CSMA/CN: Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Notification

CSMA/CN: Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with

Collision Notification
Souvik Sen,
Romit Roy Choudhury, Srihari Nelakuditi
Collision in Wireless Networks
T1 R T2
time
2
T1 R T2
time
2
T1 R T2
time
2
T1 R T2
Collision
time
2
T1 R T2
Collision
ACK Timeout time
2
T1 R T2
Collision
ACK Timeout time
Retransmit
2
T1 R T2
Collision
ACK Timeout time
Not Efficient!
Retransmit
3
T1 R T2
Collision
ACK Timeout time
Not Efficient!
Retransmit
Better if T1 stops
right after collision
3
Collision in Wired Networks
T1 R T2
Collision
Ethernet
4
T1 R T2
Collision
Ethernet
✦ Transmitter aborts transmission on collision
4
T1 R T2
Collision
Ethernet

✦ Transmitter senses the signal while transmitting
4
T1 R T2
Collision
Ethernet

✦ If (sensed != transmitted), abort
4
T1 R T2
Collision
Ethernet

✦ If (sensed != transmitted), abort
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

4
Why not do CSMA/CD in Wireless?
Why not do CSMA/CD in Wireless?
Has been hard because.....

Wireless Signal Propagation
T1 R T2
Collision
Signal
power
Distance 6
T1 does not send and listen in parallel
T1 R T2
Collision
Signal
power
Distance 6
T1 does not send and listen in parallel
T1 R T2
Collision
Signal not same at different locations

Signal
power
Distance 6
But what if we could do
CSMA/CD in wireless?
Is CSMA/CD Beneficial in Wireless?
T1
R1
8
T2 T1
R2 R1
8
T2 T1
R2 R1
8
Dont
Transmit!
T2 T1
R2 R1
8
Dont
Transmit!
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 R3
8
Dont
Transmit!
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 Collision R3
8
Dont
Transmit!
Collision
Detected
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 Collision R3
8
Is CSMA/CD in Wireless Beneficial?
Collision
Abort Tx!
Detected
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 R3
9
Channel
free now
Collision
Abort Tx!
Detected
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 R3
9
Lets
Transmit!
Collision
Detected
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 R3
10
Lets
Transmit!
Collision
Detected
T2 T1 T3
R2 R1 R3
CSMA/CD frees the channel for

other transmissions
10
Can we imitate CSMA/CD on Wireless?
Practical Requirements?
1. Transmitter cannot detect collision
✦ Receiver needs to detect it
Rx
Tx
12
Collision!
Rx
Tx
12
2. Receiver needs to convey

collision notification to the transmitter
Collision!
Rx
Tx
13

Collision!
Rx
Tx
13

3. Transmitter needs an additional antenna
✦ To receive notification
Collision!
Rx
Tx
14

Collision!
Rx
Tx
14

Collision!
Rx
Tx
15
Overview
MAC MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY
Tx Rx
16
Overview
MAC S=S1 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY
Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Rx
16
Overview
Detect
Collision
MAC S=S1 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
16
Overview
Look for Detect

Notification Collision
MAC S=S1 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
16
Overview
Look for If Collision,

Notification Notify Tx
MAC S=S1 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
17
Overview

MAC S=S1 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
Notify Collision (S2)
PHY PHY

Rx
17
Overview

MAC MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
18
Overview

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
18
Overview
If Notification, If Collision,
Abort Tx Notify Tx
MAC S=S1+S2 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
19
Two Key Challenges
Abort Tx Notify Tx
MAC S=S1+S2 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
20
Two Key Challenges
Detect Collision
in Real Time
Abort Tx Notify Tx
MAC S=S1+S2 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
20
Two Key Challenges
Find Notification on Detect Collision

Listening Antenna in Real Time
Abort Tx Notify Tx
MAC S=S1+S2 MAC
CrossLayer
CrossLayer
PHY PHY

Rx
20
We propose
CSMA/CN
We propose
CSMA/CN
Our key idea:

Signal Correlation
Signal Correlation
Background Signal
Known Signal
22
Signal Correlation
Correlation
Background Signal
Known Signal
23
Signal Correlation
Correlation
Background Signal
Known Signal
24
Signal Correlation
Correlation
Background Signal
Known Signal
25
Signal Correlation
Correlation
Background Signal
Known Signal
26
Correlation
Signal Correlation
Sample Number
27
Correlation
Signal Correlation
Sample Number
Whenever there is a known signal,

there is a jump in correlation
27
We propose
CSMA/CN
Our key idea:

Signal Correlation
We propose
CSMA/CN
Our key idea:

Signal Correlation
Challenge 1: Collision Detection
T2
T1
Data
R R2
R1
30
T2
T1
Data Data
R R2
R1
30
T2
T1
Data Data
R R2
R1
Correlate for Preamble
+
SoftPHY hints
30
T2
T1
Data Data
R R2
R1
Collision
Correlate for Preamble
+
SoftPHY hints
30
What if transmitter starts second?
My signal starts after interferer
T2
T1
Data
R R2
R1
32
T2
T1
Data Data
R R2
R1
32
T2
T1
Data Data
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
R R2
R1
32
T2
T1
Data Data
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
R R2
R1
Correlate (Sign(R1))
32
T2
T1
Data Data
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
R R2
R1
Collision
32
Signal Correlation and Abort
T2
T1
Sign(R1)
Data Data
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
R R2
R1
Collision
33
Notification!
Stop Tx
Corr (Sign(R1)) T2
T1
Sign(R1)
Data Data
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
R R2
R1
Collision
33
ACK ACK
Sign(R1) Sign(R2)
T2
T1
Data Data
R R2
R1
34
We propose
CSMA/CN
Our key idea:

Signal Correlation
Challenge 2: Detecting Notification
✦ Collision notification is on same channel

✦ Hard to decode notification MAC
✦ Self-signal too strong PHY
✦ Our approach: use correlation

✦ Let Tx and Rx share a unique signature
✦ Tx correlates with shared signature
• Detects collision notification, aborts
36
Challenge 2: Detecting Notification
✦ Collision notification is on same channel

✦ Hard to decode notification MAC
✦ Self-signal too strong PHY
✦ Our approach: use correlation

✦ Let Tx and Rx share a unique signature
✦ Tx correlates with shared signature
• Detects collision notification, aborts
Observe: No decoding, just correlate

36
MAC
Notification Detection at Tx PHY
Notification Signal << Self Signal
37
MAC
Notification Detection at Tx PHY
Notification Signal << Self Signal
How weak can the notification signal be?
37
How weak the notification signal be?
Signal
power
Self Notification
Signal Signal
38
Signal
power
}✔ 16 dB
Self Notification
Signal Signal
38
Signal
} 16 dB
✘
power
Self Notification
Signal Signal
39
How can we do better for weaker clients?
How can we do better for weaker clients?
Transmitted signal is a known signal

- Can be effectively canceled
Opportunity: Transmit and listening

antenna are on the same device
Detecting Notification: Signal Cancelation
Wireless
✦ Pass the Tx signal over wire

Wired
✦ Listen antenna has two copies of the Tx signal

✦ One over wire, other over wireless
✦ Both the copies have same filter, freq. offset effects
✦ Align the two signals using sampling offset info

✦ Subtract the wired signal from the wireless
41
+/-
Correlation Performance with Cancelation
0.35
False+/-
0.3 False
False positivies
positives
False negatives
negatives
of False
0.25
0.2
Fraction of
0.15
Fraction
0.1
0.05
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
(Self (Self
Signal) - (Notification
Signal) Signature)(dB)
- (Notification Signature)(dB)
Reliable detection for upto 34dB below

42
Detecting Notification: Antenna Orientation
✦ Antenna orientation matters

✦ Due to polarization effects
Self Signal @ 1ft. antennaSelfseparation

Signal
Listener Tx Self Signal @ 2ft. antenna separation
Client signalNotification Signal
at listening antenna
#1 60
50
SNR in dB
#2 40
30
#3
20
#4 10
0
#1 #2 #3 #4
Configuration Number
43


Signal
#1 60
50 18dB
SNR in dB
#2 40
30
#3
20
#4 10
0
Best Configuration #1 #2 #3 #4
44


Signal
#1 60
50 18dB
SNR in dB
#2 40
30
#3
20 6dB
#4 10
0
Best Configuration #1 #2 #3 #4
44
How dissimilar should signatures be?
✦ Each CSMA/CN receiver needs 2 signatures

✦ Different frequency offsets add diversity
✦ Results show 6 out of 20 bytes diff enough
Hamming
Distance (bytes) 2 4 6 8 10
False Positive 17% 9% 2.8% 2.2% 1.6%
45
Performance Evaluation
✦ 10 node USRP testbed

✦ BPSK, QPSK modulation
✦ Signature size: 20 bytes
✦ Topologies with three links doing CSMA/CN
✦ Compare with 802.11-like and PPR
✦ PPR retransmits only suspected bits of the packet
46
MAC
Collision Detection at Rx PHY
✦ Collision detection accuracy of 92%
✦ Receiver detects collision within 20 bytes
✦ Total turnaround time for CN signature 18us
✦ Quicker turnaround Faster Tx abortion
47
Testbed Throughput Gain
1
802.11-like
Fraction of links
0.8 PPR
Fraction of links
CSMA/CN
0.6
25%
0.4
0.2
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Throughput in Mbps
Tput in Mbps
48
Testbed Throughput Gain
1
802.11-like
Fraction of links
0.8 PPR
Fraction of links
CSMA/CN
0.6
25%
0.4
0.2
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Throughput in Mbps
Tput in Mbps
Upto 25% median throughput gain over 802.11

48
Why CSMA/CN has gain over PPR?
1
802.11-like
Fraction of links
0.8 PPR
Fraction of links
CSMA/CN
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
(Correct Bits/Transmitted
Equivalent success ratio Bits)
49
Why CSMA/CN has gain over PPR?
1
802.11-like
Fraction of links
0.8 PPR
Fraction of links
CSMA/CN
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
(Correct Bits/Transmitted
Equivalent success ratio Bits)
PPR continues to transmit under collision
CSMA/CN aborts colliding transmission
49
Does CSMA/CN gain at high rates?
over PPR (%)

PPR (%)
24
22
gain over
20
18
Throughput gain
16 6Mbps
Throughput
14 18Mbps
36Mbps
12 54Mbps
10
0 5 10 15 20
Collisions
Collisionsdue hidden terminal
due to hidden terminal(%)
(%)
50
over PPR (%)

PPR (%)
24
22
gain over
20
18
Throughput gain
16 6Mbps
Throughput
14 18Mbps
36Mbps
12 54Mbps
10
0 5 10 15 20
Collisions
(%)
CSMA/CN gains also at higher rates

50
over PPR (%)

PPR (%)
24
22
gain over
20
18
Throughput gain
16 6Mbps
Throughput
14 18Mbps
36Mbps
12 54Mbps
10
0 5 10 15 20
Collisions
(%)
Alleviates collision losses due to
hidden terminals and same backoff
51
Limitation and Future Work
✦ Improve Correlation
✦ Analog interference cancelers
✦ Interference due to notification

✦ Recover using FEC
✦ Coexistence with MIMO

✦ One listen antenna can be shared by MIMO antennas
✦ CSMA/CN allows aggressive network design

• Low CS threshold, backoff etc.
52
Taking a Step Back
Signals Decoded
Bits
Control Data
53
Taking a Step Back
Signals Decoded
Bits
Control Data
Full Duplex
53
Taking a Step Back
Signals Correlation Decoded

Bits
Control
Control Data
Full Duplex
53
Taking a Step Back
Signals Correlation Decoded

Bits
Control
Control Data
CSMA/CN
Full Duplex
53
Summary
✦ CSMA/CN imitates CSMA/CD in wireless

✦ Uses correlation, enough for 1 bit feedback
✦ Traditional protocols: recovers collision
✦ CSMA/CN aborts collision
54
Summary
✦ CSMA/CN imitates CSMA/CD in wireless

✦ Uses correlation, enough for 1 bit feedback
✦ Traditional protocols: recovers collision
✦ CSMA/CN aborts collision
Prevention is Better than Cure
54
Questions, comments?
Thank you
Duke SyNRG Research Group

http://synrg.ee.duke.edu
MAC
1.6
Correctly decoded
1.4 Preamble decoded but packet lost
Preamble lost
Fraction of packets
1.2 Detection Accuracy
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
SIR in dB (SNR S - SNR I)
56
MAC
1.6
Correctly decoded
1.4 Preamble decoded but packet lost
Preamble lost
Fraction of packets
1.2 Detection Accuracy
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
SIR in dB (SNR S - SNR I)
Collision Detection Accuracy of 92%

56
Throughput Evaluation using Simulation
Throughput gain over PPR (%)

24
22
20
18 10%
Hidden Terminal
16 6Mbps
18Mbps
14 36Mbps
54Mbps
12
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of clients
57
Throughput Evaluation using Simulation
Throughput gain over PPR (%)

24
22
20
18 10%
Hidden Terminal
16 6Mbps
18Mbps
14 36Mbps
54Mbps
12
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of clients
More Collisions due to same backoff with
more clients: More Throughput Gain 57
Detecting Notification: Correlation Performance
1.2
Correlation when Signature absent
Correlation when Signature present
Normalized Correlation Value
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
4 8 12 16
(Self Signal) - (Notification Signature)(dB)
Reliable detection for until below 16dB
58

CSMA/CN: Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Notification

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CSMA/CN: Carrier Sense

Multiple Access with

✦ Transmitter aborts transmission on collision

✦ Transmitter aborts transmission on collision

✦ Transmitter aborts transmission on collision

✦ Transmitter aborts transmission on collision

Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Has been hard because.....

Signal not same at different locations

CSMA/CD frees the channel for

2. Receiver needs to convey

2. Receiver needs to convey

2. Receiver needs to convey

2. Receiver needs to convey

2. Receiver needs to convey

MAC S=S1 MAC

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

MAC S=S1 MAC

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Look for Detect

MAC S=S1 MAC

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Look for If Collision,

MAC S=S1 MAC

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Look for If Collision,

MAC S=S1 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Look for If Collision,

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Look for If Collision,

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Find Notification on Detect Collision

MAC S=S1+S2 MAC

Notify Collision (S2)

Tx Data Transmission (S1)

Our key idea:

Whenever there is a known signal,

Our key idea:

Our key idea:

Our key idea:

✦ Collision notification is on same channel

✦ Self-signal too strong PHY

✦ Our approach: use correlation

✦ Collision notification is on same channel

✦ Self-signal too strong PHY

✦ Our approach: use correlation

Observe: No decoding, just correlate

Notification Detection at Tx PHY