Introduction:

Android is a Linux based operating system it is designed primarily for touch screen mobile
devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. The operating system has developed a
lot in last 15 years starting from black and white phones to recent smart phones or mini
computers. One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is android. The android is
software that was founded in Palo Alto of California in 2003.The android is a powerful
operating system and it supports large number of applications in Smartphones. These
applications are more comfortable and advanced for the users. The hardware that supports
android software is based on ARM architecture platform. The android is an open source
operating system means that it’s free and any one can use it. The android has got millions of
apps available that can help you managing your life one or other way and it is available low
cost in market at that reason’s android is very popular. The android development supports
with the full java programming language. Even other packages that are API and JSE are not
supported. The first version 1.0 of android development kit (SDK) was released in 2008 and
latest updated version is ‘9.0’ pie .

Android Versions
.

Android 1.0 and 1.1

There appears to be no codename assigned to versions 1.0 Android OS.

Google bought a company called Android back in July 2005. Android was headed by several
mobile big shots, including the former head of a big carrier, ex-owner of a phone maker, and
more. After their buyout, Android went into stealth mode, and rumors spread that Google was
working on a mobile phone.

The dam finally broke in November 2007, when Google suddenly announced that they were
indeed working on a phone (Google Phone). More than that, they were also working on a brand-
new mobile operating system called Android, based on the Linux kernel, to be used by the Open
Handset Alliance, a group of 65 different hardware makers, carriers, and other mobile-related
companies.

HTC was the first phone maker to get a real consumer phone out, the T-Mobile G1 (also known
as the HTC Dream outside of US), on October 2008.
An update of Android, version 1.1, was released in February 2009. According to Android
Police, this version was officially named "Petit Four", but since it was rarely seen, the name was
also rarely mentioned.
The first significant version of Android OS that really showcased the power of the platform was
V1.5, codenamed "Cupcake." As Cupcake starts with letter "C", many have suspected that 1.0
had a codename starting with "A" and 1.1 had one starting with "B," but no actual codenames
were ever assigned. Someone assumed that an earlier mention of "Astro" and "Bender" by
Android engineers in early talks referred to these two versions, but they denied so in the Android
Police article linked above.
Android 1.5: Cupcake
Technically Android 1.5 wasn't the first version, but versions before it don't seem to have
received any codenames. Stories were told that it was supposed to be version 1.2, but Google
decided to make it a major revision and made it 1.5 instead. Among the many changes with
Cupcake, third-party keyboard and Widgets were enabled and phone could upload directly to
YouTube and Picasa. The company codenamed the version "cupcake," which is how the trend of
dessert names began.

Android 1.6: Donut

Android V1.6, codenamed "Donut," was released in September 2009. It fixed reboot errors in the
OS, revamped photo and video features (i.e. camera interface), and featured better search
integration. It also added support for larger screen sizes and is the first version to offer Google's
turn-by-turn navigation feature.

Android 2.0 and 2.1: Eclair

Android 2.0 was released in October 2009, with a bugfix version (2.0.1) coming out in December
2009. Android 2.1 was released January of 2010. Most people consider them a single release.
Added features include Bluetooth 2.1 support, flash and digital zoom for the camera, multi-touch
support, live wallpapers, and more.

Android 2.2: Froyo

Android 2.2 mainly improved speed by adopting the JavaScript "just-in-time" compiler engine
from Google's browser, Chrome. It also improved browser support by adding animated GIF
support and Flash 10.1 plug-in support, along with USB tethering and Wi-Fi Hotspot capability
(for those with supporting hardware).

Android 2.3: Gingerbread

Gingerbread was officially released in December 2010.

On December 6th, 2010, Google officially announced the first phone with Android OS 2.3
Gingerbread. The phone was the Nexus S, which Google co-developed with Samsung. The
phone was originally only available for T-Mobile but was later made for Sprint and AT&T as well.

Gingerbread supports SIP internet calling, NFC wireless transaction capability (if hardware is
present), more than one camera, and gyroscopes and other sensors (barometers, gravimeters,
and others are possible). It also features a download manager, some tweaks to allow usage on
Tablets, and other system level tweaks for programmers.

Android 3.0, 3.1, and 3.2: Honeycomb

Honeycomb was released in February 2011, and was rapidly followed by 3.1 and 3.2 in July and
August of 2011.
Honeycomb was made for tablets, which implied that Android OS 2.X was not. That did not stop
Samsung and a slew of smaller manufacturers from putting out an army of Android 2.X tablets of
various sizes before the end of 2010 as they tried to ride the wave of the iPad's success in time
for the Christmas shopping season.
Motorola Xoom was the first Android 3.X tablet to be released. It has since been followed by
many others.

Android 4.0: Ice Cream Sandwich

Ice Cream Sandwich was Google's attempt to synthesize Honeycomb, it's tablet-only platform,
with its mobile platform. Released in October 2011, it featured a new design and default font, as
well as the ability to monitor and limit mobile data usage and other upgrades. Many devices were
slow to adopt Ice Cream Sandwich. Three months after Ice Cream Sandwich, only one phone
(Samsung Galaxy Nexus) had been released to run it.

Android 4.1: Jelly Bean

Jelly Bean came out in 2012. Biggest changes included "Google Now," an AI assistant that
anticipates your needs and better, more interactive notifications. Jelly Bean also allows "voice
typing," a built-in speech-to-text engine that does not rely on Internet or data.

Android 4.4: KitKat

Google announced that Android 4.4 would be named KitKat on September 3, 2013. KitKat's
parent company, Nestlé, was fully on board with the naming of operating system and launched
an advertising campaign during KitKat's release. As part of the campaign, specially marked
packages of Kitkat with Andy the Green Android on the package each contained a sweepstakes
code that could win a new Nexus 7 Android tablet or Google Play store credit.

KitKat took the Google Now feature and took it a step further with "Ok Google." Ok Google allows
people to access Google Now without even touching their phones—just verbally saying the
phrase opens up the artificial intelligence assistant. KitKat also introduced Emoji to Google's
keyboard.

Android 5.X: Lollipop

Android 5 is called Lollipop, and it featured a brand new runtime called ART that no longer relies
on the older DALVIK runtime (which is somewhat based on Sun/Oracle specs). Lollipop also
contains other UI improvements and has an excellent battery life on some devices.

Android 6.X: Marshmallow

Android 6: Marshmallow is already out for the Nexus devices and is believed to be coming soon
to all flagship devices before end of the year, and to other devices by mid 2016.

Marshmallow introduced several changes that can have significant impact. App permission
model is now opt-in (grant specific permission as requested) rather than opt-out (all is permitted,
then use App Ops to run off individual permissions). Doze mode allows the device to go into
hibernation when idle, cutting power consumption to virtually nil. Fingerprint sensor support is
now baked into the OS rather the vendor support, and USB C is now fully supported. Finally,
Marshmallow allows one to format a microSD card and adopt it as if it's internal storage and
share the same internal security level.

Android 7: Nougat (2016)

Android 7 was officially christened Nougat on June 30, 2016, when the latest lawn status was
revealed amidst fanfare (see photo). It is armed with a new Just-In-Time compiler based on the
ART engine, Unicode 9.0 Emoji support, and the new Vulkan 3D rendering API. Patches for 7.1,
7.1.1, and 7.1.2 followed in 2017.

Android 8: Oreo (2017)

Android 8, named Oreo after the famous cookie, was released in Q3 of 2017. Its major change
was "Project Treble", where it made the OS more modular so OS upgrades can be released
faster by the manufacturers. Emoji support was updated to Unicode 10, with improved
notifications framework multiple display support, and other features. It was quickly followed by
8.1 in December 2017 with an "Oreo Go Edition" for low-end devices as well as improved API for
several internal functions.

Android 9: Pie
Android 9 "Pie" (codenamed Android P during development) is the ninth major update and the
16th version of the Android operating system. It was first released as an alpha quality developer
preview in March 2018 and released to the public on August 6, 2018.

Features
Indoor navigation with Wi-Fi RTT

Android P now supports IEEE 802.11mc WiFi protocol which is also known as Wi-Fi Round-
Trip-Time (RTT). This new feature enables indoor GPS style tracking by determining your
location within a building and facilitating turn-by-turn directions to help you navigate indoors.
Gesture Navigation

Google has redesigned the way you navigate the OS by introducing Gesture Navigation in
Android P similar to iPhone X.
Dashboard
It’s easy to lose track of time while you are glued to your phone watching YouTube videos,
playing games, or checking out social media. This is why Google has introduced a bunch of
features that let you control how you use your phone.