Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Methodologies

Dr. Prasanna Kumar Misra

IIIT Allahabad
Outline

1. Introduction

2. Basic Components

3. Biasing

4. Small Signal Analysis

5. Amplifiers (CS, CG and CD)

VLSI Technologies:

1. Logic CMOS (CPU, Digital CMOS, Memory)

2. RF CMOS (Analog/RF systems, Transceiver)
3. HV CMOS (Power management unit, disk drivers)
4. SiGe BiCMOS (Analog/RF circuits, Transceiver)
Basic Components in Process Design Kit
S G D S G D

+++++ -------
------ +++++
N+ N+ P+ P+

P Substrate n Well

NMOS PMOS

C B E B C

N+
P
N

NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor

Useful Sources
Ideal voltage source is one whose terminal voltage, V is a specified
function of time regardless of the current, I through the source.
Ideal current source is one whose terminal current, I is a specified
function of time regardless of the voltage across the terminals .
Design and Simulation:

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3: ? ? If results are according to the design requirements/specifications

then designer would like to fabricate the design
Complexity vs. Accuracy of model as a switch:
model 1:

model 2:

model 3:

Model 4:
Analog Circuit design flow:
Important Property

Trans-conductance, gm > Output Conductance, gds

Bipolar Junction Transistor
MOSFET

For MOSFET, λ=0.1, (VGS –VTH) = 0.2 V, Av= 100

For BJT, VA=20, VT = 0.026 V, Av= 769
Output DC Characteristics:

IDS

VDS

1. With technology scaling, gds value of MOSFET decreases.

2. Therefore, intrinsic voltage gain gets affected.
3. Prefer to use higher channel length than the minimum value.
4. Overdrive voltage > 200 mV but should be < 500 mV
Amplifier Analysis
1. Voltage amplifier: (vin ~ v0)
2. Trans-conductance amplifier: (vin ~ i0)
3. Current amplifier: (iin ~i0)
4. Trans-impedance amplifier: (iin ~v0)
Biasing
Biasing is needed In principle Amplified output
to fix the DC operating point should be received
Biasing
• VDS changes due to RL value
• IDS changes due to VDS • AC power will be received
• Transistor may go towards linear • Biasing will not be affected
Biasing
• Bias and Signal has same ref value
• Bias is shorted.
• Bias from supply
• Don’t have control on bias voltage
Biasing
• Now VGS is different than VDD
• Advantage of negative feedback
• Use a coupling capacitor
• Gain improved
Biasing
• Capacitor takes lot large area in IC
• Now the requirement is to replace the capacitors by somehow
• Later on the resistors can also be replaced.
Capacitor Replacement
• Use - supply to avoid CG
• Use circuit with low o/p resistance to avoid CD
Capacitor Replacement
• Replace CS
• Use a low impedance path
Amplifier Requirement
Incremental circuit
Incremental circuit
Small Signal model
Small Signal model
Small Signal model
CE/CS Amplifier
Bandwidth of CS Amplifier
CB/CG Amplifier
CB/CG Amplifier
Bandwidth of CG Amplifier
CC/CD Amplifier
Transforms from high impedance to Tunable impedance