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Sensu: Common Qualifiers
Sensu: Common Qualifiers
Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields
including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly
or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in
expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.
Contents
1Common qualifiers
2Qualifiers and contexts
3Circumscription
4Examples in practical taxonomy
5See also
6References
7External links
Common qualifiers[edit]
Sensu is the ablative case of the noun sensus, here meaning "sense". It is often
accompanied by an adjective (in the same case). Three such phrases are:
sensu amplo sensu ampliore sensu amplissimo in a relaxed/more relaxed/most relaxed sense
Current definitions of the plant kingdom (Plantae) offer a biological example of when such
phrases might be used. One definition of Plantae is that it consists of all green
plants (comprising green algae and land plants), all red algae and all glaucophyte algae. A
stricter definition excludes the red and glaucophyte algae; the group defined in this way
could be called Plantae sensu stricto. An even stricter definition excludes green algae,
leaving only land plants; the group defined in this way could be called Plantae sensu
strictissimo.[4]
Conversely, where convenient, some authors derive expressions such as "sensu non
strictissimo", meaning "not in the narrowest possible sense". [5]
A similar form is in use to indicate the sense of a particular context, such as
"Nonmonophyletic groups are ... nonnatural (sensu cladistics) in that..." [6] or "...computation
of a cladogram (sensu phenetics)..."[7]
Also the expression sensu auctorum (abbreviation: sensu auct.) is used to mean "in the
sense of certain authors", who can be designated or described. It normally refers to a
sense which is considered invalid and may be used in place of the author designation of a
taxon in such a case (for instance, "Tricholoma amethystinum sensu auct." is an erroneous
name for a mushroom which should really be "Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke").[8]
"This ambiguity ... has led to a ... dual interpretation of the Kimmeridgian Stage; the
longer sensu anglico meaning, or the shorter sensu gallico meaning." Here the
"anglico" or English meaning referred to interpretations by English geologists, derived
from English materials and conditions, whereas "gallico" referred to interpretations by
French and German geologists, derived from continental materials and conditions.[10]
"...genetic stratigraphic sequences sensu Galloway (1989)" meaning those sequences
so referred to by Galloway, much as in the biological usage in referring to the
terminology of particular authorities.[10]
"The second progradational unit plus PAN-4 are correlatable to the Pontian sensu
stricto (sensu Sacchi 2001)."[11] Here the we have a meta-reference: the Pontian in the
sense that Sacchi had applied as it as sensu stricto.
Circumscription[edit]
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Readers unfamiliar with technical aspects of taxonomy might find it helpful first to think of
everyday examples of the principles. When dealing with groups and parts of groups
(subgroups) of different types of things, taxonomists sometimes wish to speak of the full set
under consideration, and sometimes just a subset, but almost always want to refer to some
particular part, to the exclusion of other elements; in issuing an instruction to poll the
opinions of twenty-one members of a village community, a competent pollster would not
accept the reactions of two heads of households, three infants, four dogs, five cats, six rats,
and a tramcar. That would be taking sensu lato beyond good sense.
Instead the instruction should specify which sense should apply, such as sensu
stricto (or strictiore):
"...all the heads of households on the north side of the stream," or "...all the
children in hospital with mumps", or "...the men the district attorney questioned
this morning," or "Zachiariah Quenton Horton of 221b Baker Street".
or sensu lato (or latiore):
"... five of the school football team", or "the first few friendly-looking people you
find in the street," or "...some of the people in the district."
The important thing is that in each example the instruction circumscribed the
appropriate subjects; that means that the interviewer could tell which people were
wanted and correspondingly, which were to be left out.
The circumscription could be in terms of very specific criteria:
(...of all the possible people, only those the DA questioned, and of those, only the
adult males, or one specific person only)
However simple that may sound, it is fundamental both in formal science and in
everyday affairs. Circumscription amounts to the basis for telling things apart,
which in turn is the rational basis for all diagnoses, formal or informal.
In biological taxonomy, as the next section describes, the same principles apply,
but they deal in various ways with circumscribing living things according to any
relevant criterion. In modern biology the criterion usually has something to do with
which creature descended from which kind of ancestor, in which ways it changed in
the process, and by how much. However, in more general taxonomies, although
the principles of circumscription are fundamentally similar, the criteria could be
largely different in type as well as in detail.
In short, in every discipline the sense of circumscription in taxonomy must reflect
the nature of the subject matter.
"In the broader APG circumscription the family Malvaceae s.l. includes
Malvaceae s.s. and also the
families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae."
Here the circumscription is broader, stripped of some of its constraints by
saying sensu lato; that is what speaking more broadly amounts to. Discarding such
constraints might be for historical reasons, for example when people usually speak
of the polyphyletictaxon because the members were long believed to form a "true"
taxon and the standard literature still refers to them together. Alternatively a taxon
might include members simply because they form a group that is convenient to
work with in practice. In the current example, by adding other groups of plants to
the family Malvaceae s.l., including those related to cacao, cola, durian, and jute,
the circumscription omits some of the criteria by which the new members previously
had been excluded.[12] Now it is no longer clear that all members of the
circumscription descended from that one ancestor. Consequently, we say that
Malvaceae s.l. form a polyphyletic group, one that does not share any single
ancestor that had no other descendants. Then their most recent common ancestor
could have lived perhaps tens of millions of years earlier than the most recent
common ancestor of the Malvaceae s.s. alone; also there may be other extant
species that are not included in the modern Malvaceae s.l..
See also[edit]
Glossary of scientific naming
References[edit]
1. ^ "Definition of Term — sensu stricto". www.fishbase.org.
06/2017. FishBase. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
2. ^ "Definition of Term — sensu lato". www.fishbase.org.
06/2017. FishBase. 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
3. ^ The Journals of Søreen Kierkegaard, edited by Alexander Dru,
Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1959, page 22
4. ^ Spichiger, R-E; Savolainen, Vincent V.; Figeat, Murielle:
Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants. Publisher: Science
Publishers 2004 ISBN 978-1-57808-373-2
5. ^ Villiger, Mark E. "Customary International Law and Treaties
(Developments in International Law, 7)" Publisher: Springer
1985 ISBN 978-90-247-2980-7
6. ^ Wheeler, Quentin & Blackwell, Meredith. Fungus-Insect
Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. Publisher:
Columbia Univ 1984 ISBN 978-0-231-05695-3
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Panchen, Alec L. "Classification, Evolution, and the
Nature of Biology" Publisher: Cambridge University Press
1992 ISBN 978-0-521-31578-4
8. ^ "Tricholoma amethystinum page". Species Fungorum. Royal
Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2018-09-23.
9. ^ Sinclair, Bradley J. The Systematics of New World Clinocera.
Publisher: National Research Council (Canada) Research Press
2008. ISBN 978-0-660-19800-2
10. ^ Jump up to:a b P. J. Brenchley (2006). The Geology of England and
Wales. Geological Society of London. pp. 331–. ISBN 978-1-86239-
200-7.
11. ^ Tom McCann (2008). The Geology of Central Europe: Mesozoic
and Cenozoic. Geological Society of London. pp. 1102–. ISBN 978-
1-86239-265-6.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Judd, Walter S. & Manchester, Steven R. (1997).
"Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a
preliminary cladistic analysis". Brittonia. 49 (3): 384–
405. doi:10.2307/2807839. ISSN 0007-196X.
13. ^ Olde, Peter M. & Marriott, Neil R. (2002). "One new Banksia and
two new Grevillea species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from
Western Australia". Nuytsia. 15 (1): 85–99.