REPORT: HELICOPTER DESIGN 2

TEAM: HELICOPTER 1

Guider : Professor Mr.Vũ Ngọc Ánh

Member:

Hoàng Tiến Nam_G1002009

Nguyễn Triệu Nhật Thanh_G1002942

Nguyễn Quang Vinh_G1004005

Đặng Trí Tâm_G1002835

  Content:
I/ Aerodynamic of helicopter
II/ Performance of helicopter
a. Power losses
b. Result form helicopter design 1
c. Vertical drag in hover
d. Tail rotor-fin interference in hover
e. Parasite drag in forward flight
 I/ Aerodynamic of helicopter

1.Main rotor in level flight

Input parameter:

𝜎 = 0.0475 , 𝜃1 = −8.7 , 𝐴𝑏 = 125𝑓𝑡 2 ,

𝑓 = 19.3𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑀𝑑𝑟3𝑐𝑙=0 = 0.8 (𝑁𝐴𝐶𝐴 0012) 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝛾 = 8.1,

1116𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑉 𝐶𝑇
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = , Ω𝑅 = 672 , 𝜇 = = 0.35 , = 0.025
𝑠 𝑠 Ω𝑅 𝜎
𝐶𝑄 𝐶𝐻
Find: , , 𝜃0 , 𝛼 𝑇𝑃𝑃 , 𝐴1 − 𝑏1𝑠 , 𝐵1 + 𝑎1𝑠
𝜎 𝜎

Produre:
𝑓 𝜎 19.3 0.0475
a. Calculate + (𝐶𝑇 /𝜎)2 = + (0.025)2 = 0.156
𝐴𝑏 𝜇4 125 0.354

Note: 1/𝜇 4 is already included in the chart ordinate.

b. Find 𝜃0 0 from top chart of first page
𝜃1 =5

𝜃0 = 20
𝜃1 =50
c. Find 𝐶𝑄 /𝜎 from bottom chart
𝐶𝑄
= 0.0059
𝜎

d. Is rotor operating beyond limit line of Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎 = 0.004?

Yes
e. Calculate effective shift of limit lines due to swist diferent than chart value
Δ𝐶𝑇
= −0.003(𝜃1 + 50 ) = −0.003(−8.7 + 5) = 0.0111
𝜎
f. Estimate new value of Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎 with limit lines and point of sudden change of curvature
shifted to the right by Δ𝐶𝑇 /𝜎
𝐶𝑄
= 0.0056
𝜎
g. Calculate advancing tip Mach number, 𝑀1,90 and drag rise Mach number 𝑀𝑑𝑟3
(1 + 𝜇)Ω𝑅 (1 + 0.35)672
𝑀1,90 = = = 0.813
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 1116
𝑀𝑑𝑟3 = 𝑀𝑑𝑟3𝑐𝑙=0 [1 − 6(𝐶𝑇 /𝜎)2 ] = 0.8[1 − 6(0.025)2 ] = 0.79
h. If 𝑀1,90 > 𝑀𝑑𝑟3 , use figure 3.43 to find compressibility loss
𝑀1,90
= 1.03
𝑀𝑑𝑟3
Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
 3 = 0.0005
𝑀Ω𝑅
 𝐶𝐻
i. Find , 𝜆′ , 𝐴1 − 𝑏1𝑠 , 𝐵1 + 𝑎1𝑠 from charts
𝜎
𝐶𝐻
= 0.002, 𝜆′ = −0.025,
𝜎
8
𝐴1 − 𝑏1𝑠 = (0) = 0,
8.1
𝐵1 + 𝑎1𝑠 = 7𝑑𝑒𝑔
j. Find Tip path plane 𝛼 𝑇𝑃𝑃 from
−1
𝜆′ 𝜎𝐶𝑇 /𝜎 −1
−0.025 0.0475 × 0.025
𝛼𝑇𝑃𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ + ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ + ] = −4 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝜇 2𝜇 2 0.35 2 × 0.352

k. Find 𝜃0 from
𝜃0 = 𝜃0 − 0.75(𝜃1 + 50 ) = 20 − 0.75(−8.7 + 5) = 22.8 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝜃1 =50

2. Main rotor in level flight with compressibility losses

Given: 𝜎 = 0.0475 , 𝜃1 , 𝐴𝑏 , 𝑓, 𝑀𝑑𝑟3𝑐𝑙=0 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝛾, 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑, Ω𝑅, 𝜇, 𝐶𝑇 /𝜎
Ω𝑅 = 772𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐶𝑄 𝐶𝐻
Find: , , 𝜃0 , 𝐴1 − 𝑏1𝑠 , 𝐵1 + 𝑎1𝑠
𝜎 𝜎
Procedure:
Same as example 1 up to step g
g. Calculate advancing tip Mach number,, 𝑀1,90 and drag rise Mach number 𝑀𝑑𝑟3
(1 + 0.35)772
𝑀1,90 = = 0.934
1116
𝑀𝑑𝑟3 = 𝑀𝑑𝑟3𝑐𝑙=0 [1 − 6(𝐶𝑇 /𝜎)2 ] = 0.7995
h. calculate 𝑀1,90 / 𝑀𝑑𝑟3
𝑀1,90 /𝑀𝑑𝑟3 = 1.168
Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
i. find 3 from figure 3.43
𝑀Ω𝑅
Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
3 = 0.0056
𝑀Ω𝑅
 Δ𝐶𝑄
j. find 𝜎
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝

Δ𝐶𝑄 772 3
= 0.0056 ( ) = 0.0019
𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 1116
k. find new value of 𝐶𝑄 /𝜎
𝐶𝑄
= 0.0047 + 0.0019 = 0.0066
𝜎
remainder same as example 1.

3. Tail rotor
Parameter
𝜎 = 0.0475 , 𝜃1 = −8 ,
𝐿𝑇
𝛼𝑠 = 0, 𝑀𝑑𝑟3 = 0.764, 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝛾 = 8.1, = 1.23,
𝑅𝑀
1116𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = ,
𝑠
672𝑓𝑡
Ω𝑅 = , 𝜇 = 0.35,
𝑠
 𝐶𝑄 𝜌
= 0.0049, = 1, 𝛿3 = 0
𝜎𝑀 𝜌0
2
[𝜌0 𝐴𝑏 (Ω𝑅) ] 𝑇 = 10895,
𝜌0 𝐴𝑏 (Ω𝑅)3
[ ] = 163940
550 𝑀
𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑄
Find , , 𝜃0 ,
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
Procedure:
a. Find 𝑇𝑇 from:

550 1 𝜌0 𝐴𝑏 (Ω𝑅)3 𝐶𝑄
𝑇𝑇 = ( )[ ]
Ω𝑅𝑀 𝐿𝑇 550 𝜎
𝑀 𝑀
𝑅𝑀
550 × 163940 × 0.0049
𝑇𝑇 = = 535
672 × 1.23

𝐶 𝑇𝑇
b. Find 𝜎𝑇 = 𝜌𝐴 2
𝑇 𝑏 (Ω𝑅)
𝐶𝑇 𝑇𝑇 535
= 𝜌𝐴 2
= 10895 = 0.0491
𝜎𝑇 𝑏 (Ω𝑅)
c. For tail rotor, 𝛼 𝑇𝑃𝑃 = 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵1 = 0
Plot 𝛼 𝑇𝑃𝑃 and 𝐵1 + 𝑎1𝑠 vs 𝜃0 , find intersection.
𝜆′ 𝜎𝐶𝑇 /𝜎
𝛼 𝑇𝑃𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ + ] = 2.9𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝜇 2𝜇 2
𝐶𝑄
d. Find from chart
𝜎
e. Calculate advancing tip Mach no. and drag rise Mach no.
(1 + 𝜇)Ω𝑅 (1 + 0.35)672
𝑀1,90 = = = 0.813
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 1116
𝑀𝑑𝑟3 = 𝑀𝑑𝑟3𝑐𝑙=0 [1 − 6(𝐶𝑇 /𝜎)2 ] = 0.8[1 − 6(0.0047)2 ] = 0.789
f. If 𝑀1,90 > 𝑀𝑑𝑟3 , use figure 3.43 to find compressibility correction
𝑀1,90
= 1.0304
𝑀𝑑𝑟3
𝑀1,90 Δ𝐶𝑄 /𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
= 1.0304 => Very small => 3 ~0 =>no compressibility loss
𝑀𝑑𝑟3 𝑀Ω𝑅
 𝐶𝐻
g. Find from
𝜎
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑇
= ( − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎1𝑠 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎1𝑠
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝐶𝐻
= 0.0008 + 0.047𝑡𝑎𝑛2.9 = 0.0029
𝜎

h. Find 𝜃0 from
𝜃0 = 𝜃0 − 0.75(𝜃1 + 50 )
𝜃1 =50

𝜃0 = 6.7 − 0.75(−8 + 5) = 8.95𝑑𝑒𝑔

4. Helicopter in Autorotation
Given: Main rotor;  ,1 , M dr3 of tip airfoil, R, Ab
Tail rotor; power to run at flat pitch 15h.p
Transmission and accessory losses 10 h.p
Airframe aerodynamics; Lift and drag aversus F
 Flight Conditions; G.W.;  ,  / o , speed of sound.

Find: Rate of descent and trim conditions

Procedure:
a. Convert tail rotor and transmission and accessory to CQ /  for main rotor.
15  10
CQ /     0.00015
164146
b. Find compressibility losses as in example 1
c. Estimate  F , find LF/q and calculate LF
 F  0, LF / q  4.5; LF  295.97
d. CT /   0.023

e. Find o 5 using CT /  and CQ / 

1

o 5  7
1

'
Find    tan
1
f.

g.  '  0.025 from chart
0.025
   tan 1  4o
0.35

h. Find new values of LF / q, LF , CT / 

LF / q  3.1, LF  204, CT /   0.014
i. Find new values of o 5
1

o 5  6.5

1

  '  CT /  
j. Find TPP  tan 1   
 2 2 
 0.025 0.0475  0.014 
TPP  tan 1     4
 0.35 2  0.352 
k. Find f from Figure 2, Appendix A f  18
 2 f / Ab
l. Calculate CDF /  
2
CDF /   0.008

m. Find CH /  (assume als  0 )

CH /   0.0004
 n. Find D from
TPP
CT /   CDF /   CH / 
sin  D  57.3
CT / 
 4 
(0.023)    0.008  0.0004
  57.3 
 0.2
0.023
o. Find F/D from
R / D  60 (R)sin  D , ft / min 
60(0.35)(672)(0.2)  2822.4 ft / min
p. Find trim conditions

o  6.5  (0.75)(8.7  5)  9.28

B1  als  1.5
A1  bls  0
5. Helicopter in climb
Given: main rotor ; 𝜎, 𝜃1 , 𝐴𝑏 , , 𝑀𝑑𝑟3 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙, Ω𝑅
Tail rotor ; 𝜎, 𝜃1 , , 𝑀𝑑𝑟3 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑙, Ω𝑅, 𝑙 𝑇 /𝑅𝑀
Airframe lift and drag
𝜌 𝑅
Flight conditions ; GW, 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑, 𝜇, 𝜌 , 𝐶
0
Find: main rotor power, tail rotor power, trim conditions.
Procedure:
a. Calculate q.
q  65.77
b. Calculate climb angle, 𝛾𝑐
𝑅/𝐶
𝛾𝑐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 60
𝜇Ω𝑅

c  6
c. Estimate angle of attack of fuselage,
𝑞𝑓
𝛼𝐹 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝐺𝑊] − 𝛾𝑐
 F  10.5
d. Find 𝐿𝐹 /𝑞 and f from figure 2, appendix A
LF / q  23, f  21
𝐶𝑇
e. Calculate from
𝜎
𝐶𝑇 1 𝐺𝑊−𝐿
= 𝜌 (241100𝐹)
𝜎
𝜌0

1580  (23)(65.77 
CT /   (1)    0.023
 134346
f. Find 𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 from
𝐺𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑓 + 𝑞

fc limb  23.5
𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 𝜎 𝐶 2
g. Calculate + 𝜇4 ( 𝜎𝑇 )
𝐴𝑏

23.5 0.0475(0.023)2
  0.18
125 0.354
h. From chart, find 𝜃0
𝜃1 =−50

o  19
15

i. From chart, find value of 𝜆′ and

 '  0.07
𝜆′
𝛼𝐹 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 𝜇 ]

 F  11.3

j. Find second values of 𝐿𝐹 /𝑞 and f

LF / q  22.5, f  22

𝐶𝑇
k. Calculate new value of 𝜎
CT /   0.023
𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 𝜎 𝐶 2
l. Find new value of + 𝜇4 ( 𝜎𝑇 )
𝐴𝑏

 1580 tan 6 
 22  65.77  0.0475
  4
 0.0232  0.197
 125  0.35
 
m. Find new value 𝜃0 0 𝜃1 =−5

o  20
15
 𝐶𝑄
n. Find from chart
𝜎

CQ /   0.0061

o. Correct for swist effect as in example 1

CQ /   0.0059

p. Check for compressibility as in example 1

No compressibility losses

q. Find ℎ. 𝑝𝑀

𝜌 𝐶𝑄
ℎ. 𝑝𝑀 = 285000 𝜌
0 𝜎

h. p.M  164146  0.0061  1001,3

550ℎ.𝑝𝑀 1
r. Find 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑙 )
Ω𝑅 𝑇 /𝑅𝑀

550 1001,3  1 
TT     670
672  1.23 

𝐶
s. Find 𝜎𝑇
𝑇

670
CT /  T   0.0615
10894

t. Find 𝜃0𝑇 and 𝑎1𝑠 as in example 3

𝑇

oT  9.2 , a1  5.1

sT

u. From chart ,
𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑇
[𝜎 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎1𝑠 ] =0.0005
𝜎 𝑇

𝐶𝐻
v. Calculate and 𝐻𝑇
𝜎𝑇
 CH /  T  0.0005  0.0615  tan 5.1  0.006
HT  0.006 10894  70

𝐶
w. Find 𝜎𝐻 from chart (assume 𝑎1𝑠 = 0)
𝑀 𝑀

CH /  M  0.0011

x. Calculate 𝐻𝑀 from

𝜌 𝐶
𝐻𝑀 = 𝜌 (241100) 𝜎𝐻
0 𝑀

H M  134346(0.0011)  148
y. Find new value of 𝜆′ from chart, calculate 𝛼𝑓
 '  0.046
 F  8
z. Find new value of 𝐿𝐹 /𝑞 and f
LF / q  17, f  15

aa. Find 𝐿𝐹 , 𝐷𝐹

LF  1118.09
DF  986.6

bb. Find 𝑇𝑀 from

𝑇𝑀 = √(𝐺𝑊 − 𝐿𝐹 )2 + (𝐷𝐹 + 𝐻𝑀 + 𝐻𝑇 )2=2698

cc. Find 𝐶𝑇 /𝜎

2698
CT /    0.02
134346

dd. Calculate new 𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏

𝐻𝑇 𝐺𝑊
𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏 = 𝑓 + + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛾
𝑞 𝑞
 70 1580
f c lim b  15   tan 6  18.5
65.77 65.77

SUMMARY
4. Entire
1. main rotor of 2. Main rotor in level flight 5. helicoptr in 6. helicopter
3. Tail rotor helicopter
level flight with compressibility losses autorotation in climb
in level flight
0.0059 0.0066 0.0059

0.002 0.002 0.0029

-0.025 -0.025
(deg) 22.8 17.8 8.95 9.28 21.7
(deg) -4 -4.6 2.9
(deg) 0 0 0
(deg) 7 8 1.5
hp_main(hp) 1001.3
hp_tail(hp)

II/ Performance of helicopter

a. Engine performance
There are three types of rating of interest to the helicopter engineer
With altitude is 5000ft  shalt horse power is 1480 hp at maximum continuous of
standard day
 With forward speed is 140knot  shalt horse power is 1600 hp at maximum continuous
of standard day

With shalt horse power is 1600 hp  fuel flow is 1.05*850 hp at maximum continuous
of standard day

Power losses
There are 2 types of losses that must be considered in the performance analysic:
- Affect the power available from engine
- Power must be added to the power required by the rotors

b. Result form helicopter design 1

Với W = 1580 lbs,
w =3.5 lbs/ft2
lp = 10.896 lbs/hp,
VT= 600 ft/s
Disc loading DL= 4
 o Main rotor radius
W 1580
Rmr = √ πwG = √ = 11.213 (ft)
4π
o Tail rotor radius
Rtr = 0.18Rmr = 2.018 (ft)
o Number of main rotor blades
bmr = 2 (WG < 3000 lbs)
o Number of tail rotor blades
btr = 2 (WG < 1100 lbs)
o Rotational velocity
Vt 600
Ωmr = R = 11.213 = 53.509 rad/s = 510.973 rpm
mr
o Chord of main rotor blades
σmr ∗π∗Rmr 0.0475∗π∗11.213
cmr = = = 0.837 (ft)
bmr 2
o Aspect ratio of main rotor
Rmr
ARmr = = 13.4
cmr
o Fuselage length
1.64Rmr = 18.39 (ft)
o Total length
2Rmr + 0.05Rmr + 0.36Rmr = 2.41Rmr = 27.023 (ft)
o Distance from main rotor to tail rotor
1.23Rmr = 13.792 (ft)
c. Vertical drag in hover
-The method consist of the following step:

1.Devide the plan view of the airframe into segments

2.Estimate the drag coefficient of each segment as a function of each shape

3.Determine the distribution of dynamic pressure in the rotor wake

4.Sum the effect of each segment

5.Calculate the rotor thrust as the sum of the weight and the vertical darg

6.Correct the rotor power at this thrust for the ‘’ground effect’’ due to the airframe
Apply in our design :
Draw parameters of helicopter on AUTOCAD software:
Three-view drawing
 Vertical
Airframe Radial position
position
segment r/R
z/R
1 0.4286 0.4749
2 0.2857 0.4749
3 0.1429 0.4317
4 0.2857 0.4605
5 0.4286 0.4317
6 0.5714 0.3885
7 0.7143 0.3885
8 0.8572 0.3885
9 1 0.3885
Dynamic pressure ratio:

Based on diagrams below:

 Table Calculation of Vertical Drag for the Example Helicopter

dynamic pressure
radial position vertical position segment area
airframe segment ratio drag coefficient 4*5*6
r/R z/R 2 bên

1 0.4286 0.4749 0.63 0.1 7 0.441

2 0.2857 0.4749 0.48 0.7 17.7 5.9472
3 0.1429 0.4317 0.1 0.8 23.17 1.8536
4 0.2857 0.4605 0.48 0.9 14.72 6.35904
5 0.4286 0.4317 0.63 0.6 5.68 2.14704
6 0.5714 0.3885 0.87 0.55 5.13 2.454705
7 0.7143 0.3885 0.9 0.4 4.65 1.674
8 0.8572 0.3885 0.1 0.35 10 0.35
9 1 0.3885 0.1 0.3 6.3 0.189
total 94.35 21.41559

𝐷𝑣 ∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝐶𝐷𝑛 (𝑞/𝐷𝐿)𝑛 𝐴𝑛 21.416
= = = 0.020297
𝐺𝑊 𝐴 1055.11

∑ 𝐴𝑛 𝑍
= 0.089 =
𝐴 𝐷
𝑣
From figure 1.41 => Ratio 𝑣 𝐼𝐺𝐸 = 0.58
𝑂𝐺𝐸
 𝐶𝑇 ∑ 𝐴𝑛 𝐶𝑇 3/2 𝜎 𝑣𝐼𝐺𝐸
=− [( ) √ (1 − )]
𝜎 𝐴 𝜎 2 𝑣𝑂𝐺𝐸

𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑇 3/2 0.0475
= −0.089 [( ) √ (1 − 0.58)] = −0.00576(𝐶𝑇 /𝜎)3/2
𝜎 𝜎 2

𝐶𝑇
For hovering at = 0.086
𝜎

∆𝐶𝑄
= −0.0005
𝜎
d. Tail rotor-fin interference in hover
Another from interference similar to vertical drag is the mutual interference off the
tail rotor and fin.
The interference manifests itself in 2 ways:
- as a force on the fin that decreases the effective antitorque force generated by the
tail rotor
- As a change in the flow conditions at the rotor that may either increaseor decrease
the tail rotor power required.

The gross thrust requied rotor is:

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
1 − 𝐹/𝑇
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑞 : net thrust required to balance the main rotor torque

𝐹
ℎ. 𝑝. 𝑇 = (1 − 𝑇 ) (ℎ. 𝑝. 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 )
2
Apply in our design:
Given : x=0.816 ft
Rtail = 2.018 ft
x/R= 0.404
choose helicopter with pusher:
From figure 4.9 and 4.10:
S/A= 0.242
F/T= 0.075
hpt= 0.9625
𝐶𝑇
for hovering at = 0.086, from figure 4.10
𝜎
𝐶𝑄
 = 0.018
𝜎
e. Parasite drag in forward flight
Parasite drag = streamline drag + bluff body drag

The primary component of streamline drag is skin friction

 𝜌𝑉𝐿
𝑅𝑁 = = 6400 𝑉𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝜇
We will determine drag coefficient of plat plate. This is aproximility the coefficient of
our design.
Length of helicopter: 18 ft
Velociy: 140 knot

Code matlab for thickness of boundary layer

clc
clear
V=140;
u=0.000198;
h=input ('Nhap vao gia tri h') %height of imperfection
for i=0:1.8:18
r=(V*i)/u;%Reynold%
tb=(0.154*i)/(r^(1/7));%thickness of the boundary%
CDa/CDf=0.75*(h/tb)^(1/3),%Drag ratio actual/freestream%
end

Result:

tb=[0 0.0372 0.0674 0.0954 0.1221 0.1478 0.1729 0.1973 0.2212 0.2447 0.2678]
c(0.0042)=[inf 0.3615 0.2965 0.2641 0.2433 0.2282 0.2167 0.2073 0.1996 0.1930 0.1872 ]

c(0.021)=[inf 0.6098 0.5002 0.4455 0.4104 0.3850 0.3655 0.3497 0.3366 0.3255 0.3158]

clc
clear
tb=[0 0.0372 0.0674 0.0954 0.1221 0.1478 0.1729 0.1973 0.2212 0.2447 0.2678]
i=0:1.8:18
plot(i,tb,'+' ')

clc
clear
c1=[1 0.3615 0.2965 0.2641 0.2433 0.2282 0.2167 0.2073 0.1996 0.1930 0.1872 ]
c2=[1 0.6098 0.5002 0.4455 0.4104 0.3850 0.3655 0.3497 0.3366 0.3255 0.3158]
i=0:1.8:18
plot(i,c1,'+',i,c2,'*')

h=0.021 ft

h=0.0042 ft

The plot show boundary layer thickness over 18ft with 10 distance. It show the ratio of actual
drag coefficient to free stream drag coefficient for surface imperfections with heights of 0.0042
and 0.021ft.

The plot show that even when the boundary layer is 0.2 ft thick, a rivet head with a height of
0.021 ft has a drag coefficient that is 35% off the what it would be in the free stream.

 Estimate parameter for design

*Estimate Drag

Input parameter:

Three-view drawing,drag data,reference speed

Estimate :equivalent flat plate area at zero angle of attack

a/Basic fuselage:

-Determine frontal area ,AF from three view,

AF=75.58ft2

-Determine fineness ratio

l/d=6.5

-Find CDF from Figure 4.17

=> CDF  0.076

=>fF=AFCDF=5.7ft2

b/Main rotor hub and shaft:

-Determine frontal area of hub

AMH  3.8 ft 2

-Determine frontal area of shaft

AMS  1.108 ft 2

-Determine diameter of shaft

DMS  0.6 ft 2

-From Table 4.2, estimate CD MH RPM=0

CDMH  1.1

-From figure 4.22 find drag ratio

 s  0, RPM  100%, D.R.  1.00 / 0.95  1.05

-Calculate CD MH corr => CDMH  1.1

corr

fMH=AMHCD MH corr=3.8.1.1=4.18 ft2

-Calculate R.N. of shaft (140knot)

R.N .  6400 140 1.6  0.6  0.8 106

-Determine CD MS from figure 4.23

CDMS  0.3 => f MS  AMS CDMS

=> f MS  0.31

-Find Ki from figure 4.24

 -Determine Z / Wp  3.8 / 7.8  0.487

=> Ki  0.18( F  3 )

=> fM=(1+Ki)fM => f M  1.18  4.49  5.3 ft 2

Total f M  f MH  f MS =4.18 +0.31=4.49

c/Tail rotor hub and shaft

-Determine frontal area

AT  0.7 ft 2

-From Table 4.2, estimate CD TH

CDTH  1.1

-From figure 4.22, find drag ratio

 S  0, RPM  100%, D.R.  1/ 0.95  1.05

-Calculate CD TH corr

CDTH  1.11.05  1.16

corr

fT  AT CDTHcorr
fT  0.7 1.16  0.812 ft 2

d/Main landing gear:

-Determine frontal area

AMLG  4.58 ft 2

-From figure 4.26, estimate CD MLG

 => CDMLG  0.4

=>fMLG = AMLG CD MLG=1.83 ft2

e/ Horizontal stabilizer

-Area ,AH(Appendix A) A  20 ft 2

-Span, bH bH  10 ft

--Aspect ratio ,A.R =b2H/AH A.R.  5

-Thickness ratio,t/c t / c  0.12

-Mean aerodynamic chord, MAC MAc  2 ft

-Reynolds number at 140 knots R.N .  3 106

-Estimate CD0 from figure 4.15

CDo  0.009

-Estimate CL H from trim conditions(see chapter 8)

CLH  3

-Estimate span efficiency factor ,

  0.2

-Calculate induced drag coeff

CLH 2 (1   )
CDi   0.007
  A.R.
-Calculate root thickness

t  0.12  2  0.24 ft

-Estimate junction drag coeff, CDj from Figure 4.21

 => CD j  0.072

-Compute equiv. junction drag coeff

 CD j (t 2 ) 
CD j  2 
equiv
 AH 

 0.072  0.0242 
=> CD  2   0.004
 20 
jequiv

-Total drag coefficient=CD0+CDi+CDj equiv

=> CDH  0.0164

-Estimate qH
q

qH
 0.75
q

qH
-Calculate f H  (CDH AH )
q

f H  0.75  0.0164  20  0.246 ft 2

f/Vertical stabilizer
 -Area,AV AV  24.22 ft 2

-Thickness ratio,t/c t / c  0.12

-Mean aerodynamic chord,MAC MAc  3 ft

-Reynolds number at 140 knots R.N .  4.5 106

-Estimate CD0 from Figure 4.15

CDo  0.009

qV
-Estimate
q

qV
 0.75
q

-Calculate fV=qV/q(CDvAv)

fV  0.75  0.01 24.22  0.18 ft 2

g/Rotor fuselage interference drag

-From figure 4.25 estimate deta F  0

=> CD  0.018

fint  CD AF
h/Exhaust drag

-Ask engine manufacture to estimate net exhaust thrust

Tnet  2(11)  22

-For engine installation on example helicopter

fex  Tnet / q

22
=> f ex    0.3 ft 2
0.5  0.00238  2362

i/miscellaneous drag items

-Estimate total drag of antennas, door handles,

lights, steps, skin gaps, cooling leakeag, ventilation,

f misc  0.5 ft 2

Total equivalent flat plate area

ftot  f F  f N  f M  fT  f MLG  f NLG  f H  fV  fint  f ex  f misc

ftot  5.74  1.1  5.3  0.812  1.83  0.25  0.18  1.36  0.3  0.5  16.272 ft 2