BASIC CHEMISTRY II PKU 2016

A. THE TITLE : Reaction Rate

B. DATE OF THE EXPERIMENT BEGIN : Tuesday / April, 4th 2017 ,
07.00 am
C. DATE OF THE EXPERIMENT FINISH : Tuesday / April, 4th 2017,
09.40 am
D. PURPOSE :
To examine the factors that influences the rection rate such as reactant
concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalyst.
E. BASIC THEORY
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kineticsis the area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or
rates, at which a chemical reaction occurs. The word “kinetic” suggests
movement or change
1. Reaction Rate
Reaction Rate is the change in the concentration of a reactant or a product
with time (M/s).
𝐴=𝐵 [1.0]
In general, reaction above is more convenient to express the reaction rate in
terms of the change in concentration with time. Thus, for the reaction 𝐴 = 𝐵
we can express the rate as
∆[𝐴] ∆𝐵
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − or 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = [1.1]
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

where∆[𝐴]and ∆[𝐵] are the changes in concentration (molarity) over a time

period ∆𝑡. Because the concentration of A decreases during the time interval,
∆[𝐴]is a negative quantity. The rate of a reaction is a positive quantity, so a
minus sign is needed in the rate expression to make the rate positive.

Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

General formula for reaction rates
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 = 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷 [1.2]

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1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐶] 1 ∆[𝐷]

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − 𝑎 = −𝑏 =𝑐 =𝑑 [1.3]
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

2. Concentration And Rate Laws

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝑁𝐻4 + ][𝑁𝑂2 − ] [2.0]
An equation such as Equation 2.0, which shows how the rate depends on
reactant concentrations, is called a rate law. For the general reaction
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 = 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷 [2.1]
the rate law generally has the form
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛 [2.2]
The constant kis called the rate constant.

Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law

The rate law for most reactions has the form
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1]𝑚 [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2]𝑛 [2.3]
The exponentsmandnare called reaction orders. For example, consider
again the rate law for the reaction of with :
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝑁𝐻4 + ][𝑁𝑂2 − ] [2.4]

Because the exponent of[𝑁𝐻4 + ] is 1, the rate is first order in 𝐻4 + .

The rate is also first order in𝑁𝑂2 − . (The exponent 1 is not shown in rate
laws.) The overall reaction orderis the sum of the orders with respect to each
reactant represented in the rate law. Thus,for the 𝑁𝐻4 + − 𝑁𝑂2 − reaction,
the rate law has an overall reaction order of ,and the reaction is second order
overall.

Although the exponents in a rate law are sometimes the same as the
coefficients in the balanced equation, this is not necessarily the case.For any
reaction,the rate law must be determined experimentally. In most rate laws,
reaction orders are 0, 1, or 2. However, we also occasionally encounter rate
laws in which the reaction order is fractional or even negative

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3. The Change Of Concentration With Time

a. First Order Reaction
Afirst-order reactionis one whose rate depends on the concentration of a
single reactant raised to the first power. For a reaction of the type 𝐴 =
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠, the rate law may be first order:
∆[𝐴]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − = 𝑘[𝐴] [3.0]
∆𝑡

This form of a rate law, which expresses how rate depends on

concentration, is called thedifferential rate law. Using an operation from
calculus called integration; this relationship can be transformed into an
equation that relates the initial concentration of𝐴, [𝐴]0 , to its concentration
at any other time𝑡, [𝐴]𝑡 :
[𝐴]
ln[𝐴]𝑡 − ln[𝐴]0 = −𝑘𝑡 or ln [𝐴] 𝑡 = −𝑘𝑡 [3.1]
0

This form of the rate law is called the integrated rate law. The function
“ln” in Equation 3.1 is the natural logarithm. Equation 3.1 can also be
rearranged to
ln[𝐴]𝑡 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln[𝐴]0 [3.2]
b. Second Order Reaction
Asecond-order reactionis one whose rate depends either on a reactant
concentration raised to the second power or on the concentrations of two
reactants each raised to thefirst power. For simplicity, let’s consider
reactions of the type𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 or𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠that are second
order in just one reactant, A
∆[𝐴]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − = 𝑘[𝐴]2 [3.3]
∆𝑡

With the use of calculus, this differential rate law can be used to derive the
integratedrate law
1 1
= 𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴] [3.4]
[𝐴]𝑡 0

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c. Zero-Order Reactions
A zero-order reaction is one in which the rate of disappearance of 𝐴 is
independentof[𝐴]. The rate law for a zero-order reaction is
−∆[𝐴]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =𝑘 [3.5]
∆𝑡

The integrated rate law for a zero-order reaction is

[𝐴]𝑡 = −𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴]0 [3.6]

where[𝐴]𝑡 is the concentration of A at time 𝑡and [𝐴]0 is the initial

concentration.This is the equation for a straight line with vertical intercept
[𝐴]0 and slope– 𝑘𝑡
d. Half-Life
Thehalf-lifeof a reaction,𝑡1/2 , is the time required for the concentration of
1
a reactant to reach half its initial value,[𝐴]1/2 = 2 [𝐴]0 .Half-life is a

convenient way to describe how fast a reaction occurs, especially if it is a

first-order process. A fast reactionhas a short half-life. General equation
1
[𝐴]0
2
ln = −𝑘𝑡1/2 [3.7]
[𝐴]0
1
𝑙𝑛 2 = −𝑘𝑡1/2 [3.8]

4. Temperature and Rate

a. The Collision Model
Reaction rates are affected both by reactant concentrations and by
temperature. The collision model, based on the kinetic-molecular
theoryaccounts for both of these effects at the molecular level.The central
idea of the collision model is that molecules must collide to react. The
greater the number of collisions per second, the greater the reaction rate.
As reactant concentration increases, therefore, the number ofcollisions
increases, leading to an increase in reaction rate. According tothe kinetic-
molecular theory of gases, increasing the temperature increasesmolecular

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speeds. As molecules move faster, they collide more forcefully (with

moreenergy) and more frequently, increasing reaction rates.
b. Activation Energy
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction is called the
activation energy,𝐸𝑎 ,and its value varies from reaction to reaction.

FIGURE 1.0shows that energy must be supplied to stretch the bond between
the𝐻3 𝐶 group and the 𝑁 ≡ 𝐶group to allow the 𝑁 ≡ 𝐶group to rotate.

The difference between the energy of the starting molecule and the highest
energy along the reaction pathway is the activation energy,𝐸𝑎 .The
molecule having the arrangement of atoms shown at the top of the barrier
is called either the activated complexor the transition state.The rate
depends on the magnitude of𝐸𝑎 ; generally, the lower the value of is, the
faster the reaction.
The fraction of molecules that have an energy equal to or greater than is
given by the expression
𝑓 = 𝑒 −𝐸𝑎/𝑅𝑇 [4.0]
c. The Arrhenius Equation
Arrhenius noted that for most reactions the increase in rate with increasing
temperature is nonlinear. He found that most reaction-rate data obeyed an
equation based on (a) the fraction of molecules possessing energy 𝐸𝑎 or
greater, (b) the number of collisions per second, and (c) the fraction of
collisions that have the appropriate orientation. These three factors are
incorporated into the Arrhenius equation:
𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝐸𝑎/𝑅𝑇 [4.1]

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In this equation 𝑘is the rate constant, 𝐸𝑎 is the activation energy,𝑅is the
gas constant(8.314 J/mol-K), and 𝑇is the absolute temperature. The
frequency factor, A, is constant, or nearly so, as temperature is varied.
This factor is related to the frequency ofcollisions and the probability that
the collisions are favorably oriented for reaction.* Asthe magnitude of𝐸𝑎
increases,𝑘decreases because the fraction of molecules that possessthe
required energy is smaller. Thus,reaction rates decrease as 𝐸𝑎 increases.
5. Reaction Mechanism
a. Elementary Reaction
The number of molecules that participate as reactants in an elementary
reaction defines the molecularityof the reaction. If a single molecule is
involved, the reaction isunimolecular. The rearrangement of methyl
isonitrile is a unimolecular process. Elementaryreactions involving the
collision of two reactant molecules are bimolecular. Elementary reactions
involving the simultaneous collision of three molecules are termolecular.
Termolecular reactions are far less probable than unimolecular or
bimolecular processes and are rarely encountered. The chance that four
ormore molecules will collide simultaneously with any regularity is even
more remote; consequently, such collisions are never proposed as part of a
reaction mechanism.
b. Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
Elementary reactions are significant in a very important way:If a reaction
is elementary, its rate law is based directly on its molecularity. For
example, consider the unimolecular reaction
𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 [5.0]
As the number of A molecules increases, the number that react in a given
time interval increases proportionally. Thus, the rate of a unimolecular
process is first order:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴] [5.1]

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For bimolecular elementary steps, the rate law is second order, as in the
reaction

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵] [5.2]

TABLE 1.0 Elementary Reactions and Their Rate Law

Molecularity Elementary Reaction Rate Law

Unimolecular 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]
Bimolecular 𝐴 + 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]2
Bimolecular 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵]
Termolecular 𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]3
Termolecular 𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]2 [𝐵]
Termolecular 𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵][𝐶]

6. Catalyst
Acatalyst a substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without
undergoing a permanent chemical change itself. Most reactions in the body,
the atmosphere,and the oceans occur with the help of catalysts. Much
industrial chemical research is devoted to the search for more effective
catalysts for reactions of commercial importance.
a. Homogenous Catalyst
A catalyst that is present in the same phase as the reactants in a reaction
mixture is called ahomogeneous catalyst. Examples abound both in
solution and in the gas phase.Consider, for example, the decomposition of
aqueous hydrogen peroxide, 𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞), into water and oxygen:
2𝐻2 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞) = 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) [6.0]

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FIGURE 2.0Homogeneous catalysis.Effect of catalyst on the speed of hydrogen

peroxide decomposition to water and oxygen gas.

b. Heterogeneous Catalyst
A heterogeneous catalyst is one that exists in a phase different from the
phase of the reactant molecules, usually as a solid in contact with either
gaseous reactants or with reactants in a liquid solution. Many industrially
important reactions are catalyzed by the surfaces of solids. For example,
hydrocarbon molecules are rearranged to form gasoline with the aid of
what are called “cracking” catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts are often
composed of metals or metal oxides. Because the catalyzed reaction
occurs on the surface, special methods are often used to prepare catalysts
so that they have very large surface areas.

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The initial step in heterogeneous catalysis is usually adsorption of

reactants. Adsorption refers to the binding of molecules to a surface,
whereas absorption refers to
the uptake of molecules into the interior of a substance.

FIGURE 3.0 Heterogeneous catalysis.Mechanism for reaction of ethylene with

hydrogen on a catalytic surface

c. Enzymes
The human body is characterized by an extremely complex system of
interrelated chemical reactions, all of which must occur at carefully
controlled rates to maintain life. Alarge number of marvelously efficient
biological catalysts known as enzymesare necessary for many of these
reactions to occur at suitable rates. Most enzymes are largeprotein
molecules with molecular weights ranging from about 10,000 toabout 1
million amu. They are very selective in the reactions they catalyze,and

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some are absolutely specific, operating for only one substance in onlyone
reaction. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, for example, is
animportant biological process. Because hydrogen peroxide is strongly
oxidizing, it can be physiologically harmful. For this reason, the blood
andliver of mammals contain an enzyme, catalase, that catalyzes the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
F. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
a) Tools
1. Measuring flask 250 ml 4 pieces
2. Stopwatch 2 pieces
3. Measuring glass 100 ml 1 piece
4. Pipettes 15 pieces
5. Clamper 1 piece
6. Beaker glass 100 ml 1 piece
7. Mortal 1 piece
8. Test tube and racks 5 pieces
9. Stirring spoon 1 piece
b) Materials
1. HCl 3M and 0,5M
2. Na2S2O3 0,05M, 0,1M, 0,5M, 1M
3. CaCO3
4. KMnO4
5. H2C2O4 0,05M
6. H2SO4 0,5M
7. Ballon

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G. GROOVE EXPERIMENT
1) The influence of concentration on reaction rate

Reaction :
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) = 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) SO2(g) + H2O(l)

2) The influence of surface area on reaction rate

Reaction :
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) = CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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3) The influence of temperature on reaction rate

Reaction :
2KMnO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) = 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) +
8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)
4) The influence of catalyst on reaction rate
2 drops H2C2O4 +
2 drops H2C2O4 +
2 drops H2SO4 + 1
2 drops H2SO4 + 1
drop MnSO4 + 1
drop B solution
drop B solution
- start stopwatch - start stopwatch
- stop the stopwatch when colourless - stop the stopwatch when
Time colourless
Time

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Reaction :
2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) = K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) +
8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)

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I. ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION

1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

In the first experiment is to testing the influence of concentration on

Reaction Rate. The first we prepare four beaker glass and then pouring each
of the beaker glass which have marked A, B, C, D with 1 5 ml of
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3). The A beaker glass added with Na2S2O3 1 M,
B beaker glass added with Na2S2O3 0,5 M, C beaker glass added with Na2S2O3
0,1 M, D beaker glass added with Na2S2O3 0,05 M. Every beaker glass added
with 5 ml HCl 0,5 M and than shake it until homogenous. Start the stopwatch
and stop when it look turbid. The reaction is:

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq)→ 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + SO2 (aq) + H2O(l)

Na2S2O3 and HCl are colourless solution. When Na2S2O3 added with
HCl become colourless solution. The solution on A glass with concentration 1
M need 3,50 second to changes from colourless solution become turbid
solution. The solution on B glass with concentration 0.5 M need 4,50 second
to changes from colourless solution become turbid solution. The solution on C
glass with concentration 0,1 M need 88,99 second to changes from colourless
solution become turbid solution. The solution on D glass with concentration
0,05 M need 153,88 second to changes from colourless solution become
turbid solution.

NO [Na2S2O3] M [HCl] M t (sekon) r = 1/t M/sekon

1 1 0,5 3,50 0,2857143

2 0,5 0,5 4,36 0,2293578
3 0,1 0,5 88,99 0,0112372
4 0,05 0,5 153,88 0,0064986
Table 1. Concentration In Reaction Rate

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Concentration and Reaction Rate

0.35
0.3
1/Time (s-1) 0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05 0.1 0.5 1
Concentration (M)

Graphic 1. The Influence Of Concentration In Reaction Rate

The influence of the concentration, the greater the concentration

(molarity higher value) then the number of particles in substances and the
possibility of collisions increases. The greater the possibility of collisions will
be easier for the reaction to take place (faster). The rate law is r = k[A][B].

2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

The second experiment is testing the influence of surface area in

reaction rate. In the firstly take some grain marble, and then weighed using a
balance. In another crushed the marble become powder marble and weighed
until the mass same with mass of grain marble. After that adding grain marble
to first ballon and powder marble into second ballon, and set the ballon to the
flask which is added by 10 ml of HCl 1M. Starting the stopwatch when the
marble on the ballon fall into HCl solution and stopping the stopwatch when
the ballon filled by CO2 gasses, it can be indicate by the ballon is stand
upright. Repeating the experiment with marble powder. The reaction is

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → NaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

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The reaction by using 0,2 gram of marble grain. And the HCl to be
colourless solution and CaCO3 is solid and the colour is white. The reaction
by using 0,2 gram of grain marble needs 1118,85 second to fill the ballon with
CO2. Meanwhile, the reaction by using 0,2 gram of powders just need 414,8
second to fill the ballon with CO2.

CaCO3 ( M ) Time ( s )
Grain 1118,85
Powder 414,8
Table 2. Surface Area In Reaction Rate

The surface area has a very important role in the reaction rate, the
smaller the particle size, surface area so that means the faster the reaction rate,
and vice versa, the larger the particle size, surface area means more narrow
touch so that the reaction rate is slower. This can happen because the larger
the surface area of the touch area between the particles, the collisions that
occur more and more, resulting in the faster the reaction rate. Likewise, if the
smaller the surface area of the touchpad, the smaller the inter-particle
collisions that occur, so that the reaction rate was getting smaller. Collisions
can produce an energy that exceeds the activation energy, so the more
collisions that occur the greater the kinetic energy produced, the faster the
reaction can take place.

3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

The thirtd experiment is testing the influence of temperature on

reaction rate. The firstly, making A solution and B solution. In A solution, we
have to diluted 10 drops of H2C2O4 0,05M with water until the volume
become 10 ml, and to make solution B we diluted 10 drops of KMnO4 0,01M
with water until the temperature become 10 ml. Next, preparing 5 test tube.
And than added 5 drops of solution A and added with 5 drops of sulphuric

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acid ( H2SO4) 0,01M in 5 test tube, recording the initial temperature. Adding
1 drops of B solution. Starting the solution is disappear. Repeating the
experiment for temperature 35, 40, 45, 50 by heating the tube which filled by
2 drops of solution A, 2 drops of sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) 0,01M using water
steam bath that was boiling. The reaction is :

2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → 2MnSO4 (aq) + K2SO4

(aq) +8H2O (l) + 10CO2 (g)

The colour of solution A is colourless solution, and B solution is

purple solution. The colour of H2SO4 is colouless, KMnO4 is purple solution,
and H2C2O4 is colourless solution. And the colour of H2C2O4 added with H2O
become colourless solution. The if H2SO4 become colourless solution, and if
added with solution B becomes pink until colourless solution. In the room
temperature (29°𝐶) need 264,2 second to the purple colour of KMnO4 become
disappearing. At the temperature 50°𝐶 need 4,20 second to the purple colour
of KMnO4 become disappearing. At the temperature 45°𝐶 need 64,53 second
to the purple colour of KMnO4 become disappearing. At the temperature 40°𝐶
need 125,8 second to the purple colour of KMnO4 become disappearing. And
at the temperature 35°𝐶 need 184,1 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
become disappearing.

No Temperatur ( oC ) Time ( s ) 𝟏
( s -1)
𝒕

1 35 184,1 0,0054318

2 40 125,8 0,0079491

3 45 64,53 0,0154967

4 50 4,20 0,2380952
Table 3. Temperature on Reaction Rate

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The Temperature on Reaction Rate

0.3
0.25

1/Time (s-1)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
35 40 45 50
Temperature (C)

Graphic 2 The influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

By raising the temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules of

substances that react will increase so that more molecules have energy equal
to or greater than Ea. Thus more molecules can reach the transition state or in
other words the reaction rate becomes larger. So the higher the temperature,
the rate of reaction will take place more quickly, and vice versa if the
temperature is lower then the rate reaction lasts longer.
4. The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

The fourth experiment is testing the influence of catalyst on reaction

rate. Firstly, dilute 10 drops of KMnO4 with water until the volume 10 ml.
Then, prepare the test tube and adding 2 drops of H2C2O4 with 2 drops of
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 1 drop KMnO4 dilute solution. Starting the
stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and the stop the stopwatch when the
purple colour of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 5 drops. The reaction is:

2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4 → 2MnSO4 (aq) + K2SO4

(aq) + 8H2O (l) + 10CO2(g)

In the first drops need 45,8 second for the solution become colourless,
in the second drop need 67,41 second still colourless, in the third drop need

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84,97 second still colourless, in the fourth drop need 105,54 second still
colourless, and the last drops need 125,03 second and the solution becomes
soft pink again.

In the other reaction tube, adding 2 drops of H2C2O4 with 2 drops of

sulphuric acid (H2SO4), added 1 drop MnSO4 and 1 drop KMnO4 dilute
solution. Starting the stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and the stop
the stopwatch when the purple colour of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 5
drops. The reaction is:

2KMnO4 (aq) + 5H2C2 (aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq) + 2MnSO4 (aq) → 2MnSO4

(aq) + K2SO4 (aq) + 8H2O (l) + 10CO2 (g) + 2MnSO4 (g)

In the first drops need 2,65 second for the purple colour of KMnO4 is
disappear, in the second drops need 4,85 second still colourless solution, the
third drops need 6,10 second still colouless, fourth drops need 9,20 second
still colourless, and the last drops need 9,65 the solution become soft pink
solution.

 Without Catalyst  With Catalyst

KMnO4 Time KMnO4
Time ( s )
Drops (s) Drops
1 45,8 1 2,65
2 67,41 2 4,85
3 84,97 3 6,10
4 105,54 4 9,20
5 125,03 5 9,65

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Catalyst In Reaction Rate

140
120
100

TIME (S)
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5
without 45.8 67.41 84.97 105.54 125.03
with 2.65 4.85 6.1 9.2 9.65

Graphic 3 Influence Catalyst In Reaction Rate

In this experiment H2SO4 was added as a carrier acidic conditions, and

the second reaction tube was added catalyst MnSO4because basically the
catalyst does not undergo chemical changes at the end of the reaction, but can
undergo physical changes and the catalyst can affect the reaction but did not
react so he remains in the product the resulting namely in MnSO4.
The function of the catalyst is to enlarge the reaction velocity (speed up
the reaction) to minimize the activation energy of a reaction and the formation
stages of a new reaction. By decreasing the activation energy at the same
temperature, the reaction can take place more quickly.

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J. CONCLUSION
1. Factors that affect the rate of reaction is the concentration of reactants, surface
area, temperature and catalyst.
2. If The higher concentration of solution, so the bigger reaction rate.
3. If The bigger surface area, the higher reaction rate
4. If The higher temperature, the bigger reaction rate.
5. When the solution was added by catalyst, it makes the reaction rate more
bigger
K. QUESTION
1. Write over all of equation reactions which occur in the experiment!
2. Write equation of reaction rate for one order reaction and two if concentration
of each substance is different and if two substance has similar concentration!
3. What the gas which form in experiment reaction between calcium carbonate
and hidrocloric acid, write the equation reaction!
4. What the function of added by hydrogen sulfate on reaction between ocsalat
acid with potassium permanganate?
5. Explain why in experiment of the influence of temperature on reaction rate the
colour of KMNO4 solution disappear followed by increasing of time?
Answer !
1. a) The influence of concentraion on reaction rate
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) = 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) SO2(g) + H2O(l)
b) The influence of surface area on reaction rate
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) = CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
c) The influence of temperature on reaction rate
2KMnO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) = 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) +
8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)
d) The influence of catalyst on reaction rate
2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) = K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) +
8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)

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2. If different concentrations:
• Order one: r = K (A) (B)
• Order two: r = K (A) 2 (B) 2
If the same concentration:
• Order one: r = k (A) (A) = k (A)2
• Order two: r = k (A) 2 (A) 2 = k (A) 4

Order Rate Law Differential Integral

0 𝑟 =𝑘 𝑑𝑦 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑥
=𝑘
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑟 = 𝑘[𝐴] 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
= 𝑘(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2 𝑟 = 𝑘[𝐴]2 = 𝑘(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 𝑘𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑥)
2 𝑟 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵] = 𝑘(𝑎 − 𝑥)(𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑥)

3. The gas that form in the experiment is CO2. The equation reaction as
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) = CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
4. The function of added by hydrogen sulfate is forming MnSO4 compound
caused by reduction of KMnO4. KMnO4 compound be easily to seperated by
light and organic acids. Hydrogen sulfate include in the organic acid, and the
colour of MnSO4 compound that cause colour of solution change became
colourless.
5. Because with increasing of time, KMnO4 solution will separate became MnO2
in solution. Characteristic of MnO2 is colourless.
L. REFERENCES
Basic Chemistry Team. 2017. PenuntunPraktikum Kimia Dasar II. Surabaya:
UNESA
Brown, Theodore. 2012. Chemistry. Unite States: Prentice Hall.
Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry. Unite States: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Reaction Rate | 28
BASIC CHEMISTRY II PKU 2016

Wilkinson, Frank. 1980. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism. Unite

States: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company A Division of Litton
Educational Publishing Inc.

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M. ATTACHMENT
DATA AND GRAPHIC

1. Experiment 1 (the influence of concentration in reaction rate)

NO [Na2S2O3] M [HCl] M t (sekon) r = 1/t M/sekon

1 1 0,5 3,50 0,2857143

2 0,5 0,5 4,36 0,2293578
3 0,1 0,5 88,99 0,0112372
4 0,05 0,5 153,88 0,0064986

Search Reaction Order :

𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏
1⁄
𝑀1 𝑋 𝑡1
( ) = 𝑎log 𝑏 = 𝑐
𝑀2 1⁄𝑡2
0,1 𝑋 0,0112372 2log 1,729= 𝑐
( ) =
0,05 0,0064986
𝑋
(2) = 1,729 log 1,729
𝑐=
log 2
0,238
𝑐= = 0,79 = 1
0,301

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Graphic Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

Concentration and Reaction Rate

0.35

0.3

0.25
Time (s-1)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.05 0.1 0.5 1
Concentration (M)

2. Experiment 2 ( Influence of Surface Area In Reaction Rate)

CaCO3 ( M ) Time ( s )
Grain 1118,85
Powder 414,8

3. Experiment 3 (The influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate)

No Temperatur ( oC ) Time ( s ) 𝟏
𝒕
( s -1)

1 35 184,1 0,0054318

2 40 125,8 0,0079491

3 45 64,53 0,0154967

4 50 4,20 0,2380952
Graphic The influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

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BASIC CHEMISTRY II PKU 2016

The Temperature on Reaction Rate

0.3

0.25

0.2
Time (s-1)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
35 40 45 50
Temperature (C)

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4. Experiment 4 ( Influence Catalyst In Reaction Rate)

 Without Catalyst  With Catalyst
KMnO4 KMnO4
No Time ( s ) No Time ( s )
Drops Drops
1 1 45,8 1 1 2,65
2 2 67,41 2 2 4,85
3 3 84,97 3 3 6,10
4 4 105,54 4 4 9,20
5 5 125,03 5 5 9,65

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Grafik Influence Catalyst In Reaction Rate

Catalyst In Reaction Rate

140
120
100
TIME (s) 80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5
without 45.8 67.41 84.97 105.54 125.03
with 2.65 4.85 6.1 9.2 9.65

Figure Explanation
Experiment 1. The
condition solution
before added HCl

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BASIC CHEMISTRY II PKU 2016
Experiment 1. The
condition solution after
added HCl

Solution A and Solution

B in experiment 3.

Grain and Powder of

marble.

The result from

experiment 2 after the
marble react with HCl.

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BASIC CHEMISTRY II PKU 2016
The temperature without
heated.

Tube A until tube E

With catalyst

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Tube A until Tube D

Tube 1 and Tube 2

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