wet pipe sprinkler system is a piping system containing water so arranged that water
discharges immediately from sprinklers activated by heat from a fire. A dry pipe
sprinkler system is a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure so
arranged that upon activation of a sprinkler, the water pressure opens a valve allowing
water to flow into the pipe and out the opened sprinkler.

48
Definitions
In order to follow the requirements of the standard, it’s important to have a good
understanding of what’s meant by “inspection”, “testing” and “maintenance”. Those
terms are defined in NFPA 25(98), Sec. 1-5 as follows [see also NFPA 25(02), Sec.
3.3]:

• Inspection. A visual examination of a system or portion thereof to verify that it

appears to be in operating condition and is free of physical damage.
• Testing. A procedure used to determine the status of a system as intended by
conducting periodic physical checks such as water flow tests, fire pump tests,
alarm tests, and trip tests of dry-pipe valves. These tests follow up on the
original acceptance test at intervals specified in the appropriate chapter of
NFPA 25.
• Maintenance. Work performed to keep equipment operable or to make repairs.
Personnel Qualifications
It is the facility’s responsibility to ensure that only properly trained and
competent persons perform inspections, testing and maintenance on its fire sprinkler
system. NFPA 25 simply states, “These tasks shall be performed by personnel who
have developed competence through training and experience.” [See NFPA 25(98),
Sec. 1-4.2 or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 4.1.2.3].
System History
A number of requirements applied to a healthcare facility’s fire protection
systems are based on the age and date of installation of those systems. Without an
accurate written history of the fire protection system(s) in your facility, it can be difficult
to prove to a state or federal life safety surveyor that those systems are being
maintained in accordance with applicable state and federal standards. This can result
in fire/life safety deficiencies being cited. Turnover of administrative and/or
maintenance personnel only serve to compound the problem. One of the best ways
to deal with this is to create and maintain an historical log on your system(s).
As with just about anything, the hardest part of creating an historical log is
getting started – after that, it’s a matter of keeping it up-to-date. Basic questions that
need to be answered include:

• When the system was initially installed? Who installed it?

• Were any additions, modifications or repairs made to the system? When? Who
did the work?
It’s important to note that certain changes made to your building could
necessitate modifications to your fire protection system. Things to watch for include:
construction or removal of walls and installation of such things as drop-in ceilings, new
suspended light fixtures, tracks for lift systems and new cubicle curtains.

49
Applicable Standards

1. Specific requirements relating to the inspection, testing and maintenance of fire

sprinkler systems can be found in:
• Chapters 2 and 9 of the 1998 edition of NFPA 25
• Chapters 5 and 12 of the 2002 edition of NFPA 25
2. Specific requirements relating to the inspection, testing and maintenance of fire
pumps can be found in:
• Chapter 5 of the 1998 edition of NFPA 25
• Chapter 8 of the 2002 edition of NFPA 25

Specific Requirements
The inspection, testing and maintenance requirements that apply to your
building’s fire sprinkler system start from the date of initial installation and continue on
at specific intervals throughout the life of the system. What follows is a brief synopsis
of some of the major requirements you need to be aware of.
New installations
In order to meet both federal certification requirements and state licensure
requirements, automatic fire sprinkler systems are required to be installed in
accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
All newly installed fire sprinkler systems are required to meet specific
acceptance requirements, such as flushing of fire service mains and testing of both
underground and aboveground piping [see NFPA13(99]. These services must be
provided by licensed contractors.
Monthly
The following monthly inspections can be performed by facility staff:

1. Visually inspect control valves to ensure that they are:

• In the normal open position
• Accessible
• Properly sealed
• Locked and/or supervised
• Free from leaks
• Provided with appropriate signage identifying the portion of the system
they control
2. Visually inspect gauges on wet pipe systems to verify that they are in good
condition and that normal water pressure is being maintained.
3. Visually inspect gauges on dry pipe systems to verify that they are in good
condition and that normal air and water pressure are being maintained.

50
 Note: Where air pressure is not supervised at a constantly attended location,
these gauges need to be inspected on a weekly basis.
Quarterly

1. The following quarterly inspections are in addition to those required monthly

and can be performed by facility staff:
a. For hydraulically designed sprinkler systems, inspect the hydraulic
nameplate to verify that it’s securely attached to the sprinkler riser and
is legible.

Note: Most newly installed fire sprinkler systems are now hydraulically
designed.

b. Inspect alarm devices to verify that they are free of physical damage.
c. Inspect fire department connections to verify that:
• They are visible and accessible
• Couplings or swivels are not damaged and rotate smoothly
• Plugs or caps are in place and not damaged
• Gaskets are in place and in good condition
• Identification signs are in place
• The check valve is not leaking
• The automatic drain valve is in place and operating properly
2. With proper training the following quarterly tests can be performed by facility
staff:
a. Test the water flow alarm on wet pipe sprinkler systems by opening the
inspector’s test connection. This simulates the opening of a sprinkler
head.
Note: Where freezing weather conditions or other circumstances prohibit the use of
the inspector’s test connection; the bypass connection is allowed to be used.
b. Test the water flow alarm on dry pipe sprinkler systems by using the
bypass connection.
Caution: Opening the inspector’s test connection can cause the system to trip
accidentally, allowing the pipes to fill with water and creating a potential for a serious
freeze problem.
Annually
In addition to the monthly and quarterly inspections and tests, NFPA 25 has
very detailed and specific inspection, testing and maintenance services that need to
be performed on an annual basis. Because of their complexity, and to comply with

51
Minnesota state law, these services must be performed by a licensed sprinkler
contractor and would include such things as:

• An inspection of the facility’s supply of spare sprinkler heads to ensure

that there are a minimum of two sprinklers of each type and temperature
rating and that there is a sprinkler wrench for each type of sprinkler.
• A check of all sprinklers, hangers, pipe and fittings
• Testing of the main drain
• Testing of any antifreeze solution used
• Testing and maintenance of valves
Dry pipe sprinkler systems require some additional testing and maintenance.
Priming water level, low pressure alarms and quick-opening devices must be tested.
An annual trip test is also required.
Long term

1. A full flow trip test is required for dry pipe sprinkler systems every 3 years [see
NFPA 25(98), Sec. 9-4.4.2.2.1 or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 12.4.4.2.2.2].
2. Sprinkler system gauges typically have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years. As
a result, these gauges must be replaced every 5 years or tested every 5 years
by comparison to a calibrated gauge. Gauges not accurate to within 3 percent
of the full scale must be recalibrated or replaced [see NFPA 25(98), Sec. 2-3.2
or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 5.3.2].
3. System check valves must be inspected internally every 5 years to verify that
all components operate properly, move freely and are in good condition [see
NFPA 25(98), Sec. 9-4.2.1 or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 12.4.2.1].
4. The 1998 edition of NFPA 25 has specific requirements dealing with testing of
sprinkler heads that have been in service for an extended period of time [see
NFPA 25(98), Sec. 2-3.1]. These requirements, which emphasize the
importance of knowing the history of your facility’s fire sprinkler system, would
include:
a. Sprinklers manufactured prior to 1920 must be replaced.
b. Representative samples of solder-type, extra-high temperature
sprinklers (i.e. 325°- 375° F) that are exposed to semi-continuous or
continuous maximum allowable ambient temperature conditions are
required to be tested at 5 year intervals. These would be sprinklers you
might find, for example, in your boiler room and would have red-colored
frame arms.
c. Sprinklers manufactured using fast response elements that have been
in service for 20 years are required to be tested. Retesting is required at
10-year intervals.

52
 Note: The first residential sprinkler was listed for service in 1981 and the first quick
response sprinkler was listed for service in 1983.

d. Sprinklers that have been in service for 50 years must be replaced. An

alternative is to submit representative samples from one or more sample
areas to a recognized testing laboratory. Such tests are required to be
repeated at 10-year intervals.
e. Sprinklers in service for 75 years are required to be replaced or
representative samples submitted for testing. Retesting is then required
at 5-year intervals.
5. The 2002 edition of NFPA 25 has the following additional testing requirements
[see NFPA 25(02), Sec. 5.3.1]:
a. Dry sprinklers that have been in service for 10 years must be tested or
replaced. They must be retested at 10-year intervals.
b. Where sprinklers are subjected to harsh environments, including
corrosive atmospheres and corrosive water supplies, the sprinklers
must be replaced or representative samples tested every 5 years.
Note: “Harsh environments” have been interpreted to include areas exposed to
outside weather (e.g. sprinklers installed under exterior canopies) and cold storage
areas (e.g. coolers and freezers).
Fire pumps

1. Fire pumps, where present, are also subject to very specific inspection, testing
and maintenance requirements to help ensure that they will function properly
when needed. Some of the basics include:
a. Fire pumps must be inspected weekly to verify that the pump assembly
appears to be in operating condition and is free from physical damage
[see NFPA 25(98), Sec. 5-2 or NFPA 25(02), Sec.
8.2 for specific conditions that must be checked].
b. Fire pump assemblies must be tested weekly [see NFPA 25(98), Sec.
5-3.2 or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 8.3 for specific observations and
adjustments that need to be made while the pump is running].
c. An annual test of the fire pump assembly is required. This test must be
conducted under minimum, rated and peak flows of the pump [see
NFPA 25(98), Sec. 5-3.3 or NFPA 25(02), Sec. 8.3.3 for specific visual
observations, measurements and adjustments that need to be made
while the pump is running and flowing water under the specified output
condition].

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 2. NFPA 25 requires that a preventive maintenance program be established on
all components of the pump assembly in accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations [see NFPA 25(98), Sec. 5-5 or NFPA
25(02), Sec. 8.5].

Note: NFPA 25 provides a helpful table to use in the absence of manufacturer’s

recommendations for preventive maintenance [see NFPA 25(98), Table 5-5.1 or
NFPA 25(02), Table 8.5.3].
Documentation Requirements
Just as important as conducting required inspections, testing and
maintenance is documenting the fact that they occurred. Both NFPA 13 and NFPA
25 require that these services be properly recorded. What follows is a brief synopsis
of some of the major documentation requirements you need to be aware of.
Initial installation records
As mentioned earlier makes it unlawful to occupy any portion of a building until
the required suppression system has been tested and approved. A proof that all
underground and aboveground piping related to the fire sprinkler system has been
properly tested, including flushing of underground piping and hydrostatic testing of
aboveground piping [see NFPA 13(99), Sec. 10-2]. Proper documentation serves as
evidence that this has occurred.

1. Initial records must, at a minimum, include:

a. Name of installation contractor
b. Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping
[see NFPA 13(99), Figure 10-1(a)]
c. Contractor’s Material and Test Certificate for Underground Piping [see
NFPA 13(99), Figure 10-1(b)]
2. In addition, the installing contractor is required to provide you with the following
[see NFPA 13(99), Sec. 10-4]:
a. All literature and instructions provided by the manufacturer describing
proper operation and maintenance of all equipment and devices
installed, and
b. A copy of NFPA 25 (Be aware that you very likely will not receive a copy
of the 1998 edition of NFPA 25, but rather the latest edition of the
standard adopted by NFPA).
3. The installing contractor is required to identify hydraulically designed systems
with a permanently marked weather-proof sign properly secured near the valve
controlling the corresponding hydraulically designed area [see NFPA 13(99),
Sec. 10-5]. This sign must include the following information:
a. Location of the design area(s)

54
 b. Discharge densities over the design area(s)
c. Required flow and residual pressure demand at the base of the riser
d. Occupancy classification or commodity classification and maximum
permitted storage height and configuration
e. Hose stream demand included in addition to the sprinkler demand

Note: A sample information sign can be found in Appendix A to

NFPA 13 [see Figure A-10-5].

Monthly, quarterly, annual and long term records

Sample forms for inspection, testing and maintenance of fire sprinkler systems
can be found in Appendix B of the 1998 edition of NFPA 25 or in Annex B of the 2002
edition of NFPA 25. These forms should be available through your local fire sprinkler
contractor.
Sample reports are also available for dry pipe sprinkler systems and fire pumps as
follows (again, these reports should be available through your local fire sprinkler
contractor):

• Inspection, testing and maintenance of dry pipe sprinkler systems [see

NFPA 25(98), Appendix B, Figure B-5 or NFPA 25(02), Annex B.
• Inspection, testing and maintenance of fire pumps [see NFPA 25(98),
Appendix B, Figure B-11 or NFPA 25(02), Annex B.
Dry pipe system trip tests

1. A tag or card showing the following must be attached to dry pipe system
valves [see NFPA 25(98), Sec. 9-4.4.2.5 or NFPA 25(02), Sec.
12.4.4.2.5]:
• Date dry pipe valve last tripped
• Name of person and organization conducting the test
2. Separate records of initial air and water pressure, tripping air pressure and
dry pipe valve operating condition must be maintained on the premises for
comparison with previous test results.
It’s important that at least two people in your facility know where your
records are kept to increase the likelihood that they can be readily provided
if requested during an inspection.
It is required that these records be maintained on the premises for at least
three years and must be copied for the fire code official on request.

55
 10. ENGINEERING ECONOMICS – ANALYSIS

10.1 COST ESTIMATES

Note: 1 Qatari Riyal = 13.73 Philippine Peso

EQUIPMENT, MATERIAL AND INSTALLATION COST

ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT,QR AMOUNT,PHP

1 Galvanized steel pipes and fittings 371 482.00 5 100 447.86
2 Fire Sprinklers 194 570.00 2 671 446.1
3 Piping ancillaries 26 163.00 359 217.99
4 Hose reel unit and extinguishers 271 190.00 3 723 438.7
5 Fire Pumps 221 290.00 3 038 311.7
6 Sundries 40 000.00 549 200.00
7 Builders Work 12 500.00 171 625.00
SUB TOTAL 766 084.482 10 518 339.94
12 PERCENT MARK-UP 91 930.14 1 262 200.82
TOTAL PROJECT COST 858 014.62 11 780 540.73

11. EVALUATION, OBSERVATION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11.1. EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATION

The following are the evaluation and observation:

1. The fire pumps are tested annually for proper operation according to NFPA
1911.Its operation cost is very small.
2. The fire sprinklers are separately piped and hydraulically design only for
that piping up to a discharge pressure than is desired to the remote area
design.
3. NFPA is the major reference in this report.

56
11.2. CONCLUSION

In the design of fire sprinkler system, only the most remote area is considered.
Getting the required water demand and pressure develop. Sizing fire pump is from the
sum of sprinkler water demand and hose demand. Fire pump package includes on-
duty fire pump which is electric driven, standby fire pump which is diesel engine driven
and a jockey pump to maintain the system pressure which is also electric driven. This
for educational building which is a two-level school building, the main parts of the
design that need further consideration on the calculation of the required pressure at
the most remote sprinkler.

11.3. RECOMMENDATION

Standard procedure based on NFPA 13, and other related standard shall be
consulted first before proceeding to the design.

57
12. REFERENCES

Cheung, K.P. Fire Services Installations in Hong Kong

www.arch.hku.hk/~kpcheung/fire/fire23.html

Gummerhaul, M.L. and Pennel G.T. Hotel and Motel Fire Sprinkler Systems
Article in www.pmengineer.com, Nov. 1, 2008.

Fire Sprinkler System Maintenance and Inspection

www.firesystems.net/inspections/sprinkler_systems.htm

How to Size a Pump and Tank

www.thedsystem.com/hf_pages/dsys_c.html

Maintenance and Testing of Fire Sprinkler System

www.health.state.mn.us/divs/fpc/Firesprinklers2.pdf

NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Fire Sprinkler Systems, 2002 Ed.

NFPA 13R – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in

Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height. 2002
Ed.

NFPA 20 - Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire

Protection. 2003 Ed.

Pipe Fittings and Flanges. Pipe Fittings by Type. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2016
from http://www.thepipefittings.com/pipe-fittings-types.html

Sanguri, Mohit. (July 12, 2012). Marine Insight. Pipe and Bends – An
Essential Guide for Second Engineers: Part 2. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2016
from http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/pipeing/pipes-and-bendsan-
essential-guide-for-second-engineers-part-2/

Pentair Wellmate. Residential Tank Sizing Calculator. Retrieved Jan. 10,

2016 from http://www.wellmate.com/en-US/support/calculator/

Llovido, Agerico U. (Sept. 2009) “Design, Installation, Operation And

Maintenance Of Fire Sprinkler System Of Khalifa Hotel Located At
Sports City Of Doha, Qatar” Retrieved Jan. 10, 2016 from REPORT –
AGERICO_LLOVIDO.pdf

58
APPENDICES

59
APPENDIX A – FIRE PUMPS MODEL BROCHURE

60
 Pump Designs
Flowserve offers a wide range of
complementary pump types,
built to recognized global
standards and costumer
specification. These include:
• Single-stage process
• Between bearing single-
stage
• Between bearing
multistage
• Vertical
• Submersible motor
• Positive displacement
• Nuclear
• Specially

Available Configurations
• Sealed and seal less
• Axially and radially split
• Volute and diffuser
• Close coupled and spacer
coupled
• Single and double case

61
62
63
APPENDIX B – SPRINKLER MODEL BROCHURE

64
APPENDIX C – SPRINKLER SYSTEM PIPING LAYOUT

65
APPENDIX D – DESIGN CALCULATION

66