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Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Household Characteristics and Potential Indoor Air Pollution Issues in Rural Indonesian Communities Using Fuelwood Energy
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Household Characteristics and Potential Indoor Air Pollution Issues in Rural Indonesian Communities Using Fuelwood Energy
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Household Characteristics and Potential Indoor Air Pollution Issues in Rural Indonesian Communities Using Fuelwood Energy
ABSTRACT
Two rural communities using fuel wood energy in mountainous and coastal areas of Java
island in Indonesia have been surveyed to know their household characteristics and the related
potential indoor air pollution issues. By random sampling, we characterized fuel wood users only. The
fuel wood use was mainly due to economic reason since some of the users were categorized as low-
income families. Communities in the mountainous area were exposed to higher risk of indoor air
pollution than those in coastal area due to their house characteristics and behavior during cooking.
Both communities, however, were aware of indoor air pollution issues and indicated the sources. They
also prioritized the factors to be controlled, which they perceived as the main cause of indoor air
pollution problem.
mountainous region. The cross-sectional related to energy use and indoor air
study in Indonesia reported that high pollution in mountainous areas and coastal
indoor air pollution from coal/lignite, region, no study was so far found in the
charcoal, firewood /straw, and dung literatures.
evidently increased infant mortality (OR The objectives of this research are
1.305, 95% CI 1.003-1.698) in rural areas to provide housing characteristics
(Kashima et al., 2010). Furthermore, information of two distinctive rural
regarding to the health outcomes, the locations, define cooking practice related
prevalence of ALRI in rural areas was to ventilation practice, analyze
higher than that in urban areas. descriptively indoor air pollution
Given the varying condition of potential (outdoor sources, ventilation
households in the field (due to its sufficiency and probable health effect).
location, social-economic status, and Furthermore, we also show household
resources availability) then in relatively views that reflect to indoor air quality
different area, i.e mountainous and improvement by ranking the important
coastal area, the people might have factors provided. Statistical analysis i.e
different health impact caused by Friedman`s Test will be used to
different household characteristics and rigorously assess the factor ranking.
householder behavior. As part of the surveys, the
For example, if we focus on two preliminary study on PM 2.5
provinces in Indonesia i.e. West Java measurements in the kitchens at both
province and Central Java province then sites are also addressed in this work. The
we have two different characteristics. findings of the study are expected to give
Based on BPS (2008) survey, the West basic information for development in
Java provinces had a low number of rural Indonesian communities to
villages with fuel wood users in non maintain sustainable energy, promote
coastal areas (42%) than that in Central healthy life, and achieve better
Java provinces (78%). However the environment.
pneumonia incidence in West Java
province in 2011 was 9 times higher than
that in Central Java province (Ministry of 2. METHODOLOGY
Health, 2012). Historically, West Java The case study was conducted in two
province experienced high pneumonia distinctive rural villages in Indonesia,
diseases for children <5 year although the namely at Sunten Jaya, Lembang, West
fuel wood users showed moderate level. Bandung regency (West Java province)
Household characteristics and behavior is and at Bakaran Wetan, Juwana, Pati
a key determinant to this occurrence. regency (Central Java province). Fig.1
To know the different household shows the map of the two locations with
characteristics and household behavior Java island as an inzet.
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
April 2015 HUBOYO, H.S.; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
It is suggested that popular wall kitchen floor in the Lembang site were
materials of better quality give inferior primarily caused by elevated building
ventilation quality. High quality materials floor to adapt the land terrain.
were preferably used for floor materials
in the living room than in the kitchen. Room volume and ventilation aspects
This is a common condition in high - The average room volumes of
income households too. Saatkamp et al. living room and kitchen on Juwana site
(2000) also observed that even affluent were higher than those in Lembang site
households were not willing to improve as shown in Fig. 2. This result is an
the kitchen room quality in Mexico. agreement with that of province-level
Indeed, in developing countries, the average where household rooms area in
kitchen is often placed in a leftover space, Central Java province are higher than
even in the newly-built houses. The high those in West Java province.
proportions of plank material for the
The ventilation consists of door, window and specified wind opening, the volume did not
include outliers in Juwana (4 living rooms, 10 kitchens)
Figure 2. Room volume and ventilation area
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
April 2015 HUBOYO, H.S.; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
At province level, the dominant ventilated area of the living room and
room areas are 50 – 99 m 2 (56.2%) and 20- kitchen such as doors, windows, and
49 m 2 (43.4%) for the Central Java wind opening spaces in each household.
province and for West Java province, The ratios of ventilation area in Juwana to
respectively. The Javanese culture Lembang are 1.3 and 1.8 for living room
influences higher room volume of the and kitchen respectively. However, if we
kitchen in the Juwana site providing good inspect to ventilation sufficiency
natural ventilation where this kitchen (percentage of the floor area to be
also serve for social interaction medium ventilated) based on technical guideline
occasionally. It is expected that the on a building from Ministry of Public
indoor air pollution potential in Lembang Works i.e. ventilation area in residential
site is higher than that in Juwana site building should be at least 5% of the floor
because the bigger room can dilute air area to be ventilated, then several rooms
pollutant more effectively. The low room in Lembang and Juwana particularly in
volumes were aggravated with a low the kitchen were ventilation-deficit (Fig.
ventilation area in the dwelling room in 3).
Lembang site. We measured definite total
Despite having low ventilation mainly through the roof, permeable walls
areas, the people on Lembang site (58%) and eave spaces in the kitchen. Relatively
tend to keep closing their doors and cold temperature, about 18 – 20 ˚C, might
windows in the kitchen during cooking be the reason in keeping the door and
events. Only 11%, householders in window closed. In contrast, about 82% of
Lembang opened their window during people in Juwana opened their doors to
cooking period. They relied on ventilation the outside in the course of cooking. This
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, Vol. 13 (1): 27-35, 2015 ISSN : 1829-8907
In Juwana site, the transportation smoke. It seems that the people were able
also contributes to outdoor pollution to endure these conditions by reducing
because several households reside near the exposure to the smoke through
roads. Apparently, the mainstream cooking intermittently and frequent
perspectives on health problem for the moving to the living room.
cooks in Juwana site when they do Other important factors in
cooking were surprising. More than 78% generating indoor air pollutants are
people did not feel any problem with smoking at home and burning mosquito
their health associated with indoor coils. In Lembang, 70% of respondents
biomass smoke. In contrast, about 51% smoked at home (68% of householder
people in Lembang a bit complained head) showing an average consumption
about their physical health during of 9.5±4 cigarettes/ day. Lower
cooking due to eye irritation (25%) and percentage of smoking at home was
combined breathing problems and eye shown on Juwana site, i.e. 44% with an
irritation (26%). For the same question, average consumption of 4.6±3 cigarettes/
only 18% of people in Juwana suffered day. Mostly they did smoke in the evening
breathing problem due to cooking fuel after having dinner or during watching
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
April 2015 HUBOYO, H.S.; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
television together with the family asked about the frequency of room
members. Ironically, besides bringing cleaning (generally only sweeping the
about indoor air pollution in the dwelling floor) which may increase re-suspension
room and exposing harmful pollutants to of deposited fine particles. Yet we believe
family members, this activity also this activity does not have a significant
undermines household income. On effect on indoor pollution. The PM 2.5
average estimation, they spent emission rate (mg/ min) of sweeping the
approximately 32.8% and 12.3% of their floor is about 2% to 5% of cooking
monthly expenditures on cigarettes for (frying) and smoking respectively. In
Lembang and Juwana sites respectively. addition, this re-suspended fine PM
Since Juwana is located in plain emission is not related to mortality
areas, many brooks undergo stagnant compared to combustion-generated
waste water providing breeding grounds constituents. We asked the householder
for mosquitoes. This condition occurs to prioritize the above factors that should
unlikely at Lembang site, because the be managed at first in order to improve
terrain enables wastewater in the brooks indoor air quality. Fig. 5 showed the
to flow easily. In Juwana 52% of the survey results in percentage by
people preferred to use mosquito coils. comparing side by side of Lembang and
By contrast, 96% people at Lembang site Juwana sites.
did not use mosquito repellant. This fact Fig. 5 shows that the priorities of
will augment the indoor air pollution in each factor are more evenly distributed in
Juwana site particularly in the living Juwana site. While in Lembang site, the
room in addition to smoking pollution. striking differences are found in certain
If we consider the PM 2.5 emission priority level of each factor. Thus, people
factor of mosquito coils burning is the in Lembang had a common sense of what
same as 75 – 137 cigarettes burning as should be prioritized to improve indoor
suggested by, the indoor air pollution air quality. Based on statistical
levels in Juwana`s living rooms are Friedman`s Test, by eliminating non-
predicted to be much higher than those in electricity lamp factor 2) in both sites and
Lembang, at comparable-sized room. mosquitoes coil burning in Lembang
Taking the causality of indoor air site3), the respondents expressed
pollution into account comprehensively, different factor prioritization in Lembang
we analyzed all prominent indoor site (χ 2 = 42, p<0.01). On the contrary,
pollution factors such as smoking householders in Juwana viewed relative
indoor / at home, using non-electricity comparable factor prioritization (χ 2 = 4.6,
lamp, changing fuel type, burning p>0.01). The people in Lembang site
mosquito coil repellant and applying prioritized to reduce smoking at home
ventilation. These factors are common then to use cleaner fuel/ stove and to
activities which rural people deal with manage house ventilation.
indoor on a daily basis. Actually, we also
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, Vol. 13 (1): 27-35, 2015 ISSN : 1829-8907
The result indicates that what is As generally the rural people have
perceived as the main source of pollution low income then the economic motive
in the dwelling room is that should be was the main reason in selecting the fuel
controlled first for improving indoor air in addition to accessibility and water
quality. Nonetheless, it is not necessarily cooking purpose. Local housing
the countermeasures option to improve characteristics influenced by local
indoor air quality will in line with this wisdom, culture, climate, and location
priority. Smoking and mosquito coil have potentially affected the indoor air
burning are seemingly as habits rather than pollution level. The people in
awareness. mountainous areas have small rooms as
Hence it will take longer time for well as insufficient ventilation area and
the people to really extricate from these need heating due to cold temperature.
habits. For that reason, it is expected that Then they encounter the risk of indoor air
conversion of fuelwood by LPG will not pollutant exposure rather than the people
reduce the exposure of harmful pollutant in coastal areas. On the other hand,
significantly in the near future, as other mosquito breeding is a real problem in
indoor pollutant sources still exist in the this coastal area where the massive use of
living room where the householder mosquito coil burning will eventually
members spend the time longer than in deteriorate indoor air quality.
the kitchen. It is imperative, therefore, to People in these two locations
formulate indoor air pollution were aware of such indoor air pollutions
countermeasures embedded in the and therefore prioritized the factors to be
energy policy program. managed based on their perspectives of
the air pollution causes. This awareness
is important in designing integrated
4. CONCLUSION indoor air pollution countermeasures to
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP
April 2015 HUBOYO, H.S.; HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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© 2015, Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana UNDIP