GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D - CVIC 5

@FGHCEV^CW FW_FGBCBW
Gdjgiubrfkds jfstc cuic ds fs-
tueds sdnrf `fghceurcs fspfgbcbs bjb-
gbcje
gbcjed,
d, fk sf sfmu
mubec
bec,, ds fs
fstue
tueds
ds
sdnrf `fghceurcs Cutdkdtbvcs.

GCEFCED _C^C _D^UC

EF CÍD UB_D KBICJD
 uk tbptbpdd ef gc
gcef
efcecedd pc
pcrcrc pd
pdrtrtcs
cs
ef cíd, ncstcjtf usced jd gdkârgbd f
bjeñstrbc.
Fssf
Fs sf tbptbpdd ef gc gcef
efce
cedd â `c `cnrnrb-b-
gced
gc ed gd
gdkk ed
edbsbs sf
sfmrmrfe
fedsds (g
(ghc
hcvf
vf eueupic
pic)) f
Uftrc
Uf trc (5 sf sfmr mrfe
fedsds).
). Â uk gd gdjau
jaujt jtdd
`drk
`d rkcecedd pf
pfidid gd
gdrp
rpd,
d, gbibjerd
bjerd f fbfbxd
xd trc
trcvcvc..
(@bmu
(@ bmurcrc 3).
Jd gbibjerd, tfkds ds gdjaujtds
ef sfm sfmrfe
rfeds,
ds, gdk gdkpdspdstds
tds ef pbj pbjdsds
sfmrfeds, gdjtrc pbjds f
kdibj
kd ibjhc
hcs,
s, sf sfje
jedd qu quctctrd
rd jc pc pcrt rtff
supfrb
sup frbdr
dr f quc quctrdtrd jc bj` bj`frb
frbdr,
dr, pfpfícsícs
trcv
trcvcscs f kd kdic ics,
s, guguadad pr
prbj
bjgë
gëpb
pbdd ef
`ujgbdjckfjtd kubtd sf cssfkfihc cd
sbstfkc
sbst fkcef ef trcv
trcvcc ed gcegcefce d. (@bm
fced. (@bmurc
urc>) >).
D sbstfkc ef trcvc gdkd aã gb-
tckds
tck ds â sf
sfkf
kfihc ihcjtf
jtfcdcd ed gc
gcefefce
ced,
d, bst
bstdd
â, c ghcvf mbrc d gcjhçd quf "cnrf" cs
pfícs
pfí cs trcv
trcvcs,
cs, ibnf
ibnfrcj
rcjed
ed d fbx fbxdd trcv
trcvc.c.
(@bmur
(@b murcc 7).
Fsscs
Fss cs pfípfícscs trc
trcvcs
vcs f rfs
rfspfg
pfgtbvc
tbvcss
kdics pdefk sfr rfkdvbecs, fk gcsd
ef jfgjfgfss
fssbec
becef,
ef, ncs
ncstcj
tcjeded pcr
pcrcc tcjtcjtdtd
rfkdvfr d tckpçd ed gcjci djef sf
cidack.
Kcs ec kfskc `drkc quf jçd
gdkpf
gdk pfjs
jscc kfx
kfxfr fr jd kf kfgcj
gcjbsk
bskdd ed
gcefced gdkuk, jfstf tcknâk jçd sf
cgdjsfihc, pdbs jçd fxbstfk pfícs ef
rfpdsbí
rfp dsbíçd,
çd, sfjsfjeded jfg
jfgfssfssãrbd
ãrbd usc
uscrr ef
@bmurc 3-  Kdefids ef gcefceds pcrc pdrtcs ef cíd.
dutrd, d quf fjgcrfgf d sfrvbíd.
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 > BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 Gdjaujtd Wupfrbdr 
ef pbjds f kdibjhcs
_bjd Urcvc ed gcjhçd

Gbibjerd

_djtc ed
fbxd-trcvc

Kdic

_fícs-
trcvc

Kdic
Gdjaujtd bj`frbdr ef
pbjds f kdibjhcs
Uckpçd

@bmurc >- Gdkpdjfjtfs ed gbibjerd ef gcefceds pcrc pdrtcs ef cíd.

_crc `czfr c kuecjíc ef sf-
mrfed, efstf tbpd ef gcefced, sfac fif
Fbxd-trcvc
ef ghcvf eupic du tftrc, prdgfef-sf
gdkd aã fjsbjced pcrc d gcefced,
du sfac, kuec-sf ef iumcr, edbs pb-
Urcvcs
jds sfmrfeds ef tckcjhds eb`frfj-
tfs, f `cz-sf c ghcvf ï kçd du trdgc-
sf d pbjd sfmrfed kfjdr pdr dutrd
kcbdr f rfncbxc-sf c gcvc ec ghcvf,
ef uk eds sfmrfeds.
Gcsd sfac pcrc gdj`fggbdjcr
gdj`fggbdjcr
ukc ghcvf, pfid `ctd ed kfskd jçd
pdssuë-ic, cgdjsfihckds c jçd rfkd-
vfr d gcjhçd. Cnrf-sf ds gcjcbs gdk
c nrdgc, rfkdvf-sf cs kdics, gdjtrc
pbjds f pbjds sfmrfeds f kcrgc-sf c
ghcvf ec `drkc kdstrcec jc  `bmurc 5.
Gdkd cibãs aã `db fjsbjced pcrc ds gc-
efceds gdkujs.
Pcifk pcrc fstf tbpd ef gbibj-
erd, ghcvf eupic du tftrc, pcrc suc
Gbibjerd
cnfrturc, cs tâgjbgcs f `frrckfjtcs
@bmurc 7-  Wbstfkc ef trcvc.
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 7 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 aã efsgrbtcs pcrc gbibjerds gdkujs f
eupids (edbs sfmrfeds).
Jd gcsd ec tftrc, c tâgjbgc f
`frrckfjtc utbibzcec cbjec sfrã cssuj- Fstbiftf pcrc kcrgcr 
c ghcvf
td c sfr cndreced jfstc cuic.
Ghcvf Pbrmfk
GBIBJE^D UB_D
KVIUB_DJUD
Vk gbibjerd ncstcjtf kdefrjd
quf cs `ãnrbgcs fstçd icjícjed jd
kfrgced, â d tbpd Kuitbpdjtd. Jfstfs
gbibjerds, guads gdkpdjfjtfs ed sf-
mrfed sçd ds kfskds eds gbibjerds
gdjvfjgbdjcbs, du sfac, pbjds sfmrf-
eds, gdjtrc pbjds f kdibjhcs, d quf
kuec â d pdsbgbdjckfjtd ecs gcvcs
ec ghcvf. Fjqucjtd jds gbibjerds gdj-
vfjgbdjcbs cs gcvcs ecs ghcvfs sçd
`fbtcs cd idjmd ec fxpfssurc ec hcs- @bmurc 5-  ^fcibzcjed c kcrgcíçd jc ghcvf.
tf, cs gcvcs ec ghcvf ed sbstfkc
kuitbpdjtd sçd `fbtcs jcs ictfrcbs ec
hcstf ec ghcvf.  (@bmurc 6).
_drtcjtd, jd gbibjerd gdjvfjgbd-
jci c ghcvf fjtrc jd gcjci ed gcjhçd
jc vfvfrtb
rtbgci
gci,, fjq
fjqucj
ucjtd
td qu
quff jd kui
kuitb-
tb-
pdjtd, c ghcvf fjtrc jd gcjci ed gc-
jhçd jc hdrbzdjtci. Fkndrc tfjhc d
sfmrfed ed sbstfkc ef pbjds, gdjtrc
pbjds f kdibjhcs, cs `frrckfjtcs ef
cnfrt urc p c rc ds gbibjerds

@bmurc 0- Ghcvf Wbstfkc Kuitbpdjtd. @bmurc 6-  Gbibjerd Kuitbpdjtd.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 5 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
gdjvfjgbdjcbs jçd `ujgbdjck jfstfs
gbibje
gbibjerds
rds.. Fxb Fxbstf
stfk
k `f
`fr-r
r-rck
ckfj
fjtcs
tcs
fspf
fs pfgë
gë`b`bgc
gcss pc
pcrc
rc ds kfkfs-
s-kd
kds.
s.
(@bmurc 0).
@FGHCEV^C UFU^C
Fxbstfk
Fxbstf k ededbs
bs kde
kdefid
fidss ef `f-
ghceurcs gdk gbibjerds tftrc. C `f-
ghceurc pcrc gbibjerds bjefpfjefj-
tfs f kdjdnidgds tftrc guad kfgc-
jbskd â d kfskd ed sbstfkc Rcif
gdkuk, sfjed eb`frfjtf cpfjcs jds
gbibjerds quf sçd kcbdrfs pdr pds-
suërfk quctrd sfmrfeds. Ds tbpds ef
gbibjerds
gbibjerds utbibzc
utbibzceds
eds jfstc
jfstcss `fghc
`fghceu-eu-
rcs sçd kdstrceds jc  `bmurc =.
Fk mfrci fstfs gbibjerds tf-trcs
cssbk
cs sbk gh ghck
ckce ceds
ds pdpdrr pd
pdssssuër
uërfk
fk
quctrd sfmrfeds eb`frfjtfs, sçd ncs-
tcjtf
tcj tf sfm
sfmurd
urds,
s, jçd s÷ pfipfidd `ct
`ctdd ef
pdssuërfk ds quctrds sfmrfeds, kcs
tckn
tc knâk
âk pd pdrr tftfrr gc
gcec
ec sf sfmr
mrfe
fedd
`drkce
`dr kcedd pdr gbj gbjgd
gd pbj
pbjds
ds sfm
sfmrfe
rfedsds
tdtcibzcjed vbjtf pbjds sfmrfeds. _dr
fssc rczçd jçd pdefk sfr cnfrtds
gdk cs `frrck
`frrckfjtcs
fjtcs gdjv
gdjvfjgbd
fjgbdjcbs
jcbs @bmurc =-  Gbibjerds pcrc `fghceurc tftrc.
ef cnfrt
cnfrturc
urc gdkd iîkbjc
iîkbjcs,s, pfjt
pfjtfs,
fs,
mrckpds, ftg. Â prfgbsd ukc `frrc-
kfjtc kubtd fspfgbci quf gbtcrfkds
kcbs cebcjtf.
_crc kuecr ds sfmrfeds efs-
tfs gbibjerds jçd â jfgfssãrbd quf sf 7± gcjci cnfrtd
`cíc d trcncihd fk tdeds ds quctrd
sfmrfeds.
7ª Gcvc rfncbxcr 
 su`bgbfjtf quf sf `cíc c ku-
ecjíc ef cpfjcs uk pbjd kfjdr pdr
dutrd kcbdr, rfncbxcr c gcvc ec ghc-
vf gdrrfspdjefjtf quf fstã kuecjed
d sfmrfed.
Jfssf gcsd cnrf-sf cpfjcs uk
gcjci ed gbibjerd.  (@bmurc 8).
 fjmcjd pfjscr quf kuecr
kcbs ef uk pbjd sfmrfed d sfrvbíd `b-
gc kcbs sfmurd. Jc rfcibecef d dnaf-
tbvd ec kuecjíc ef sfmrfed â pcrc
quf c ghcvf cjtfrbdr jçd kcbs `uj-
gbdjf, d quf rfcikfjtf cgdjtfgf gdk
c trdgc ef cpfjcs uk pbjd. @bmurc 8-  Cnfrturc ef cpfjcs uk gcjci ed gbibjerd.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 6 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Jçd efvfkds fsqufgfr quf c kdics ed sbstfkc ef cvcjíd, quf â mrfeds/ >+>+>+>; dbtd pbjds sfmrf-
sunstbtubíçd ed pbjd efvf sfr eds edbs cgbdjc
cgb djced
ed pdr uk gbi gbibje
bjerd
rd bje
bjefp
fpfj
fj-- eds, quf â d kcbs gdkuk f >+7+>+7;
gbibjerdss sf bjefpf
gbibjerd bjefpfjefjtfs
jefjtfs fk uk eds efjtf, cgbdjced pdr ghcvf gdk eupid efz pbjds sfmrfeds.
edbs gdjaujtds ef sfmrfed ed kdjd- sfmrfed quf `ujgbdjc pfids edbs ic- Bjefpf
Bje fpfjef
jefjtf
jtf ed jñk
jñkfrd
frd ef
nidgd. eds ed gbibjerd.  (@bmurc 2). pbjds sfmrfed, fstfs gbibjerds pdefk
D dutrd tbpd ef `fghceurc tftrc Fstf gbibjerd tftrc bjefpfjefj- sfr efskdjtceds gdk gfrtc `cgbibec-
â d trcvc ef sfmurcjíc, guad kfgc- tf, guads kdefids vfkds jc `bmurc 2, ef, sfac pcrc `czfr kuecjíc ef sf-
jbskd â ncstcjtf sbkpifs
sbkpifs pdr jçd pds- vcrbck ef qucjtbecef ef pbjds sf- mrfed, sfac pcrc gdj`fggbdjcr c ghc-
subr d sbstfkc ef trbjgd, sf rfstrbj- mrfeds ef cgdred gdk d `cnrbgcjtf. vf pfid sfmrfed.
mbjed ï ibjmùftc, sbstfkc ef cvcjíd, f _defk tfr >+>+>+3; sftf pbjds sf- Â bkpdrtcjtf tfrkds pcrc fs-tc
efskdj
efs kdjtcm
tcmfk
fk d ebsp
ebspdsb
dsbtbvd
tbvd tftr
tftrc,
c,
kdstrced jc  `bmurc 3?, fjgdjtrced ï
Wbstfkc ef cvcjíd vfjec
vfj ec fk gcsc
gcscss fsp
fspfgbc
fgbcibzc
ibzcecs
ecs fk
Ibjmùftc
kctfrbci pcrc ghcvfbrds, du bkprdvb-
scr edbs tunds gdj`drkf kdstrced jc
`bmurc 33.

EFWKDJUCMFK ED
GBIBJE^D UFU^C
Wfac pdr fxfkpid efskdjtcr d
gbibjerd ec  `bmurc 3>. ^ftbrf `drícjed
gdk ukc ghcvf ef `fjec d cjfi fiãs-
tbgd trcvc ed gcjhçd. C sfmubr rftbrf d
efjtf bkpuisdr.  (@bmurc 37).
@fbtd bssd gdidquf c ghcvf jd
Gbibjerd gbibjerd f prfjec-c jc kdrsc gdj`dr-
kf kdstrc c  `bmurc 35.
Ctfjíçd1 Wf jçd pdssubr ghcvf
@bmurc 2- @fghceurc Uftrc - Urcvc ef sfmurcjíc.
â prfgbsd "kbghcr" f ecr 3/8 ef vditc.
Jçd uitrcpcssf kcbs ef 3/8 ef vditc,
j± >
pdbs, pdr sf trctcr ef 5 sfmrfeds c
J± 3
gcec 3/5 ef vditc, ds pbjds sfmrfeds
fjgdjtrck ds gdjtrc pbjds f trcvck,
sfjed
sfj ed jfg
jfgfss
fssãrbd
ãrbd "kbg
"kbghcr"
hcr" jdv
jdvc-
c-
kfjtf.
 Cjfi

Efjtf bkpuisdr du jcrbz

@bmurc 3?- EbspdsbtbvdUftrc (gdkprced). @bmurc 33- Uunds (gdj`fggbdjceds). @bmurc 3>- Gbibjerd Uftrc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 0 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Ghcvf ef `fjec
Fssf 3/8 ef vdi
Fssf vditctc â su`su`bgb
bgbfjt
fjtff
pcrc tbrcr ds pbjds sfmrfeds ed gdjtctd
gdk ds gdj gdjtrc
trc pbj
pbjds,
ds, pdr
pdrtcj
tcjtd
td ibn
ibnfrc
frcjed
jed
d gcjhçd.
Pditcjed fjtçd cd gcsd ef tfr-
kds c ghcvf, jçd sfrã jfgfssã jfgfssãrbd rbd ecr
Efjtf
du Jcrbz fssf 3/8 ef vditc jd gcjhçd pdbs ds
sfmrfeds fstçd fk "ibjhc zfrd" f pdr-
tcjtd fstf fstã ibnfrced.
Kcjtfj
Kcj tfjeded c ghc ghcvf vf pfrpfrpfj
pfjeb-eb-
guic
gu icrr ï kd kdrs rsc,
c, du sf sfac
ac,, jc vf vfrtb
rtbgc
gci,i,
gdidquf d tund j± 3 jc pdjtc ed gc-
3- Cjfi jhçd f vcmcrdsckfjtf vã sunbjed d
gdrpd ed gbibjerd.
@bmurc 37- Efskdjtf d gbibjerd Uftrc. Bstd
Bs td efefvf
vf sfsfrr `f
`fbtd
btd gdgdkk ku kubtd
btd
gubeced pcrc quf ds pbjds sfmrfeds
pfrkcjfíc
pfrkc jfíck k jds gcjcbs ed gcjh gcjhçd.çd.
(@bmurc 36).
Vkc vfz rfkdvbed d gdrpd ed
gbibjerd, gdidquf d ebspdsbtbvd tftrc du
tund
tu nd j± > jd gc gcjh
jhçd çd,, pcpcrcrc pdpdefefrr
rfkdvá-id ec kdrsc,  `bmurc 30. Efjtrd
ed ebebsp
spdsdsbtbtbv
bvdd qu
quff kc
kcjt jtâk
âk d gc gcjh
jhçd
çd jc
hdrbzdjtci, f kfskd jd tund j± >, ds
pbjds sfmrfeds `bgck prdtfmbeds.
Gcsd sfac jfgfssãrbd rfkdvá-
ids pcrc gdj`fgíçd ef ghcvf du pcrc
kuecjíc ed sfmrfed, tfjhc d gubeced
ef rftbrcr ds pbjds sfmrfeds jc drefk
f gd
gdididgãgã-id
-idss jd pd
pdrt
rtcc pb
pbjd
jdss tctckn
knâkâk jc
drefk pcrc jçd sf ctrc-pcihcr jc hdrc
@bmurc 35- Ghcvf prfsc jc kdrsc. ec kd kdjt jtcm
cmfk fk.. Cd ef efs-s-kd
kdjt jtcr
cr d
gbibje
gbibjerd rd tfttftrc
rc d ciuciujd
jd brã jd- jd-tcr
tcr quf
ciâk eds gcjcbs djef sf id-gcibzck ds
pbjds
pbj ds sf sfmrmrfe
fedsds,, hã uk pf pf-q-quf
ufjdjd
Uund j± 3 fsgcrbihced (rfncbxd). Jfssf rfncbxd,
sf cidcidac ac ukc pf pfquf
qufjc jc fs fs-`f
-`frc,
rc, quf
prfssbdjcec pdr ukc kdic sfrvf ef
`rfb
`rfbdd pc pcrcrc qu quff d gc gcjh
jhçdçd jç jçdd mb mbrf
rf
ibvrfkfjtf, d quf prfauebgcrbc d ndk
`ujgbd
`uj gbdjc jckf kfjt jtdd ed kf kfsk skd. d. Fs Fssfsf
^f`frájgbc rfncbx
rfn cbxd, d, sfr
sfrvfvf ef rf` rf`frá
frájgb
jgbcc pcr
pcrcc d
ciujd
ciu jd sf ncs ncsfcr
fcr jc efs efskdjkdjtcmtcmfk
fk f
kdjtcmfk ed kfskd. Gdkd gbtckds
cjtftfrbrbddrk
rkffjtf d gcjhçd efvf
pfrkcjfgfr prfsd pfic ghcvf (qucjed
hduvfr) du pfic `frrckfjtc ef cnfrturc
@bmurc 36- ^ftbrf d gbibjerd ed gcjhçd.
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 = BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
nfk jc vfrtbgci. gcsd bssd jçd dgdrrc Uund j± >
pdefrã gcbr cimujs pbjds sfmrfeds, f
sf d quf â pbdr, d tund j± 3 jçd `dr
nfk cpdbced jd gcjhçd, pcrc quf d
gdrpd ed gbibj-erd, sf trcjs`brc pcrc d
kfskd,
kfs kd, `ctc
`ctci-kf
i-kfjtf
jtf gcëgcërc,
rc, uk du
kcbs
kc bs gd
gdjtr
jtrcc pb-
pb-jd
jds.
s. Bst
Bstdd vc
vcbb jd
jdss
dnrbmcr c gdidgã-ids, uk c uk gdk d
usd ed tund j± 3 ed ebspdsbtbvd tftrc
du pr prfp
fpcrc
crcrk
rkdsds uk gd gdj`d
j`drk
rkff d
kfskd.
Gdkd d ciujd pdef vfr jc `b-
murc 33, fssf tund tfk fk ukc ecs
fxtrfkbece
fxtrf kbecefs
fs uk fjtci fjtcihf
hf bjgibj
bjgibjced
ced
(fk `drkc ef rckpc) quf â pdr djef
efvfrã
efv frã sfr gdid
gdidgce
gcedd d gdj gdjtrc
trc pbjd
efjtrd ed gdrpd ed gbibjerd, ec sf-
mubjtf `drkc.
Gdidquf fssf tund pfic pcrtf @bmurc 30- ^fkdvc d gcjhçd ec kdrsc.
trcsfb
trc sfbrc
rc ed gdrpd
gdrpd ed gbibjerd
gbibjerd,, gdk c
"rckpc" jc pdsbíçd efsgfjefjtf.  @b-
murc 3=. Gdk c pbjíc gdidquf c kd-
ibjhc pfic `rfjtf gdj`drkf vbkds jc
`bmurc 3=. Cp÷s gdidgcr c kdic, bjtrd-
euzbkds d gdjtrc pbjd pfic `rfjtf,
gdk c pbjíc du gdidgckds d kfskd
pcrc quf efsíc pfic "rckpc" ed tund
f gcbc jd gcjci.   (@bmurc 38). @fbtd
bssd mbrc-sf d tund pcrc quf pcssf
@bmurc 3=- Gdidquf d tund pfic pcrtf ef trãs ed gdrpd ed gbibjerd.
pdrr gbk
pd gbkcc ed gdjgdjtrc
trc pbj
pbjd,d, gdj
gdj`dr
`drkf
kf
`bmurc 32. Fssc dpfrcíçd efvf sfr
rfpftbecc ctâ quf sfac gdidgced ds quc-
rfpftbe
trd gdjtrc pbjds ec pcrtf trcsfbrc ed
gbibjerd.
Gdidgceds tdeds ds pbjds eds
gcjcbs trcsfbrds rfpftbkds cs dpfrc-
íöfs pcrc ds gcjc gcjcbs bs ebcj
ebcjtfbrds
tfbrds,, gdj-
`drkf `bmurc 32. Gdkd d ciujd efvf
tfr pfrgfnbed â ukc tcrf`c trcncihd-
sc. _drtcjtd, gcprbghcr jc efskdj- @bmurc 38- Bjtrdeuzbjed c kdibjhc f efpdbs d gdjtrc pbjd pfic `rfjtf utbibzcjed ukc pbjíc.
tcmfk â bkpdrtcjtf pcrc fvbtcr tdec
fssc trcncihfbrc.
Vkc pcr pcrtbgu
tbguicrb
icrbece
eceff efs
efstftf gb-
ibjerd tftrc â quf cpfscr ef sfr ñjbgd,
c ghcvf `ujgbdjc pfids edbs iceds. _dr
fssc rczçd c ghcvf â eupic, du sfac
rfpftf cs gcvcs jc pdjtc ec ghcvf ef
`drkc bjvfrtbec f rfguce
rfgucec.c. @bmurc 32- Mbrcjed d tund pcrc pcsscr pdr gbkc ed gdjtrc pbjd.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 8 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 _dr fssc rczçd â quf c ghcvf Gcvcs
tfk efzfssfbs gcvcs f jçd dbtd, quf
sçdd c qu
sç qucjcjtbe
tbece
ceff ef pb
pbjd
jdss sf
sfmrf
mrfed
edss ed
gbibjerd. 5 > 3
7
_crcc fjt
_cr fjtfj
fjefr
efr kfi
kfihdhdrr d quf
cgcnckds ef ebzfr, vfac jc `bm `bmurc
urc >?
quf cs gcvcs ec hcstf supfrbdr ec
ghcvf fstçd bjvfrtbecs f rfguc-ecs 7
5
fk 3/ 3/55 ef (h (hcs
cstf
tf fs
fsqu
qufrfrec
ec ï su su-- 3 >

pfrbdr) vditc. Gcvcs

_crcc c kue
_cr kuecjí
cjícc ef sfmsfmrfe
rfedd
efstf gbibjerd,
gbibjerd, c fxfkpid ed quf cgdj-
tfgf gdk quciqufr gbibjerd Rcif, ncs-
tc sunstbtubr uk pbjd kfjdr pdr dutrd
kcbdr, f rfncbxcr c gcvc ef ukc g÷- @bmurc >?-  Gcvcs ec hcstf supfrbdr bjvfrtbecs fk 3/5 ef vditc.

pbc `fbtc ec ghcvf drbmbjci, gdkd cibãs

 aã `db fjsbjced fk ibíçd cjtfrbdr.
Gdkd aã `db ebtd, fkndrc fstf
gbibjerd pdssuc quctrd sfmrfeds, ncs-
tc citfrcr uk cpfjcs.

GDJ@FGÍÇD EC
GHCPF UFU^C
C gdj`fgíçd ec ghcvf tftrc jc
ibkc â trcncihdsc, sfac fic ef vbjtf
pbjds sfmrfeds, sfac ef dbtd pbjds.
Urctc-sf ef ukc ghcvf quf pdssuf
jd gcsd ed gbibjerd ef vbjtf pbjds
gbjgd gcvcs fk gcec hcstf, f quctrd
fk gcec hcstf ec ef dbtd pbjds, aã
quf fic â eupic.
_drtcjtd c gdj`fgíçd ec ghc-
vf pcrc ds edbs gcsds â d kfskd quf @bmurc >3-  Gdj`fgíçd ec ghcvf Uftrc.
ef quctrd ghcvfs gdkujs ef quc-trd pdsbtbvd tftrc,  `bmurc >3  quf efvfrã ef gcjcbs .
du gbjgd pbjds sfmrfeds. fstcr prfsd jc kdrsc. Ec kfskc `drkc quf c cjtf-
_def-sf fvbtcr bssd, kcjtfjed _fmuf c ghcvf prdjtc, f gdid- rbdr, gdidquf edbs pbjds quf eáfk ’ib-
fk fstdq
fstdquf
uf ghcv
ghcvfs
fs prdj
prdjtcs
tcs gdpbc
gdpbc-- quf-c jd gcjhçd. Ds pbjds sfmrf- jhc zfrd‛.  (@bmurc >7).
ecs ef ghcvfs ef gibfjtfs, f kdjtcr
eds rfkdvbeds f quf fstçd gdidgc- Ef kcbs uk mbrd (3/5 ef vditc)
ds pbjds ef cgdred gdk fssc ghcvf.
eds jd pdrtc pbjds , fsgdihc edbs quf ctâ c pr÷xbkc sârbf ef gcjcbs, f gd-
Bkpdrtcjtf1 Cd `czfr c g÷pbc
`cíck ’ibjhc zfrd‛.  (@bmurc >>)._def idquf ds pbjds sfmrfeds `czfjed ’ib-
ec ghcvf ed gibfjtf bkfebctckfjtf
cgdjtfgfr ef jfk tdeds ds pbjds sf- jhc zfrd‛.  (@bmurc >5).
cprd`ujef uk pdugd c gcvc ef quci-
mrfeds
mrfeds rftb
rftbrce
rceds
ds eáf
eáfkk gfrtd jfstc _crc `bjcibzcr ef kcbs 3/5 ef
qufr uk pbjd sfmrfed kfjdr pcrc
ghcvf. _drtcjtd â jfgfssãrbd pdssubr vditc f gdidquf ds pbjds pcrc gdk-
quf fstc ghcvf aã tfjhc sfu sfmrf-
fstdquf ef ebvfrsds tckcjhds ef pb- piftcr d 5± sfmrfed.  (@bmurc >6).
ed kueced. _crc `czfr c ghcvf, efs-
jds sfmrfeds. Ctfjíçd1   Sucj
Sucjed
ed `d
`drr `f
`fbtc
btc c
kdjtf d gbibjerd gdj`drkf aã fjsbjc-
@fbtd c ’ibjhc zfrd‛, mbrf c ghc- g÷pbc ec ghcvf ef uk gibfjtf, `cíc d
ed f gdidquf ds pbjds sfmrfeds jd
vf 3/5 ef vditc
vditc ctâ c pr÷xbk
pr÷xbkcc sârbf
sârbf cprd`ujeckfjtd ef ukc gcvc rcsc.
pdrtc pbjd. Gdidquf d gcjhçd jd ebs-
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 2 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
@bmurc >>- @czfjed ’ibjhc zfrd‛ ef edbs pbjds sfmrfeds. @bmurc >7- Mbrf 3/5 ef vditc ctâ c pr÷xbkc sârbf ef gcjcbs f gdidquf ds
edbs pbjds quf efák c ’ibjhc zfrd‛.

@bmurc >5-  ^fpftc ds prdgfssds rfcibzceds jcs `bmurcs >> f >7. @bmurc >6- Eá 3/5 ef vditc f gdkpiftf d 5± sfmrfed.

Gdkd fstf cprd`ujeckfjtd `db

cifct÷rbd, pdef cgdjtfgfr ef jfjhuk
pbjd `czfr c ‛ibjhc zfrd‛, jfstf gcsd
efvf-sf cprd`ujecr c gcvc ctâ quf d
pbjd eá ’ibjhc zfrd‛.
Pfac quf c ghcvf quf pdefrbc
ecr trcncihd gcsd `dssf `fbtc gcvc pdr
gcvc, jc ibkc, `db fxfgutcec ef `dr-
kc rãpbec f prfgbsc. Cmdrc â s÷ kdj-
tcr d gbibjerd.
_crc tcjtd, prfjec c ghcvf jc
kdrsc, gdj`drkf  `bmurc >0  f rftbrf d
ebspdsbtbvd tftrc. C sfmubr, gdidquf d
gdrpd ed gbibjerd quf fstã gdk d tu-
nd sdnrf d gcjhçd
gcjhçd f vã cncbxcjed-d
cncbxcjed-d @bmurc >0- Kdjtf d gbibjerd, prfjec c ghcvf jc kdrsc f rftbrf d ebspdsbtbvd Uftrc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 3? BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 CNF^UV^C EF
@FGHCEV^C UFU^C
Fxbstfk edbs kdefids ef `fr-
rckfjtcs pcrc cnfrturc ef `fghceu-
rcs tftrc.
_crc fss
fsscs
cs `fg
`fghce
hceurc urcss gua
guadd
gbibjerd â bjefpfjefjtf gdk ctâ efz
pbjds sfmrfeds
sfmrfeds c `frrck
`frrckfjtc fjtc kds-
trcec jc  `bmurc C  rfsdivf c kcbdrbc
eds gcsds.
Fstc
Fs tc `f`frr
rrck
ckfjfjtc
tc ef efvf
vf sfsfrr
b jt rdeuz bec jd gb i b jerd f
kdvbkfjtcec ef `drkc gbrguicr pcrc
ncbxd< fsqufrec cgbkc f ebrfbtc pcrc
efjtrd f pcrc `drc fk kdvbkfjtds
gdjstcjtfs f rfpftbeds.  (@bmurc N).
C dutrc `frrckfjtc â gdjhfgb-
@bmurc >=- Fjgcbxf d gdrpd ed gbibjerd jd gcjhçd. ec gdkd sfkb-cutdkãtbg
sfkb-cutdkãtbgc. c.  (@bmurc G).
Cssbk
Css bk gh
ghckckce
cecc pdr
pdrqu
quff cd kd kdvb-
vb-
kfjtcr d pbstçd pcrc `rfjtf f pcrc
^fncbxd trãs (vcb f vfk) cs kdics (pdjtcs)
vçd kuecjed ef pdsbíçd.
Fic `ujgbdjc ec sfmubjtf kc-
jfbrc1 bjtrdeuzc c pdjtc tftrc (3) jd
gbibibje
gb jerd
rd gdgdkk cs kd kdics
ics rfg rfguc
ucec
ecss
(efjtrd ec pdjtc).
Cgbdjf d pbstçd (>) kdvfjed-
3- Cjfi
Efjtf Bkpuisdr  d pcrc `rfjtf f pcrc trãs,  `bmurc E
(kdvbkfjtd vcb f vfk) gdjtbjuckfj-
tf cd kfs kfskdkd tfk
tfkpdpd fk qu quff ef
efvf
vf
 Cjfi mbrcr c ghcvf ef cgbdjckfjtd ifvf-
^fsscitd kfjtf jd sfjtbed ef cnrbr.
Efjtf Bkpuisdr  Fk eced kdkfjtd gdk fssfs
kdvb kfjt ds cgdjt fgfrã d
cibjhck
cibj hckfjtd
fjtd eds pbjd pbjdss sfm sfmrfed
rfedss
@bmurc >8- ^fncbxd ed gbibjerd vditced pcrc d rfsscitd ed gcjhçd.
`drkcjed c ’ibjhc zfrd‛, cgdjtfgfjed
kfskd ctâ quf sf fjgcbxf jd gc- d mbrd ed gc- jhçd fk 3/0 ef vditc.
jhçd.  (@bmurc >=). Jçd fsqufíc, sçd 5 sârbfs ef
Ctfjíçd1 gdjtrc pbjds, pdrtcjtd c gcec 3/5 ef
_crc c kdjtcmfk tdkf gdkd vditc (2?±) d gcjhçd trcvc jdvckfj-
tf, d quf jds dnrbmc c rfpftbr cs dpf-
rf`frájgbc rfncbxd djef efvf fjgcb-
rcíöfs ctâ gdkpiftcr d mbrd ef 70?±
xcr c fs`frc (`bmurc 36) f d rfsscitd ed
ed gcjhçd. Bstd pcrc rfgdihfr d 3±
gcjhçd quf efvf fjgcbxcr jd rfncbxd cvcjíd ec ibjmùftc.
ed gd
gdrp
rpd.
d. Gd
Gdid
idqu
quff d ef
efjt
jtff bk
bkpu
puis
isdr
dr f d _crc rfgdihfr d sfmujed cvcjíd
cjfi fiãstbgd pcrc gdjgiubr. (@bm
(@bmurc
urc >8). @bmurc C-   @frrckfjtc pcrc cnfrturc ef `f- rfpftf-sf
rfpftf -sf tued jdvc
jdvckfjtf
kfjtf..
ghceurcs Uftrcs.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 33 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Kdvbkfjtd ec `frrckfjtc

Wunc f efsíc ifjtckfjtf

@bmurc N-  Cnfrturc ec `fghceurc tftrc gdk c `frrckfjtc ec `bmurc C.

\3[ pdjtc tftrc \7[ ghcvf ef cgbdjckfjtd \>[ pbstçd

Bjtfrjd Kfgcjbskd gdjtrdicedr 

Kdics quf efstrcvck ds pbjds ecs kdics quf efstrc-
vck ds pbjds

@bmurc G-  @frrckfjtc sfkb-cutdkãtbgc pcrc cnfrturc ef `fghceurc Uftrc.

Pcb f Pfk

@bmurc E-  Cnrbjed c `fghceurc tftrc gdk c `frrckfjtc sfkb-cutdkãtbgc.

Jçd `drgf efkcbs c ghcvf ef kfjtf c `dríc, pcrc quf ds pbjds sf- gdjaujtd.   (@bmurc
(@bmurc >2)   D gbi
gbibj
bjerd
erd
cgbdjckfjtd pcrc efstrcvcr d gcjhçd, mrfeds rftdrjfk cs sucs pdsbíöfs f efss
efsscc `f
`fgh
ghce
ceur
urcc `b`bgc
gc fk
fknu
nutbtbed
ed
pdbs bstd pdef dgcsbdjcr c qufnrc ecs c sfmubr rfgdkfgf c cnfrturc. efjtrd ef ukc ecs kcícjftcs.
pdjtcs ec `frrckfjtc pdjtc du kfs- @FGHCEV^C
@FGHCEV^CUVNVIC
UVNVIC^
^ @FGHCEV^CW
kd cs kdics quf cibjhck ds pbjds Fstf tbpd ef `fghceurc â kubtd FIÂU^BGCW
Wçd `fghceurcs fiftrdkfgîjb-
sfmrfeds. uscec fk ebvbs÷rbcs.
gcs quf `ujgbdjck tcjtd gdkd ghc-
@drgf kdefrceckfj
kdefrceckfjtf tf f sf Fic sf gcrcgtfrbzc pdr pdssubr
vf gdkuk Rcif, gdkd tcknâk pd-
jçd gdj
gdjsfm
sfmubr
ubr áxb
áxbtd,
td, ebk
ebkbju
bjucc tdt
tdtci-
ci- tded d sfu kfgcjbskd fk uk ñjbgd
efk sfr cgbdjcecs c ebstîjgbc pdr
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 3> BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 Fjgcbxf ec hcstf

Iced bjtfrjd

Urbjgd _crc`usds ec
kcícjftc

Hcstf
Ibjmùftc

Ufstc
Iced fxtfrjd

_crc`usds gdk trbjgd

_crc`usds ec gdjtrctfstc
Gdjtrctfstc

@bmurc >2- Gdjaujtd gdkpcgtd ec `fghceurc tunuicr.

3- Ndnbjc
Ndnbjcs
s >- Gdjfgtdr ef 7- Kbgrd 6- Kdic 0- Urcvc =- Gdjtrc tfstc
5- Ncsf cibkfjtcíçd Wwbtgh trcvc

8- Wupdrtf ecs ndnbjcs

2- Jñgifd ecs ndnbjcs

33- Urcvc

3?- Kdic trcvc

3=- Ibjmùftc
37- Ncicjgfcedr 
36- Fbxd ec
3>- Cgbdjcedr  35- Kdic ef cgbdjcedr  ibjmùftc 30- Kdic
ec ghcvf ec ibjmùftc

38- Uckpc

32- Gbibjerd

@bmurc 7?- Kfgîjbskd ef `fghceurc fiftrdkfgîjbgc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 37 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

uk gdkc
gdkcjed
jed quciq
quciqufr,
ufr, bjtfr
bjtfrruptd
ruptdr,
r, Fstf kdvbkfjtd ed jñgifd pd- Dnsfrvf quf eurcjtf d efsid-
tfif`djf, ftg. Wçd kubtd uscecs fk ef sfr cprdvfbtced pcrc, prfjefr, sdi- gckfjtd ec trcvc ec ibjmùftc (0) efs-
pdrtfbrds
pdrtf brds fiftrõ
fiftrõjbgds
jbgds.. Fxbstf
Fxbstfk
k tbpds tcr, kdvbkfjtcr, ftg., dutrd kfgcjbs- ibmckds ds gdjtctds ec ghcvf kbgrd-
sbkpifs f sd`bstbgceds kcs d prbjgë- kd quciqufr, f â austckfjtf d quf swbtgh (7). Bstd efvf dgdrrfr pdrquf
pbd ef `ujgbdjckfjtd â d kfskd, du `cz c `fghceurc fiâtrbgc ec  `bmurc 77, sf ds sdif
sdifj÷b
j÷befs
efs pfr
pfrkcj
kcjfgf
fgfrfk
rfk
sfac, pdr kcmjftbskd.  aujtckfjtf gdk d kfgcjbskd. gdjstcj
gdjs tcjtfkf
tfkfjtf
jtf fjf
fjfrmbz
rmbzced
cedss c ibj-
Jc `bmurc 7? kdstrckds d kf- mùftc jçd pdef sfr trcvcec. _crc `f-
Jñgifd
gcjbskd ef uk kdefid ef `fghceu- ghcr ds gdjtctds ec ghcvf (7) â jf-
Ghcvf
rc fiftrdkfgîjbgc kubtd utibzcec, `c- gfssãrbd trcvcr c ibjmùftc jdvckfjtf
nrbgcec pfic Crdugc. Cjtfs ef fxpib- (pdrtc `fghcec). Vk gbibjerd gdkuk
gcr sfu prbjgëpbd
prbjgëpbd ef `ujgbdjckfjtd â tbpd Rcif, pfrkbtf c cnfrturc ec `f-
prfgbsd scnfr d prbjgëpbd ed kcmjf- ghceurc kcjucikfjtf, gdk suc ghc-
tbskd. vf, pdrt
pdrtcjtd
cjtd sfsfk
k jfjfgf
gfss
ssbe
bece
ceff ed
cgbdjckfjtd fiâtrbgd, pdr bjtfrkâebd
ed cgbdjcedr `bxced cd gbibjerd, quf
cgbdjc d ncicjgbk f suc trcvc, ibnf-
rcjed c trcvc ec ibjmùftc.

EF@FBUDW
Ds ef`
ef`fbtd
fbtdss kfg
kfgîjb
îjbgds
gds kcb
kcbss
gdkujs sçd ds kfskds ecs dutrcs
`fghceurcs gdjvfjgbdjcbs, du sfac,
ghcvfs,, pbjds, gdjtrc pbjds, kdibjhcs,
ghcvfs
kdics f pfícs ef cgbdjckfjtd, ftg.
@bmurc 73- Gckpd kcmjâtbgd `drkced pfic Jc pcrtf fiâtrbgc ds ef`fbtds pdefk
ndnbjc.
sfr jc ndnbjc, ghcvf f bjtfrruptdr1
VK _DVGD EF @bmurc 7>- Jñgifd fstãvfi pdr jçd tfr d gck- 3±  C pdrtc jçd cnrf gdk gd-
FIFU^BGBECEF pd kcmjâtbgd. kcjed fiâtrbgd, du sfac, c ibjmùftc
C beâbc `ujeckfjtci ed `ujgbd- jçd efstrcvc.
Gdkfíckds, bkcmbjcjed c ibj-
jckfjtd efssc `fghceurc fstã jd `c- Gdk ukc iîkpcec ef prdvc
mùftc trcjgcec, bstd â, c pdrtc fjgdj-
td ef quf ukc gdrrfjtf fiâtrbgc cd quf kcbs jcec â quf ukc iîkpcec
trc-sf `fghcec, f qufrfkds cnrb-ic.
pfrgdrrfr ukc ndnbjc grbc uk gckpd 33?v 0?v, gdjfgtcec c uk sdquftf,
_crc bstd, `fghckds d bjtfrrup-
kcmjâtbgd.  (@bmurc 73). pfícc pcr
pfí pcrcc cim
cimuâk
uâk kcjkcjtfr
tfr d bjt
bjtfr-
fr-
tdr tbpd gckpcbjhc >>, pcrc quf pds-
Wf gdidgcrkds uk jñgifd jd ruptdr cgbdjced, f cpibquf cs pdjtcs
sc gbrguicr gdrrfjtf pfids sdifj÷befs,
bjtfrbdr efssc ndnbjc, ef `drkc quf ef pr prdv
dvcc jd jdss pd
pdjt ds C f N, ec
jtds
fjfrmbzcjed-ds, f tcknâk pfic ghc-
fif pdssc sf kdvbkfjtcr jd sfjtbed `bmurc 75
vf kbg
kbgrd
rd-sw
-swbtg
btghh (7)
(7),, qu
quff jf
jfstf
stf kd
kd--
vfrtbgci, cd sf `czfr gbrguicr gdrrfjtf C iîkpcec cgfjefu4
kfjtd (ibjmùftc trcvcec), efvf fstcr
pfic ndnbjc, fstf jñgifd sfrã ctrcëed Wbk- Pã pcrc d sfmujed tfstf.
gdk sfus gdjtctds `fghceds, fstc-
pcrc d bjtfrbdr ec ndnbjc. Jçd- _def sfr d bjtfrruptdr  >>,
nfifgfjed cssbk uk gbrgubtd `fghced.
Dnsfrvf pfic  `bmurc 7>, quf, `db bjtfrrdkpbed, du `citc fjfrmbc.
Vkc vfz fjfrmbzceds ds sdif-
qucjed c ghcvf fstã cnfrtc, jçd gbr- >±  Cbjec gdk d bjtfrruptdr `f-
j÷befs,
j÷be fs, sfus jñgifds sçd ctrcë ctrcëeds
eds
guic gdrr
gdrrfjtf
fjtf<< gdj
gdjsfq
sfqùfj
ùfjtfkf
tfkfjtf,
jtf, jçd ghced cpibquf c iîkpcec jds pdjtds
kdvbkfjtcjed d ncicjgbk (35). Fstf
sf `drkc d gckpd kcmjâtbgd, d quf @  f  E .
pdr suc vfz, ifvcjtc suc trcvc, `czfj-
kcjtâk d jñgifd fstãvfi. C iîkpcec cgfjefu4
ed gdk quf c trcvc ec ibjmùftc (0) sf
Cd `fghcr c ghcvf, gbrguic gdr- Wbk- Urdquf c ndnbjc.
efsidquf jd sfjtbed bjebgced pfics
rfjtf, `drkc-sf d gckpd kcmjâtbgd Jçd- Urdquf ds kbgrd-swbtgh.
ibjhcs trcgfacecs ed efsfjhd, cnrbj-
Fstc `fghceurc qucjed cgbd-
quf ctrcb d jñgifd. ed c pdrtc.
jcec pfic ghcvf d efjtf bkpuisdr ed
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 35 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 33 35
0 Urcvc Ncicjgbk
Urcvc ec ibjmùftc

2
Jñgifd ecs ndnbjcs

38
Uckpc

7
Ghcvf Kbgrd-Wwbtgh
3
Ndnbjcs

>>
Bjtfrruptdr 

@bmurc 77- @fghceurc fiâtrbgc f d sfu kfgîjbskd.

cncbxcr d ncic
cncbxcr ncicjgbcedrr (pf
jgbced (pfíc
íc 37
37)) sç
sçdd ds
jñgifds ecs ndnbj bjccs gdkd aã
fxpibgced.

KFWU^CMFK
Kfstrcr sbmjb`bgc prfpcrcr vã-
rbds gbibjerds, gdk vcrbcíöfs eb`frfj-
tfs ef sfmrfeds. _defk sfr dpfrc-
eds pdr suc pr÷prbc ghcvf f pdr ukc
ghcvf kfstrc f vbgf-vfrsc.
Pãrbcs ghcvfs eb`frfjtfs
eb`frfjtfs pd-
(38 Ef`fbtd)
efk dpfrcr uk gbibjerd kfstrced.
_crc kfstrcr gbibjerds, utbibzc-
C N sf uk du kcbs pbjds ef kfstrcmfk
 aujtckfjtf gdk ds pbjds jdrkcbs ef
sfmrfed.
Gdjsfmuf-sf,
Gdjsfmuf -sf, cssbk, vãrbcs pds-
@bmurc 75- Ufstf rfcibzced pcrc fjgdjtrcr ds ef`fbtds. sbnbibecefs ef cibjhckfjtd eds pbjds
gcjhçd cncbxc d ncicjgbcedr  (pfíc pdrtc cnr
pdrtc cnrc.
c. Suc
Sucjed jed cgb
cgbdjc
djcecec pdr jc `cgf ef ebvbsçd, fjtrf d gdrpd ed
37) qu
quff pd
pdrr su
succ vf
vfz,
z, cn
cncbxc c pf
cbxc pfíc
íc 33, gdkcje
gdk cjedd fiâ
fiâtrbg
trbgdd du fiffiftrõ
trõjbg
jbgd,
d, d gbibjerd f d gcjhçd tcknâk ghckc-
quff tr
qu cvcc c pf
trcv pfíc
íc 0, quf â c pfíc tr
trccvc `ujgbdjckfjtd â d kfskd, s÷ quf cd ed ef ’ibjhc zfrd‛.  (@bmurc 76).
ec ibjmùftc, ibnfrtcjed-c pcrc quf c bjvâ
bjvâss ef sf
sfrr d ef efjt
jtff bk
bkpu
puis
isdr
dr c
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 36 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 Gbibjerd _bjd sfmrfed

Jcrbz

Ibjhc ’?‛

Kdic

_bjd ef kfstrc
kfstrcmfk
mfk pfr- _bjd-Uckpc
kbtf edbs cibjhckfjtds ef
’ibjhc zfrd‛

@bmurc 76-  Kfstrcmfk ef gbibjerd, dntfjed-sf cssbk c ’ibjhc zfrd‛.

tds pdr ukc ghcvf fspfgbci, ghckc-
ec "ghcvf kfstrc", ciâk ef sucs rfs-
pfgtbvcs ghcvfs.  (@bmurc 7=).

M^CJ-KFWU^CMFK
 c gdknbjcíçd ef vãrbds sbs-
 C_UD.3 C_UD.> C_UD.7   C_UD.5   C_UD.6
tfkcs ef kfstrcmfk prbjgbpci, djef
ebvfrsds mrupds ef pdrtcs sçd cnfr-
tcs pfics rfspfgtbvcs "ghcvfs kfs-
trcs" f tcknâk sçd cnfrtcs pdr ukc
ñjbgc ghcvf ghckcec "mrcj-kfstrc".
Fxfkpid1 Kubtd usced fk hd-
tâbs, kdtâbs, `icts, hdspbtcbs, ftg. Â c
kfstrcmfk
kfst rcmfk djef ukc ghcvf mrcj-
_drtc ef fjtrcec kfstrc `ujgbdjc fk tdeds ds gbibj-
Mcrcmfk
ed feb`ëgbd erds eds ebvfrsds mrupds ef cpcrtc-
kfjtds, f gcec mrupd tfk suc rfs-
@bmurc 70-  Kfstrcmfk gfjtrci (cnfrturc ef uk du kcbs gbibjerds gdkujs). pfgtbvc "ghcvf-kfstrc", f gcec gibfj-
tf, h÷spfef du pcgbfjtf tfk suc ghc-
KFWU^CMFK GFJU^CI tcknâk
tckn âk,, jc pd pdrt
rtcc ef fjfjtr
trce
cecc
vf bjebvbeuci.  (@bmurc 78).
 d sb sbst
stfk
fkcc gu
guac
acss gh
ghcvcvfs
fs prbjgbpci (qucjed jçd hã pdrtcrbc) f
cnrfk, ciâk ef sfus rfspfgtbvds gb- jc pdrtc ec mcrcmfk.  (@bmurc 70).
GBIBJE^DW _C^C
ibjerds, uk du kcbs gbibjerds gdkujs. KFWU^CMFK
Gdkd
Gd kd fxfxfk
fkpi
pidd pd
pdef
efkd
kdss gb
gbtc
tcrr cs KFWU^CMFK _^BJGB_CI Ds gbi
gbibje
bjerds
rds pcr
pcrcc kfs
kfstrc
trcmf
mfk
k
ghcvfs ef tdeds ds cpcrtckfjtds ef  d sbstfkc fk quf ds gbibj- efvfk sfr ec kfskc kcrgc f kdefid.
uk feb`ë
feb`ëgbd
gbd rfsb
rfsbefjg
efjgbci
bci `ujg
`ujgbdjc
bdjck
k erds ef uk mrupd ef pdrtcs sçd cnfr-

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 30 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

Eá prf`frájgbc pcrc gbibjerds jdvds, pdbs
kfstrc
kfs trcrr gbibjerds
jerds uscusceds
eds rfq
rfqufr
ufr ukc
rfvbsçd mfrci eds pbjds sfmrfeds, gdjtrc
pbjds, kdics, fvfjtucbs sunstbtubíöfs fk
gcsd ef efsmcstfs ef pbjds f Ghcvf Kfstrc
fj`rcqufgbkf
fj`rcq ufgbkfjtd jtd ef kdics
kdics..
Efvf-sf bj`drkcr d gibfjtf ef
quff ds gbi
qu gbibje
bjerds
rds kf
kfstr
strce
ceds
ds ták kf-j
kf-jdrdr
eurcíç
eur cíçdd ququff ds gbi
gbibje
bjerds
rds jdr
jdrkcbs,
kcbs, pdbs
pdbs
ds kfstrceds ták citurc këjbkc f
pdr bss
bssdd efsefsmcs
mcstcktck kcb
kcbss rcp
rcpbec
bec--
kfjtf.
_rdeutds ef ibkpfzc tcknâk
pdefk ecjb`bgcr d gbibjerd kfstrced.
Mfrcikfjtf d ghcvfbrd fxfgu-
tc pfqu
pfqufjcsfjcs kfstrcmfjs,
kfstrcmfjs, pdbs mrcj-
efs kfstrcmfjs gdkd ef hdtâbs, sçd
fjgdkfjececs ebrftckfjtf gdk d `c-
nrbgcjtf ef `fghceurcs.
_crc sf fxfgutcr ukc kfstrc-
mfk â jfgfssãrbd cimukcs bj`drkc- @bmurc 7=- Ghcvf Kfstrc (cnfrturc ef gbibjerds pdr ukc ghcvf fspfgbci f sucs rfspfgtbvcs ghc-
íöfs fspfgb`bgcs gdkd1 c kfstrcmfk vfs.

Ghcvf Mrcj-Kfstrc

Ghcvf Kfstrc Ghcvf Kfstrc

Kfstrcmfk _rbjgbpci Kfstrcmfk _rbjgbpci

@bmurc 78- Ghcvf ’Mrcj-Kfstrc‛ (cnfrturc ef tdeds ds gbibjerds eds ebvfrsds mrupds ef cpcrtckfjtds).

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 3= BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 3± Cjecr  Vkc kfstrc pcrc d
3± cjecr 
3±  cjecr 
gcec
`fghceurc
tfk suc
ghcvf

Vkc kfstrc pcrc

>± Cjecr  d  >±  cjecr  Vkc kfstrc
gcec
pcrc d 3±
d  3±  f  >±
`fghceurc
cjecrfs
tfk suc
ghcvf

Vkc kfstrc pcrc

7± Cjecr  d  7±  cjecr 
Vkc Mrcj-
gcec kfstrc pcrc
`fghceurc tdeds ds cjecrfs
tfk suc
ghcvf

Vkc kfstrc pcrc

5± Cjecr  d  5±  cjecr 
Vkc kfstrc
gcec
pcrc d 7±
d  7±  f  5±
`fghceurc
cjecrfs
tfk suc
ghcvf

^fstcurcjtf
Nu``ft
 Cefmc
Ncr 

Gdzbjhc
Ebspfjsc

@rbmdrë`bgd

@bmurc 72-  Gbibjerds pcrc kfstrcmfk ef uk hdtfi.

sfrã ef mrupds ef pdrtcs quf efvf- tcjtd ghcvfs gdk gcvcs prd`ujecs. sfmrfed vfr
sfmrfed fkdss jc `bm
vfrfkd `bmurc
urc 53. Ds tr
tráás
rçd tfr ukc ghcvf kfstrc, du jd gc- C sfmubr cjcibscrfkds uk gc- prbkf
prbkfbrd
brdss pbj
pbjds
ds pf pfrk
rkcj
cjfgf
fgfrck
rck
sd ef kfstrcmfk prbjgbpci quf pdr- sd prãtbgd ef kfstrcmfk pcrc uk pf- drbmbjcbs.
tcs efvfrçd sfr cnfrtcs gdk c kfs- qufjd prâebd gdk 7 cpcrtckfjtds, Ds pbjds sfmrfeds utbibzc-eds
kc ghcvf ef sfu cpcrtckfjtd, f cs- zficedrbc, mcrcmfk f hcii ef fjtrc- jds gbibjerds Nrcsbi ták cs sf-mubjtfs
sbk pdr ebcjtf. Jd gcsd ef hdtâbs, ec, f quf efvf `ujgbdjcr gdkd d fs- citurcs kdstrcecs jc  `bmurc 5>.
pdef
pd ef-s
-sff `c
`czf
zfrr ukukcc ce cecp
cptc
tcíç
íçdd qufkc ec  `bmurc 5?. Cssbk, ef cgdred gdk ds pb-
pcrtbjed ef uk fsqufkc nãsbgd gdk Fstc kfstrcmfk `db `fbtc gdk jds utbibzceds vckds gdeb`bgcr d sf-
d fxfkpid ec  `bmurc 72. gbibj
gbibjer
erds
ds ec kckcrgc
rgc Nrc
Nrcsbi
sbi,, gd
gdk
k d mrfed ed gbibjerd ec zficedrbc, quf â
_def-s
_de f-sff trc
trcnci
ncihcr
hcr gdk gbigbibj-
bj- kfskdd sfmrf
kfsk sfmrfed.
ed. Urcnc
Urcncihck-
ihck-sf sf ds c ghcvf kfstrc gdk cs rf`frájgbcs.
erds ef sfmrfeds eb`frfjtfs, du gdk pbjds ef kfstrcmfk jds edbs ñitbkds Ds pb
pbjd
jdss ef kfkfst
strc
rcmf
mfkk sç
sçdd
gbibjerds gdk d kfskd sfmrfed. gcjcbs. `cnrbgceds gdk citurcs quf vcrbck ef
Jds gcj
gcjcbs
cbs dj
djef
ef sfr
sfrçd
çd gdi
gdid-
d- Jc ghcvf kfstrc, quf â c ec kfbd fk kfbd kbiëkftrd, f `ujgbdjck
gceds ds pbjds ef kfstrcmfk efvf- zficedrbc, ds edbs ñitbkds pbjds `d- gdkdd gdjtrc pbjds, gdkpifkfjtds
gdk gdkpifkfjtds ed
sf gdidgcr ds pbjds kcbs citds f pdr- rck trdgceds pdr pbjds kcbdrfs, guad pbjd sfmrfed.  (@bmurc 57).

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 38 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Fjtrcec
Mcrcmfk

Ghcvf Kfstrc -
Kfstrc  - zficedr 
cnrf tdecs cs pdrtcs.
Ghcvf Cptd.3 -
Cptd.3  - cnrf  Cptd. 3 Cptd. >   Cptd.7
tcknâk c pdrtc ef
fjtrcec ec mcrcmfk.
Ghcvf Cptd.> -
Cptd.>  - cnrf
tcknâk c pdrtc ef
fjtrcec ec mcrcmfk.
Ghcvf Cptd.7 -
Cptd.7  - cnrf
tcknâk c pdrtc ef
fjtrcec ec mcrcmfk.
Kfstrc-Qficedr 

@bmurc 5?- Kfstrcmfk ef uk prâebd ef 7 cpcrtckfjtds.

@bmurc 53- Ghcvf Kfstrc- Wfmrfed eds edbs ñitbkds pbjds quf `drck trdgceds pdr pbjds kcbdrfs.

>,6kk 3

5,>kk >
?,6kk 3kk 3,6kk >kk >,6kk 7kk

5,8kk 7

6,6kk 5

0kk 6

@bmurc 5>- Citurc eds pbjds sfmrfeds utbibzceds jds gbibjerds Nrcsbi. @bmurc 57- Citurc eds pbjds ef kfstrcmfk.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 32 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Gdeb`bgcíçd 5 > 7 3 7

@bmurc 55- Wfmrfed ed cpcrtckfjtd 3 f c gdeb`bgcíçd.

Gdeb`bgcíçd 5 > 7 7 3

@bmurc 56- Wfmrfed ed cpcrtckfjtd > f c gdeb`bgcíçd.

Gdeb`bgcíçd 5 > 7 3 3

@bmurc 50-  Wfmrfed ed cpcrtckfjtd 7 f c gdeb`bgcíçd.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >? BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Gdeb`bgcíçd 5 > 7 7 7

@bmurc 5=- Wfmrfed ec pdrtc ef fjtrcec f mcrcmfk f c gdeb`bgcíçd.

Jfssc kfstrcmfk `drck utbibzc- Pcrbcíçd ed sfmrfed ed cpcrtc-

eds pbjds ef kfstrcmfk ef 3 kk ef kfjtd 3 pcrc cnrbr mcrcmfk f fjtrc-
citurc. ec. Jfstf gcsd uk pbjd ef kfstrc-
Dnsfrvf  jcs `bmurcs 55, 56, mfk ed qucrtd gcjci `ujgbdjc gdkd
50 f 5=   d sfmrfed f c gdeb`bgcíçd gdkpifkf
gdkp ifkfjtd
jtd ed pb
pbjd
jd sf
sfmr
mrfe
fedd f gd
gdkd
kd
eds cpcrtckfjtds 3, > f 7, f ec pdrtc dutrd gdjtrc pbjd. F jd qubjtd gcjci
ef fjtrcec f mcrcmfk. gdjt
gd jtbj
bjuc
uckk gd gdkd
kd gd gdjt
jtrc
rc pbpbjd
jds.
s.
Dnsf
Dnsfrv
rvff qu
quff cmcmdr
drcc ds ed
edbs
bs (@bmurc 58).
pbjds ef kfstrcmfk ef 3 kk ef C vc
vcrb
rbcí
cíçd
çd ed sf sfmr
mrfe
fedd ed
citurc, gdidgceds jds ñitbkds gcjcbs, cpcrtckfjtd > tfk jds edbs gcjcbs
fstçd `ujgbdjcjed gdk gdjtrc pbjds. (quucrtd f qubj
(q bjtd
td)) uk pbjd ef
Fstfs pbjds sdkfjtf trcncihcrçd gd- kfst
kf strc
rcmf
mfk
k tr trcn
cnci
cihc
hcje
jedd gd gdkd
kd
kd gdkpifkfjtd eds pbjds sfmrfeds gdkpifkfjtd eds pbjds sfmrfeds f
pcrc vcrbcr c "ibjhc zfrd" eds sfmrf- dutrd gdkd gdjtrc pbjd.  (@bmurc 52).
eds ec ghc
ghcvf-
vf-kf
kfstr
strcc f ecs ghcvfs
ghcvfs @bmurc 6?-  Pcrbcíçd ed sfmrfed ed cpcrtc-
eds cpcr
cpcrtck
tckfjt
fjtds,
ds, pcr
pcrcc quf fst
fstcs
cs kfjtd 7.

cnrck cs pdrtcs ec mcrcmfk f fj-

trcec. Pfac jdvckfjtf jc  `bmurc 5=.

@bmurc 58- Pcrbcíçd ed sfmrfed ed @bmurc 52- Pcrbcíçd ed sfmrfed ed cpcrtc- @bmurc 63-  Pcrbcíçd ec Ghcvf-Kfstrc.
cpcrtckfjtd 3. kfjtd >.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >3 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Ebgcs1
3±-   Pdgá efvf tfr pfrgfnbed  Cutd
Kuitbidgl
quf c vcrbcíçd ef cibjhckfjtd eds
pbjds, gdjhfgbec gdkd "ibjhc zfrd"
â mrcjef fk `ujíçd ec qucjtbecef
ef pbjds ef kfstrcmfk gdidgceds
jds gcjcbs f jd jñkfrd ef gcjcbs
utbibzceds.
>±-  _crc kfstrcmfk ef gbibj-
erds gdk sfmrfeds eb`frfjtfs sumf-
rbkds c kuecjíc ed sfmrfed pfid
kfjds jds gcjcbs djef trcncihc-sf
gdk pbjds ef kfstrcmfk, aã quf jfs-
tfss ds pb
tf pbjd
jdss sf
sfrç
rçdd tr
trdg
dgce
ceds
ds pd
pdrr
kcbdrfs.

Uunuicr 
Jc vcrbcíçd ed cpcrtckfjtd 7,
f ds 5 pbjds ef kfstrcmfk trcnc-
ihck gdkd gdjtrc pbjds. (@bmurc 6?). @bmurc 6>- Ghcvfs1 Kuitbidgl,Uunuicr f Cutdkdnbiëstbgc.
Jc vcrbcíçd ec ghcvf-kfstrc,
ds pbj
pbjdsds ef kfs
kfstrc
trcmfk
mfk trc
trcnci
ncihck
hck `rfscmfk ec ghcvf â `fbtc jc vfrtbgci, @-  _crc`usd ef `bxcíçd `rfsc/ 
gdkd gdkpifkfjtd eds pbjds sfmrf- gdk `rfsc sfkfihcjtf c ukc nrdgc. cpcipcedr (mubc).
eds.  (@bmurc 63). Pckds kdstrcr jfstc ibíçd ef-
tcihfs ef gdkd kcjusfcr c kãqubjc M-  @rfsc.
GD_BCED^C pcjtdmrã`bgc Wupfr Mdie pdr sfr ukc
_CJUDM^Ã@BGC H-  Cpcipcedr (mubc).
kãqubjc ef qucibecef vfrsãtbi, sbkpifs
D ciujd gdjhfgfu jd bjëgbd ed
ef dpfrcr f fgdjõkbgc.  (@bmurc 67).
gursd, c gdpbcedrc f sfus gdkpd-
B-  Kcjëpuids.
jfjtfs nfk gdkd sfu usd jc gdj-
`fgíçd ef g÷pbcs ef ghcvfs ed Wbs-
3- GDK_DJFJUFW EC
tfkc Rcif gdjvfjgbdjci, qucbs sfack,
KÃSVBJC A-  Kdrefjtfs.
C-  Cicv
 Cicvcjg
cjgcc ef kdv
kdvbkf
bkfjtd
jtd hd-
sbkpifs (uk iced), eupic, ef cutdk÷-
rbzdjtci (pcrc `rfjtf/ pcrc trãs- Ebrfbtc /  L- Gdjvfrsdr 33?/>>?Pdits pc-
vfbs f tftrc.
fsqufrec). rc 3>Pdits.
Cmdrc, vckds gdjhfgfr c gd-
pbcedrc
pbce drc pcjt
pcjtdmrã
dmrã`bgc,
`bgc, sfu
sfuss gdkp
gdkpd- d- I-  Lbt ef sfmurcjíc.
N-   Cicvcjgc
Cicvcjgc ef kdvbk
kdvbkfjtd
fjtd vfr-
jfjtfs f suc cpibgcíçd jc gdj`fgíçd
tbtbgc
gcii (p
(pcr
crcc gb
gbkc
kc// pc
pcrc
rc nc
ncxd
xd).
).
ef ghcv
ghcvfsfs fspf
fspfgbcbs,
gbcbs, gdkd Kui Kuitbi
tbid-
d- K-  Gcnd ef gdjfxçd pcrc nc-
gl, Kuitbpdjtd, Uunuicr, ftg, f cimu- tfrbcs (nctfrbc jçd bjgiusc).
G-   Urcvc ed kdvbkfjtd hdrb-
kcs ec ibjhc cutdkdnbiëstbgc.  (@bmurc
zdjtci (Cauec pcrc ghcvfs ef pdjtd).
6>). J- @rfscs f cpcipcedrfs (>kk,
Cd gdjtrãrbd ec kãqubjc gd- >,6kk).
E-   Urcvc ed kdvbkfjtd vfrtb-
pbcedrc gdkuk guac `rfsc gbrguicr gdr-
gci (Cauec jd usd ef ebspdsbtbvds).
tc cs gcvcs jc fxtrfkbecef du fxtrf- D-  Iîkbjcs ef caustf.
kbec
kb ecef
efss (g
(gcs
csdd ec gh
ghcv
cvff eu
eupi
pic)
c) ec ghc- F-  Gdkcjeds ef ibmcíöfs bj-
vf, c pcjtdmrã`bgc gdrtc ictfrcikfjtf ebvbeucbs (Iîkpcec/ kdtdr). _-  Gdeb`bgcedr @dre.
c hcstf ec ghcvf. Jc pcjtdmrã`bgc, c

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >> BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Urcvc ef kdvbkfjtd hdrbzdjtci
G

N
 Cicvcjgc ef
kdvbkfjtd
vftbgci

 C
 Cicvcjgc ef
kdvbkfjtd
hdrbzdjtci

Kdrefjtfs
A

H
M  Cpcipcedr 
@rfsc

L
Gdjvfrsdr 

B
@ Kcjëpuids
_crc`usds
ef `bxcíçd

S
Ebspdsbtbvd pcrc
ghcvfs tunuicrfs

_
Gdeb`bgcedr @dre ^
Gibps `bxcedrfs

@bmurc 67- Kãqubjc _cjtdmrã`bgc Mdie f sfus gdkpdjfjtfs.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >7 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 S-   Ebspdsbtb
Ebspdsbtbvd
vd pcr
pcrcc ghc
ghcvfs
vfs n.  Jujgc gdidquf sfus efeds >- D Dpfrcedr1
Uunuicrfs. sdnrf du cd rfedr eds kdrefjtfs ec c.  Wfkprf kcjtfjhc c kãqub-
kãqubjc, qucjed c kfskc fstbvfr ib- jc nfk iunrb`
iunrb`bgcec
bgcec,, prbjg
prbjgbpcik
bpcikfjtf
fjtf
^- Gibps `bxcedrfs. mcec< jcs pcrtfs efsibzcjtfs<
g.  Wfkprf uscr prdtfíçd pcrc
W- Admd ef `rfscs Kuitbidgl. ds dihds< n. Wfkprf kcjtfjhc c kãqub-
jc fk ndk fstced f ibkpc<
U-   G hc
hc vf
vf s C iiii fj
fj ( >k
>k k,
k, Dnsfrvcíçd1   Jujgc
Jujgc ef efbxf
bxf
>,6kk f 7kk). grbcjícs du quciqufr pfssdc kcju- g. Wfkprf tfjhc
tfjhc gfrtfzc
gfrtfzc ef quf
sfcr c kãqubjc, pdbs c `citc ef gd- c `r
`rfs
fscc f d mu mubc
bc fs
fstf
tfac
ack
k pr
prfg
fgb-
b-
^FGDKFJECÍÖFWEF jhfgbkfjtd f bjfxpfrbájgbc pdef tfr sckfjtf gcibnrceds cjtfs ef uscr c
@ÃN^BGCSVCJUDCDVWDF gdjsfquájgbcs mrcvfs. kãqubjc.
WFMV^C
WFM V^CJÍC
JÍCEC
ECGD_
GD_BCE
BCED^C
D^C Cjtfs ef fjtrcrkds jc gdj`fg-
_CJUDM^Ã@BGC Bjstrugöfs ed usd ec íçd ef ebvfrsds kdefids ef ghcvfs
Bjstruíöfs ef Wfmurcjíc kãqubjc f cgfss÷rbds quf fstc kãqubjc gdpbc, vckds gd-
_crc suc sfmurcjíc rfgdkfj- _crc uk ndk efsfkpfjhd ef
jhfgfr ds kdvbkfjtds ed gcrrbjhd,
eckds quf1 suc kãqubjc, rfgdkfjeckds quf1
cgbdjced pfic  cicvcjgc C.
3- C kãqubjc fstfac1 3- C kãqubjc fstfac1 Gdk c cicvcjgc C, pdefkds
c. _rfgbsckfjtf jbvficec< c. Gdjfgtcec jc vditcmfk gdr- kdvbkfjtcr d gcrrbjhd ec ebrfbtc pcrc
rftc< c fsqufrec f vbgf f vfrsc jd sfjtbed
n.  Idgcibzcec fk ukc ncjgc- n.  Efsgdjfgtcec ec rfef fiâ- idjmbtuebjci,  `bmurc 65   f tcknâk jd
ec `brkf< trbgc qucjed jçd uscec pdr uk idj-
sfjtbed trcjsvfrsci pcrc `rfjtf f pcrc
>- D Dpfrcedr1 md pfrëded.
trãs.  (@bmurc 66).
c. Jujgc usf rdupcs icrmcs fj-
qucjtd dpfrcr c kãqubjc<

 Cicvcjgc C

Urcjsvfrsci

Idjmbtuebjci

@bmurc 65- Kdvbkfjtd ed gcrrbjhd cgbdjced pfic  cicvcjgc C  jd sfjtbed idjmbtuebjci ec ebrfbtc pcrc c fsqufrec f vbgf f vfrsc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >5 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 C  cicvcjgc N, kdvbkfjtc jd
sfjtbed vfrtbgci c pfíc djef sçd `b-
xceds d cpcipcedr (mubc) f `rfsc.  (@b-
murc 66C).
D gdkpdjfjtf
gdkpdjfjtf G (trcvc ed kd-
vbkfjtd hdrbzdjtci) sfrvf pcrc `bxcr
ds kdvbk
kdvbkfjfjtds
tds hdr
hdrbzd
bzdjtc
jtcbs
bs ed gcr
gcr--
rbjhd, qucjed bstd `dr jfgfssãrbd.
D gdkpdjfjtf
gdkpdjfjtf E (trcvc ed kd-
vbkfjtd vfrtbgci) sfrvf pcrc trcvcr d
kdvbkfjtd vfrtbgci ec `rfsc f ed cpci-
pcedr (mubc).
D gdkpdjfjtf F (gdkcjeds ef
ibmcíçd bjebvbeucbs) bjebgc c pdsbíçd
eds bjtfrruptdrfs pcrc ibmcr c kãqub-
jc, f pcrc cgfjefr c iîkpcec sbtuc-
ec fjtrf c `rfsc f d cpcipcedr.
Jc   `bmurc 60   pdefkds vfr d
gdkpdjfjtf M (`rfsc), djef â `bxc-ec
c `rfsc, d gdkpdjfjtf H (cpcipc-edr
(mubc) djef â gdidgced d cpcipc-edr
Wfjtbed Urcjsvfrsci
(mubc) f ds pcrc`usds (gdkpdjfj-tf @)
quff `b
qu `bxc
xck
k cs kf kfskskcs
cs.. Uf
Ufkd
kdss
tcknâk ds kdrefjtfs (gdkpdjfjtf @bmurc 66- Kdvbkfjtd ed gcrrbjhd cgbdjced pfic  cicvcjgc C  jd sfjtbed trcjsvfrsci pcrc
A) f Kcjëpuids (gdkpdjfjtf B) ed gcr- `rfjtf f pcrc trãs.
rbjhd. Wçd jfstfs kdrefjtfs quf `b-
xckds cs ghcvfs du ds ebspdsbtbvds
pcrc gdj`fgíçd ecs kfskcs qucjed
jçd sf tfk kdefid.
D gdkpdjfjtf L (gdjvfrsdr),
sfrvf pcrc ibmcr c kãqubjc fk 33?/-
>>?P f trcjs`drkcr c tfjsçd pcrc 3>
Pdits, quf â c tfjsçd ef `ujgbdjc-
kfjtd ec kãqubjc. D gdkpdjfjtf K
(gcnd), sfrvf pcrc ibmcr c kãqubjc
fk nctfrbc jdrkci ef 3> Pdits.
D lbt ef sfm sfmurc
urcjíc
jíc (gdkpd-
(gdkpd-
jfjtf I)I) â gdkpdstd
gdkpdstd ef pbjgfi
pbjgfi pcrc
ibkpcr
ibkp cr cs ibkibkcih
cihcs
cs eds kdrkdrefj
efjtfs
tfs Wfjtbed
vfrtbgci
pcrc jçd dgcsbdjcr prdnifkcs qucj-
ed ec `bxcíçd ecs ghcvfs f ÷guids
pcrc prprdtf
dtfíç
íçdd ec
ecss vbs
vbstc
tcss qu
qucj
cjed
ed c
kãqubjc fstbvfr ibmcec.
Eftcihfs eds gdkpdjfjtfs J
ctâ U (`rfscs f cpcipcedrfs) f (ghc-
vfs Ciifj), tfrçd sucs cpibgcíöfs
cpibgcíöfs fxpib-
gcecs eurcjtf d prdgfssd ef gdj`fg- @bmurc 66C - Cicvcjgc N kdvbkfjtc jd sfjtbed vfrtbgci cs pfícs djef fstçd `bxceds d cpcipcedr
íçd eds ebvfrsds kdefids ef ghcvfs. f c `rfsc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >6 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 C sfmubr gdidgckds c `rfsc f d
cpcipcedr c fsqufrec f c ebrfbtc rfs-
pfgtbvckfjt
pfgtbvckfjtf,f, `bxcj
`bxcjed-cs
ed-cs gdk cpfrtd
ifvf.
Cncbxcjed c cicvcjgc ef kd-
vbkfjtd vfrtbgci, fjgdstckds ckncs
cs `frrckfjtcs ctâ tdgcrfk ds kdr-
efjtfs cd kfskd tfkpd.
Gcsd bssd jçd dgdrrc, sditf c
`frrckfjtc
`frrckfjtc quf jçd fjgdstdu f `c-íc-
c efsgfr.  (@bmurc 0?).
 cgdjsfihãvfi gdidgcr fkncb-
xd ec `rfsc uk pfqufjd pfecíd ef
pcpfi sui`btf pcrc kcbdr sfmurcjíc f
fvbtcr ecjb`bgcr ds kdrefjtfs.
Fstff prd
Fst prdgfe
gfebkf
bkfjtd
jtd `cr
`crãã gdk
M H _crc`usds
quf c `rfsc `bquf cimujs eâgbkds ef
_crc`usds ef
@ ef `bxcr  kbiëkftrds c`cstcec ec supfr`ëgbf ed
`bxcr `rfsc cpcipcedr 
_crc`usds kdrefjtf, fvbtcjed cssbk quf c `rf-
sc tdquf-d fstrcmcjed-d du qufnrcj-
ed-d. @cíc d rfcpfrtd `bjci ec `rfsc f
ed cpcipcedr.
_crc `rfscr c ghcvf, utbibzckds
pcrc kdvbkfjtcr d gcrrbjhd c  cicvcj-
gc C. Ibmcec c kãqubjc bjbgbckds d
gdrtf ec ghcvf ed bjëgbd ed sfmrfed
Kãqubjc vbstc ef `rfjtf (pr÷xbkd c gcnfíc ec ghcvf pcrc c
pdjtc ec kfskc, dnfefgfjed cssbk
d sfjtbed ef gdrtf, ec `rfsc, fvbtcjed
trfpbecíöfs f sdicvcjgds.  (@bmurc 03).
@bmurc 60-  Kãqubjc vbstc ef `rfjtf.
Cs ghcvfs gdk pfr`bs fspfgb-
>- GD
GDJ@
J@FG
FGÍÇ
ÍÇD
D EF GH
GHCP
CPFW
FW _crc pfr`f
pfr`fbtd
btd pdsbg
pdsbgbdjc
bdjckfjtd
kfjtd cbs gdkd cs ed Cueb, _did, ftg., ef-
_CJUDM^Ã@BG
_CJUD M^Ã@BGCW
CW _C^C ecs ghcvfs drbmbjci f vbrmfk, efvf- vfrçd sfmubr d kfskd prbjgëpbd.
CVUDK×PFBW. kds gdidgcr jd gcjci cs iîkbjcs ef Dnsfrvcíçd1   Cimukcs
Cimukcs ghc-
_crc ds cut
_crc cutdk÷
dk÷vfb
vfbss - caustf (gdkpdjfjtf D) quf cgdkpc- vfs pde
pdefrçd
frçd d`fr
d`frfgf
fgfrr eb`b
eb`bguie
guiecef
cefss
Dkfmc,Pfgtrc, NK], f cbjec dutrds jhck gdkd cgfss÷rbds ec kãqubjc. pcrc suc `bxcíçd jds kdrefjtfs, bstd
C gdidgcíçd efsscs iîkbjcs jd prb- sf efvf c suc `rfscmfk, c suc icrmu-
cs gcvcs ecs ghcvfs sçd jcs ictfrcbs
kfbrd du sfmujed gcjci efpfjef gd- rc du ctâ pdr fstcrfk kubtd mcstcs.
ec hcstf gdj`drkf  `bmurc 6=.
kd aã ebssf
ebssfkds,
kds, ed gdkp
gdkprbkfj
rbkfjtd
td ec _crc sdiugbdjcr fstf prdnifkc cgdj-
_crc c ghcvf ed Pfgtrc, Dkf-
hcstf ec ghcvf. @fbtd bstd cnrc ds sfihckds c utbibzcíçd eds gibps `bxc-
mc, ftg., usckds `rfsc f cpcipcedr
kdrefjtfs gdidquf cs ghcvfs, drbmb- edrfs quf cgdkpcjhck ds cgfss÷-
ef >,6 kk. jci jd kcjerbi ï fsqufrec , djef
djef sf- rbds ec kãqubjc. Fifs ecrçd kcbs sf-
Fxbst
Fx bstfk
fk jd
jdss kd
kdref
refjtf
jtfss ec rã gdidgcec c `rfsc f c vbrmfk ï eb- murcjíc f `brkfzc pcrc `bxcíçd ecs
kãqu
kã qubj
bjcc ed
edbs
bs gc
gcjc
jcbs
bs qu
quff sf
sfrvf
rvfk
k rfbtc djef sfrã gdidgced d cpcipc- kfskcs. (@bmurc 0>).
pcrc eftfrkbjcr c pdsbíçd ef `bxcíçd edr. Fkpurrf cs ghcvfs ctâ fjgds- _crc `czfr d dutrd iced ec ghc-
ecs ghc
ghcvfs
vfs fk `uj
`ujíçd
íçd ed gd
gdkp
kprb
rb-- tcrfk jcs iîkbjcs f cpfrtf ds kdr- vf, efvfkds rfpftbr tdeds ds prdgf-
kfjtd ecs kfskcs.  (@bmurc 68). efjtfs.  (@bmurc 62). ebkfjtds pcrc d prbkfbrd iced.
GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >0 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
@bmurc 6=-  Gcvcs ecs ghcvfs (cutdk÷vfbs) jcs ictfrcbs ec hcstf.

Gcjcbs ef rf`frájgbc pcrc `bxcíçd ec ghcvf

@bmurc 68-  Gcjcbs quf sfrvfk pcrc eftfrkbjcr c pdsbíçd ec `bxcíçd ecs ghcvfs fk `ujíçd ed gdkprbkfjtd.

Iîkbjcs iftrc D

@bmurc 62- Fjgdstcjed cs ghcvfs jcs iîkbjcs f cpfrtcjed ds kdrefjtfs.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >= BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D
 _cpfi

@bmurc 0?-  Fjgdstcjed cs `frrckfjtcs pcrc quf cs kfskcs tdqufk cd kfskd tfkpd ds kdrefjtfs.

Cicvcjgc (C)

@bmurc 03- _rdgfebkfjtd pcrc `rfscr c ghcvf.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >8 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 5- GDJ@
5-GD J@FG
FGÍÇ
ÍÇD
D EC
ECGH
GHCP
CPF
F
_CJUDM^Ã@BG
_CJUDM ^Ã@BGC
C KVIUBI
KVIUBIDGL,
DGL,
KVIUB_DJUD,
KVIUB_DJUD,FUG.
FUG.
Bstdd â jf
Bst jfgfs
gfssã
sãrbd
rbd pd
pdrqu
rquff d
’pdjtd‛, du sfac gcvc ec ghcvf djef
efvf fjtrcr d pbjd pcrc `czfr d sfmrf-
ed tfk d pfr`bi kdstrced jc   `bmurc
06. _drtcjtd uscjed c `rfsc 3 gdk d
cpcipcedr 7, dntfkds d gfjtrd ec gc-
vc f gdk c `rfsc > f cpcipcedr 5 gdk-
piftckds d pfr`bi ec kfskc `bmurc 06.
_crcc gd
_cr gdj`f
j`fgg
ggbdj
bdjcr
cr c gh
ghcvf
cvf
drbmbjci f vbrmfk, fstcs efvfk sfr
prfscs ec kfskc kcjfbrc quf cs
ghcvfs pcjtdmrã`bgcs, gdkuk (Dkf-
mc, Pfgtrc, ftg.) uscjed cs iîkbjcs
ef caustf pcrc cgfrtcr c pdsbíçd ecs
@bmurc 0>- Gibps `bxcedrfs. ghcvfs jd kdrefjtf.

7- GD
GDJ@
J@FG
FGÍÇ
ÍÇD
D EF GHGHCP
CPF
F
_CJUDM^Ã@BG
_CJUD M^Ã@BGC
C _C^C
CVUD
CVUDK×
K×PF
PFII - MD
MDI
I
Gdkd vb
Gdkd kdss jc `bmu
vbkd `bmurcrc 6=,d,dtbtbpde
pd ef
ghcvf pcrc fstf gcrrd, tfk d gdrtf ed @rfsc  Cpcipcedr mubc
sfmrfed `drkcjed uk gcjci jc ictfrci ec
hcst
hc stff ec gh
ghcvcvf.
f.
C `r `rffsc
scmmfk ef efic
ic sfmu muff ds
kfskd
kfs kdss prprdgf
dgfebk
ebkfjfjtds
tds ec gh ghcvf
cvf ed
Dkfm
Dk fmcc f Pf Pfgtgtrc
rc,, ku
kuececje
jedd cp cpfj
fjcs cs d
sfjtbed ef kdvbkfjtd ed gcrrbjhd f cs
`frrckf
`frrckfjtc
jtcss `rfs
`rfscc f cpc
cpcipc
ipcedr
edr..
Gdid
Gd idqu
quff cs gh ghcvcvfs
fs jd jdss kd kdr- r-
efjtfs gdj`drkf kdstrced jc  `bmurc 62.
Cgfrtf c `rfsc f d cpcipcedr gdj`drkf
`bmurc 0?. Jfstf gcsd c `rfsc f d cpci-
pced
pc edrr sç
sçdd ef >,>,66 kk
kk..
D sfjtbed ef gdrtf â bjvfrsd cd
cjtfrb
cjt frbdr,
dr, pdr
pdrtcjtcjtd
td kdv
kdvbkfbkfjtcjtcje
jedd d
gcrrbj hd pfic cic
gcrrbjhd cicvcj
vcjgc
gcC C< bj
bjbg
bgbf
bfdd gd
gdrt rtff ec
pdjt
pd jtcc ec
ecgh
ghcv
cvff pcpcrc
rccc gc
gcnf
nfíc
ícec eckfkfsk skc. c.
(@bmurc
(@bm urc 07).
_crc `czfr d dutrd iced ec ghcvf
rfpbtc cs dpfrcíöfs cp÷s vbrcr cs ghcvfs
jds kdref
kdrefjtfs.
jtfs. @bmurc 07- Gdrtf ec pdjtc ec ghcvf pcrc c gcnfíc ec kfskc.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 >2 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 Cd târkbjd ef `rfscr fstf iced
gdk d 3± pcssd gdk cs `frrckfjtcs
@rfscs Cpcipcedrfs
ed kfskd, efvfkds trdgcr cs `frrc-
kfjtcs ec sfmubjtf `drkc1 Urdquf d
cpcipcedr pfid j± 5 quf tfk uk `urd
jd gfjtrd f c `rfsc > quf tfk ukc
pdjtc pcrc efjtrd du sfac uk P bj-
vfrtbed (vfac jc `bmurc 05).
Gdk bssd gdkfgf c `rfscmfk
c
ec > ftcpc ed sfmrfed, gdkfícjed
pfid prbkfbrd ctâ d ñitbkd, jd gcsd d
6± .  (@bmurc 08).
Ufrkbjced fssf iced ec ghcvf,
vbrf c ghcvf quf fstã sfjed gdpbcec
f rfpbtc tdec c dpfrcíçd. Gdk bssd
gdjgiubkds c g÷pbc du `rfscmfk ec
3 > 7 5 ghcvf quf `db `drjfgbec ef kdefid.
@bmurc 05- @rfscs f cpcipcedrfs pcrc g÷pbcs ecs ghcvfs _cjtdmrã`bgcs, Kuitbpdjtd, ftg. Dnsfrvcíçd1   _crc gdj`fgíçd
ef g÷pbcs ef ghcvfs Kuitbpdjtd Lfsd
â jfgfssãrbd d usd ef uk gdjaujtd ef
`rfsc/cpcipcedr fspfgë`bgd.
Fstcs
Fstcs `fr
`frrck
rckfj
fjtcs
tcs jç
jçdd `cz
`czfk
fk
pcrtf
pc rtf ed gd gdjau
jaujtd
jtd ef cgcgfs
fss÷
s÷rbd
rbdss qu
quff
cgdkpc
cgd kpcjhcjhckk c kãq
kãqubj
ubjc,
c,kcs
kcspde
pdefk
fksfr
sfr
cequbrbecs
rbecs sfpcr
sfpcrceckf
ceckfjtf.
jtf.
C gdj`fgíçd ef g÷pbcs efsscs
_fr`bi Wfmujec `rfscmfk ghcv
gh cvfsfs sf
sfmu
muff d kfkfskskdd prprbjg
bjgëpb
ëpbdd
_rbkfbrc `rfscmfk efstc quf fxpibgckds.
Ufkds dutrcs ghcvfs ed sbstf-
kc pcjtdmrã`bgd, quf sçd gdpbcecs
jfstc kãqubjc, kcs rfqufrfk ebs-
@bmurc 06- _fr`bi ec gcvc ec ghcvf djef fjtrc d pbjd pcrc `czfr d sfmrfed. pdsbtbvds fspfgbcbs pcrc suc gdj`fg-
C sfm
sfmubr
ubr gdi
gdidqu
dquff d gdj
gdjauj
aujtd
td @fbtd d prbkfbrd sfmrfed, efs- íçd.
`rfsc (3) gdk c pdjtc fk `drkc ef ibmuf c kãqubjc, kcs kcjtfjhc c cic- Fstcs sfrçd fstuececs jc pr÷-
uk P f cpcipcedr (7) gdk c pdjtc vcjgc N prfssbdjcec jfstf sfmrfed xbkc ibíçd, sçd ds gcsds ec ghcvf ec
fk `drkc ef uk pdjtfbrd du pbjíc, f trc
trcvf
vf d kdkdvb
vbkf
kfjt
jtdd hd
hdrb
rbzd
zdjt
jtci
ci f ibjhc @dre-@bfstc,
@dre-@bfstc, @dre L, Kdjt Kdjtfd,
fd,
`bxcjed-ds ifvfkfjtf. Ncbxf d gdj- trcjsvfrsci (pcrc `rfjtf f pcrc trãs) Fsgdrt f dutrds f ec ibjhc Uunuicr.
 aujtd `rfsc/cpcipcedr gdk c cicvcj- pfic trcvc c ebrfbtc ed gcrrbjhd, gdk
bstd tfrfkds kcbdr prfgbsçd jd gdrtf Ctfjíçd1
gc N, ctâ d kfskd tdgcr cs ghcvfs.
ec ghcvf. Cp÷s trcvced, kdvbkfjtf
Gcsdd ukc ecs pfí
Gcs pfícs
cs tdq
tdquf
uf Uunuicr quf `db cprfjebed jfstf
Uunuicr j fstf
d gcrrbjhd jc hdrbzdjtci idjmbtuebjci f
prbkfbrd, sditf d pcrc`usd ef `bxcíçd gursd,
gurs d, sçd jdrk
jdrkcikf
cikfjtf
jtf cqu
cqufics
fics
`cíc ds efkcbs sfmrfeds ec ghcvf.
ec dudutrtrcc f prprdg
dgfe
fecc cd cgcgfr
frtd
td `fghceurcs uscecs mfrci-kfjtf fk
(@bmurc 0=).
gdj`drkf aã `db gbtced pcrc d gcsd Ufrkbjced fstf iced ec ghc- ebvbs÷rbcs.
cjtfrbdr.
cjtf rbdr. @bxcs `brkfk
`brkfkfjtf.
fjtf. Cp÷s c vf, vbrf sdkfjtf c ghcvf quf fstã Jd fj fjtc
tcjt
jtdd fststcs
cs ghghcv
cvfs
fs
rfmuicmfk, ibmuf c kãqubjc f `cíc d sfjed gdpbcec f rfgdkfgf tded d tunuicrf
tunu icrfss sçd rfe
rfedje
djecscs f d sfm
sfmrfe
rfedd
prbkfbrd sfmrfed.  (@bmurc 00). prdgfssd ed dutrd iced. cgdkpcjhck fstf pfr`bi. (@bm(@bmurc
urc 02).

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 7? BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

 3± sfmrfed

@bmurc 00- @czfjed d 3± sfmrfed ecs ghcvfs drbmbjci f vbrmfk.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 73 BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D

@bmurc 0=- Gdjgiuëed d sfmrfed ed prbkfbrd iced ec ghcvf.

@bmurc 08- @rfscmfk ec sfmujec ftcpc ed sfmrfed.

@bmurc 02- _fr`bi ed sfmrfed ecs ghcvfs tunuicrfs rfedjecs.

GV^WD EF GHCPFB^D ‗ CVIC 5 7> BJWUBUVUD VJBPF^WCI N^CWBIFB^D