Introduction to Wireless

Communications
What is Wireless Communication?
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more
points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.. This is a broad term
that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal
through wireless communication technologies and devices.

•Wireless communication generally works through electromagnetic

signals that are broadcast by an enabled device within the air, physical
environment or atmosphere. The sending device can be a sender or an
intermediate device with the ability to propagate wireless signals. The
communication between two devices occurs when the destination or
receiving intermediate device captures these.....
signals, creating a wireless communication bridge between the
sender and receiver device. Wireless communication has
various forms, technology and delivery methods including:

• Mobile communication
• Wireless network communication
• Infrared communication
• Bluetooth communication
• Satellite communication
 Electromagnetic Radiations?
• Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is one of the
fundamental phenomena of electromagnetism, propagating and traveling
through space via photon wave particles, carrying radiant energy. In a
vacuum, it propagates at a characteristic speed, the speed of light, normally
in straight lines. EMR is emitted and absorbed by charged particles. As an
electromagnetic wave, it has both electric and magnetic field components,
which oscillate in a fixed relationship to one another, perpendicular to each
other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation.

• EMR is characterized by the frequency or wavelength of its wave. The

electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing
wavelength, consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible
light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. The eyes of various
organisms sense a somewhat variable but relatively small range of
frequencies of EMR called the visible spectrum or light. Higher frequencies
correspond to proportionately more energy carried by each photon; for
instance, a single gamma ray photon carries far more energy than a single
 Applications of
Wireless.Communication
• Mobile telephones:One of the best-known examples of
wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a
cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular
subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010. These wireless
phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone
calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used
within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the
equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals
from these instruments.
• Wireless data communications:-
Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile
computing.The various available technologies differ in local availability,
coverage range and performance,and in some circumstances, users must
be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To
simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be
used,or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a
secure, single virtual network.Supporting technologies include Wi-Fi ,
Cellular data service, & Wireless Sensor Networks are responsible for
sensing noise, interference, and activity in data collection network
• Wireless Medical Technologies
New technologies such as mobile body area networks
(MBAN) have the capability to monitor blood pressure,
heart rate, oxygen level and body temperature, all with
wireless technologies. The MBAN works by sending low
powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into
nursing stations or monitoring sites.
 History of Wireless
Communications
The Birth of Telecommunications: The Telegraph

• pre-1600s — The first telegraph Perhaps drum communication [or signal

torches, such as thosed used for communication in ancient Greece [as early
as 1100s BC.

• 1664-1685 — Robert Hooke demonstrates acoustic communication using

wires stretched over wood frames

• 1747 — William Watson demonstrates transmission of electrical signals over

two mile wire .

• 1753 — "C.M." proposes extension to Watson's system that uses 26 wires to

send messages Author is elsewhere identified as "Charles Morrison“.

• 1774 — George Louis Lesage builds 26-line telegraph based on C.M.'s design
• 1792 — One of the first telecommunications systems of the
industrial age was pioneered by Claude Chappe . It was a
semaphore system using mechanical arms. This was the first system
called "telegraph" meaning "far writer". Other semaphore telegraphs
were developed in a similar time frame.

• 1796 — Don Francisco Salvá i Campillo installs 22 wire telegraph

system linking Madrid and Aranjuez (50 km distance). Signals are
detected by people holding the wires who feel shocks or tingling!
1809 — Samuel Thomas von Soemmering develops electro-chemical
telegraph based on sending electrical signals over wires through
containers of acid.

• 1832 — Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling (aka Paul Schilling)

demonstrates electromechanical telegraph using binary
communication.

• 1833 — Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber deploy

first regularly used electromechanical telegraph.
 From Telegraph to ``The Birth of
Radio'', 1867-1896
• *1867 — Maxwell predicts existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves

• *1887 — Hertz proves existence of EM waves; first spark transmitter

generates a spark in a receiver several meters away

• 1890 — Branly develops coherer for detecting radio waves

• 1896 — Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraph to

English telegraph office

 ``The Birth of Radio''
• *1897 — ``The Birth of Radio'' - Marconi awarded patent for
wireless telegraph .

• 1897 — First ``Marconi station'' established on Needles island

to communicate with English coast.

• 1898 — Marconi awarded English patent no. 7777 for tuned

communication 1898 — Wireless telegraphic connection
between England and France established
Transoceanic Communication
• *1901 — Marconi successfully transmits radio
signal across Atlantic Ocean from (first wireless
communication across the ocean)
Cornwall to Newfoundland

• 1902 — First bidirectional communication across

Atlantic

• 1909 — Marconi awarded Nobel prize for physics

 Voice over Radio
• Voice over Radio

• *1914 — First voice over radio transmission

• 1920s — Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit

• 1930s — Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment occupied

most of police car trunk

• *1935 — Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by Armstrong

• 1940s — Majority of police systems converted to FM

 Birth of Mobile Telephony
• 1946 — First interconnection of mobile users to public switched
telephone
network (PSTN)
• 1949 — FCC (Federal Communications Commission)recognizes
mobile radio as new class of service
• 1940s — Number of mobile users > 50K

• 1950s — Number of mobile users > 500K

• 1960s — Number of mobile users > 1.4M

• 1960s — Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) introduced;

supports , auto dial, auto trunking

• 1976 — Bell Mobile Phone has 543 pay customers using 12

channels in the New York City area; waiting list is 3700 people;
service is poor due to blocking
 Cellular Mobile Telephony
• 1979 — NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication system

• *1983 — Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) deployed in US in 900 MHz

band: supports 666 duplex channels

• 1989 — Groupe Spècial Mobile defines European digital cellular standard,

GSM

• *1991 — US Digital Cellular phone system introduced

• 1992 — First GSM phones approved for sale.

• 1992 — Text messaging, or short messaging service (SMS), was designed as

part of the GSM cellular system.

• *1993 — IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) spread- spectrum

digital cellular system deployed in US

• *1994 — GSM system deployed in US, relabeled ``Global System for

Mobile Communications''
 Wireless Local Area Networks
• 1990 — Formation of IEEE 802.11 Working Group to define
standards for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

• 1997 — Release of IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol, supporting 1-2

Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band

• 1999 — Release of IEEE 802.11a WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54

Mbit/s data rates in the 5 GHz ISM band

• 2003 — Release of IEEE 802.11g WLAN protocol, supporting 1-54

Mbit/s data rates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band

• 2009 — Release of IEEE 802.11n WLAN protocol, supporting up to

150 Mbit/s data rates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands.

*****industrial, scientific and medical (ISM)