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IB History Origins of Cold War
IB History Origins of Cold War
IB History Origins of Cold War
Communism Capitalism
Business Govt, spreading wealth Private, making as much $$ as
they want
Religion Not allowed Allowed
Media Censored, govt-run radios and tv Personal freedom
Elections Only communist party Different parties
Social life Govt is involved in every aspect People have freedom in life – to
of life compete, succeed
3 years before D-Day (27 mil die in USSR while US & BR doesn’t do anything)
Due to military strength – atomic bomb/ economically strongest/ politically strongest (many allies)
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Cold War
Conferences
1. Tehran Conference, 1943
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Cold War
o Eastern EU
‘free elections’ everywhere and Stalin agrees to this
o Japan
Stalin agreed to go to war with Japan
As ‘reward’, demanded territory
o United Nations
US, Br and USSR members
Ensure security
Conclusion!
o Agreement on UN
o Soviet agreement to join war against JP
o Signed ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ – free elections
Discussions
Germany
o Agreed to disarm, demilitarize, de-Nazify
Couldn’t agree how
o Soviets took reparations from other zones
West – 25% of industrial
East – agriculture/ got food
Poland:
o Truman doesn’t agree with borders established at Yalta
o Also doesn’t agree the ‘Lublin Poles’ running govt
o Everyone thinks Stalin just wants more terrirtory
Stalin insists it’s for security - protection from GE like WW1 and WW2
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Cold War
Eastern EU
o Red army stays there
Truman worries Stalin takes over them
o ‘Percentage Agreement’
Between C & S – on their influence on Eastern EU
o Japan
Did not encourage Soviets to join war
USA bombs JP – Hiroshima & Nagasaki
o United Nations
Power of veto for all
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Cold War
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Cold War
Korean War
China
Japan
Taiwan
Vietnam War
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Cold War
Red Army soldiers went into the North Korea and Americans come in by boat – taking South
o Liberating Korea – making JP surrender
Americans then decided to divide Korea into two
o 38th parallel – line dividing Korea
o Stalin agrees with this
o Reasons
Korea needed help after being occupied for so long
US & USSR occupies it
‘temporary’
o Problem?
South – agriculture
North – industry
Less likely to work together
North Korea
o Happy to be liberated by RU
o Liked Comm
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Cold War
Americans and Russians leave. Kim then wants to take power of the whole country.
1949:
1950:
NSC-68:
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Cold War
Stages
McArthur then insists on dropping A-bomb on China – this causes everyone to be worried.
Truman disagrees and said use DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE. McArthur said Truman weak.
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Cold War
In the end,
o US felt like they won with Policy of Containment but failed to push back communism
o Koreans :/
o USSR – lost some prestige
o China and N Korea felt that Stalin could’ve done more
o Unknown war: no one really knew the purpose of war
However!
JP benefitted from war
o US helped rebuild JP as they used it as base
o BUT 10 million died and Korea destroyed!!!!!!
Extra notes:
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Cold War
11
Cold War
At the beginning,
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Cold War
o E.g. of POC
o Did all this to prevent war and hope people would be won over by Diem
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Cold War
Uprisings in Eastern EU
When Stalin takes over Eastern EU, he:
o Established one-party rule
o Nationalisation of enterprise
o Established 5-yr plans
o Collectivization’
o Intergration of economy
o Social and ideological control
o Censorhip
o Suppression of religious freedom
o Political purges
Uprising in GE (1953)
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Cold War
Similar to Poland
I. Nagy wanted to come to power
o Becomes more radical by
Allowing diff political parties
Withdraw red army
Defy warsaw pact
o Red army comes in and put down this uprising
o I. Nagy executed
US doesn’t do anything to help = failure of POC
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Cold War
Berlin Wall
Background
Parris Summit (1960) – cancelled because USSR shot American U2 spy plane. No agreement
Vienna Summit (1961) - Kennedy and Khrushchev meet for first time
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Cold War
Kennedy:
o Bay of pigs invasion – failed to overthrow comm leader in Cuba
Khrushchev renewed his ultimatum on Berlin
o Kennedy turns it down
THE WALL
Meaning of wall
For Khrushchev
o Comm propaganda fail
o Managed to regain control over situation & Ulbricht
For Ulbricht
o Helped him consolidate Comm control in GDR
Berliners
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Cold War
Arms Race
Massive retaliation
o Idea by US govt when they had A-bombs + H-bombs
o Used these to threaten other countries
o Extreme solutions to small problems
Space race
o Tech developing for space
Missile gap
o US and USSR felt like there was a huge gap in weaponary
o Basically, feat of being behind
So both continuously built more
Deterrent
o Stop violence and avoid war
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Cold War
U2 Incident
1960
Under Einsenhower, he wanted to spy on USSR
o US wanted “open skies” over USSR
o Illegal to fly over other countries to spy
About 4 years before, CIA sent U2 planes to take close-up pictures
o USSR left them as they had no missiles
Gary Powers
o USSR managed to shoot him down
US lied about GP but Khrushchev exposed him
o Big embarrassment
TENSION!!!!
Another characteristic of CW = spying!
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Cold War
Orthodox:
o Stalin and Communism were responsible to Cold War
o It was expansionist
Revisionist:
o Emerged from Americans
o US didn’t realise how weak USSR was and how much stronger they were
o Americans had economic boom AND nuclear monopoly
o Stalin was just being defensive
Post-revisionist:
o Cold war = result of mutual misunderstanding and overreactions due to fear from both
sides
o USSR’s need for security
o Defensive measures by one power were often seen as offensive by the other
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