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A Three-Dimensional Structures: DR Hammida
A Three-Dimensional Structures: DR Hammida
structures
Dr Hammida
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- Space frameإطﺎر اﻟﻔﻀﺎء:
ﻧﻣط ھو ھﯾﻛل إﻧﺷﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻠب ﺧﻔﯾف اﻟوزن ﻣﺻﻧوع ﻣن اﻟدﻋﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ
ھﻧدﺳﻲ ﻣﺛﻠث ﺷﺑﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟون .ﯾﻣﻛن إﺳﺗﺧدام إطﺎرات اﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻟﺗﻣﺗد ﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت
واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋدد ﻗﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻟدﻋﺎﻣﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ .ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟون ﻣﺛﻼ ،ﯾﻌﺗﺑر إطﺎر
اﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻗوي ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟود ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺛﻠث اﻟﻣﺷﻛّل ﻟﮫ؛ ﺣﯾث ﯾﻧﺗﻘل )ﻋزم
) Compressionواﻟﺿﻐط )Tensionاﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء( ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺷد
ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ طول اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﻲ .وھﻧﺎك ﻋدة ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﮭذا اﻟﻧظﺎم
اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﻲ
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Ribbed dome is the earliest type of braced
dome that has been constructed . A ribbed
dome consists of a number of identical
meridional solid girders or trusses,
interconnected at the crown by a compression
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SPACE FRAME
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TYPES OF SPACE FRAME
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TYPES OF SPACE FRAME
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COMPONENTS OF SPACE FRAM
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Custom Geometries
Novel building shapes are possible with Space Frame designs by
combining the basic geometries shown here. All of these can also be altered to
suit your aesthetic preference or to align with adjacent buildings
or support locations. Building design often develops around
rectilinear spaces & the benefits of curved roofs & walls can
be overlooked.
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In architecture and structural
engineering,
a space frame or space structure is a truss-like,
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Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of
the inherent rigidity of the triangle; Flexing loads
(bending
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اﺳﺘﺎد ﺣﻠﺐ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ
TRIANGULAR MODULES
are efficient in transferring stresses. With little to no
bending moments
they are more stable and stronger than 90 degree frames.
3-D LATTICE STRUCTURES
Application Fields
– Industrial Structures (Factory, Warehouses, Antrepo,
Hangar etc.)
– Sports Complexes(Swimming Pools, Sport halls,
tribunes, etc.)
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3.
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. Space Frames
A space frame refers to a spatial structure
whose members are connected rigidly to each
other so that they transfer moment and shear in
addition to axial forces. In comparison, space
trusses are pin-jointed and as a result, their
members are in tension or compression and do
not transfer moment or shear.
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In most cases, the additional reduction in member
forces and deflection of space frames is less than
10% as compared to space trusses. Therefore, the
additional material required to provide rigid
connections does not justify the saving in the size
of structural members. As a result, the term “space
frame” is also the term used for pin-jointed three-
dimensional structures, such as space trusses.
Space frames are also called ‘braced frameworks’,
‘latticed structures’ or ‘reticulated structures’.
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Double Hexagon Space Frames
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X-module; complete triangulation
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Modular Display Systems
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Early in the design process, engineers performed a mathematically
based computer analysis. “It's good practice to do structural
calculations for projects of that kind with a 3D nonlinear finite element
analysis, including special loads like earthquake and high wind loads as
present in Baku, project engineer for the Heydar Aliyev Cultural
Centre. “We did the calculations with two separate full-model 3D finite
element programs, in order to compare the results and not to rely on a
single one.”
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Technology
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node connector of space frames
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ADVANTAGES OF SPACE-FRAMES
Large spans can be achieved
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TYPES OF SPACE-FRAMES
SUSPENDED STRUCTURES
Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses
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SKELETON FRAMEWORKS
Number of bars interconnected at the nodes
STRESSED SKIN SYSTEMS
Using a composition of thin sheet material and ribs is a
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DOUBLE LAYER GRID
Of all the types of space-frames, the double layered grid
structure is most popular because al its members are
mainly under the action of axial forces,leading to the full
utilization of all elements.
They are easily extendable
D ouble layered grids have a top frame , a bottom frame and inter-connecting
diagonal members
SPACFRAME
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Space Frame Pyramid Structure
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Once the entire steel frame is installed, the pipe connectors are fully
welded to the receptor sleeves.
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SuperStructure Systems
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Space Frame & Skylight
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span large areas with few interior supports.
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If a force is applied to the blue node, and the red bar is not
present, the behaviour of the structure depends completely on the
bending rigidity of the blue node. If the red bar is present, and the
bending rigidity of the blue node is negligible compared to the
contributing rigidity of the red bar, the system can be calculated
using a rigidity matrix, neglecting angular factors.
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Design Loads-Dead Load
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System III Space Frame
The most versatile and attractive forged steel ball and tube system
available.
Exclusively ours.
Hemispherical Node
Our most economical space frame system. Fits most geometric
designs.
Easiest, most economical system to assemble.
Variable module sizes.
Ideal solutions for medium spans.
Forged steel node-the most compact, high quality
connector.
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With its ability to form organic shapes, diagrid
construction also stretches the ability of modern
structures through aesthetic freedom. The Diagrid
building structure is relatively hard to construct, because
the shape of the structure requires a lot of prefabrication
and customization for the specific building.
However, the shape of the structure allows for higher
structural efficiency (more strength using less steel), and
the stiffness is easily controlled.
The outer structure of the Diagrid allows for a column
free interior, for the loads are transferred through the
buildings facade, leaving room for customize-able floor
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plans. Compared to more traditional (concrete & steel)
methods of sky scraper design, the diagrid allows for a
lighter design, which contributes to a smaller
foundation, making material costs lower in all
aspects. Although, due to the complexity of the
design, customized glass planels, and that the
construction method is relatively new, all contribute in
make the structure more expensive than traditional
systems. Because of these aspect, Diagrids are generally
used for high rise towers, and compete with normal
concrete and steel designs.
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Very often these structures are composed of steel members.
However, they are not limited to steel and can be constructed of wood or reinforce
concrete as well.
Although concrete is good in compression, and reinforcement
helps with tensile
and reinforcement helps with tensile loads, neither wood nor
concrete has the combination of tensile strength
and compression strength that steel has. With a Modulus of
Elasticity being 30,000 ksi, steel retains its shape under high loads
very well making it ideal for this type of system.
Reinforced concrete can be used to alter. The height to width ratio
is typically from 6.0-8.7. For structures with a height to width ratio
higher than a 7.0 (70 stories, 80 stories), it is more beneficial to
use varying angles in the diagrid system (73, 69, 63 degrees).
When a building's height to width ratio is lower than 7.0 (40, 50,
or 60 stories), it is more beneficial to use uniform
angles throughout the system (69 degrees). The steeper angles at
the lower levels increase bending rigidity while shallow angles
increase shear rigidity.
It is important for shorter buildings to have higher shear rigidity.
It is also important for taller buildings to have higher bending
rigidity.
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Limitations
The Diagrid structural system allows for a more sturdy
solution to building tall skyscrapers. Like all structural
systems,
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diagrids have limits too. For a diagrid system constructed of
steel, the typical height limitation is 100 stories.
For a diagrid system constructed of concrete, the typical
height limitation is lower at 60 stories. Both of these
materials allow for extremely tall, structurally stable building
systems.
Concrete diagrid systems require a large amount of form
work which leads to higher construction costs.
Skyscrapers
Owners of skyscrapers benefit from maximizing rentable
space in their structures. For this reason, a Diagrid system is
ideal because it can minimize the use of interior columns,
thus maximizing interior space. In addition, diagrids form a
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light and airy structure, which are desired for minimizing
gravity and lateral loads
Load Distribution
The load distribution in a Diagid is similar to that of a truss,
where loads applied at the nodes are transferred by each each
member through axial forces. However, unlike trusses where one
basic assumption is that all loads are applied at nodes (thus
eliminating shear forces), analysis of Diagrid systems include non-
nodal loads, which induce shear forces.
The following figure shows the load path in a Diagrid system
under a gravity point load. As evident from the figure, the nodal load
is transmitted by the diagonal members, quickly dissipating the
load.
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Load Path in a Diagrid Under a Gravity Point Load
Similar to this load distribution is that of a lateral point load
applied at a node. The diagonal members serves as a brace
frame, which transmits the lateral loads axially to the ground.
The following figure shows this load path.
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Load Path in a Diagrid Where
Lateral Loads are Applied at the Nodes
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Load Path in a Diagrid System Under
Distributed Gravity Loads
The load paths shown verifies the ability of a Diagrid system to
provide both lateral and gravity support in one system. The
diagonals, as stated earlier, provides a quicker way of
transferring loads to the ground through axial forces, while
horizontal may transfer forces axially or by shear, depending on
the type of loading applied.
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