Life cycle testing of electric loads

INTRODUCTION

This project is applicable for industrial use in life cycle testing of lamps, relays,
and switches as the number of ON/OFF use affects the life of such products. They
are kept on fixed number of operations for the same.
It uses microcontroller from 8051 family. A keypad is interfaced with MC to
enter the required number. LCD is used for displaying the counts. Once the circuit
is powered, the counter is set using the keypad to count down anywhere from 999
to 0. The counter starts counting in the decrementing order from the set number to
0 and simultaneously sensing the load condition (i.e. bulb in this circuit) turns ON
and OFF by a relay to finally turn OFF once the counter reaches 0.
The power supply consists of a step down transformer 230/12V, which
steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is converted to DC using a Bridge
rectifier. The ripples are removed using a capacitive filter and it is then regulated to
+5V using a voltage regulator 7805 which is required for the operation of the
microcontroller and other components.

Life Cycle Testing of Electrical Loads by Down Counter This project is designed
to use in industries for testing of electrical loads ( lamps, motors etc) using a down
counter. A desired number is entered through a keypad interfaced to a
microcontroller of 8051 family.

Life Cycle Testing of Electrical Loads by Down Counter This project is designed
to use in industries for testing of electrical loads ( lamps, motors etc) using a down
counter. A desired number is entered through a keypad interfaced to a
microcontroller of 8051 family.

COUNTER
a Counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a
particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.

• Counters are a specific type of sequential circuit.

• Like registers, the state, or the flip-flop values themselves, serves as the
“output.”

• The output value increases by one on each clock cycle.

• After the largest value, the output “wraps around” back to 0.

• Using two bits, we’d get something like this:

Present State Next State

A B A B
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
Counters are divided in two categories, these are:Asynchronous (Ripple) Counters
- the first flip-flop is clocked by the external clock pulse, and then each successive
flip-flop is clocked by the Q or Q' output of the previous flip-flop.Synchronous
Counters - all memory elements are simultaneously triggered by the same clock.

Many categories Asynchronous (ripple) counter Synchronous counter

Ring counter

Johnson counter

Decade counter

Up–down counter

Two-bit asynchronous counter

The external clock is connected to the clock input of the first flip-flop (FF0)
only.So, FF0 changes state at the falling edge of each clock pulse, but FF1 changes
only when triggered by the falling edge of the Q output of FF0.

• Counters serve many purposes in sequential logic design.

• There are lots of variations on the basic counter.

– Some can increment or decrement.

– An enable signal can be added.

– The counter’s value may be explicitly set.

• There are also several ways to make counters.

– You can follow the sequential design principles to build counters from
scratch.

You could also modify or combine existing counter devices.

 TRANSFORMER

THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS Changing the voltage of a 3-phase system

can be done with a 3-phase transformer or with single-phase transformers. Three-
phase transformers are generally designed and constructed for specific voltages.
For example, a transformer may have a 480-V delta primary and a 120/208-V wye
secondary. A typical nameplate for this type of transformer . The 3-phase
transformer has one core with three sets of windings. A primary and a secondary
winding are placed one on top of the other on each of the three legs of the core.
The secondary windings are connected in either wye or delta, as required by the
load to be supplied. The primary is connected in wye or delta, depending upon the
type of electrical system available. Common 3-phase transformer connections,
listing primary windings first, are: delta-delta, wye-delta, and delta-wye. A wye-
wye connection is usually not recommended. In a wye-wye connection, a third
harmonic current may occur, causing possible current overloading and damage to
the primary neutral wire. A delta-wye transformer can usually be substituted.
Always be sure to consult the transfo-rmer manufacturer before installing a wye-
wye connection,placed one on top of the other on each of the three legs of the core,
Figure 14-16. The secondary windings are connected in either wye or delta, as
required by the load to be supplied. The primary is connected in wye or delta,
depending upon the type of electrical system available. Common 3-phase
transformer connections, listing primary windings first, are: delta-delta, wye-delta,
and delta-wye. A wye-wye connection is usually not recommended. In a wye-wye
connection, a third harmonic current may occur, causing possible current
overloading and damage to the primary neutral wire. A delta-wye transformer can
usually be substituted. Always be sure to consult the transfo-rmer manufacturer
before installing a wye-wye connection.
 MICROCONTROLLER 8051

When an 8051 is first initialized, it resets the PC to 0000h. The 8051 then begins to
execute instructions sequentially in memory unless a program instruction causes
the PC to be otherwise altered. There are various instructions that can modify the
value of the PC; specifically, conditional branching instructions, direct jumps and
calls, and "returns" from subroutines. Additionally, interrupts, when enabled, can
cause the program flow to deviate from its otherwise sequential scheme. In this
case, the 8051 will analyze the contents of bit 45h. If the bit is set program
execution will jump immediately to the label HELLO, skipping the NOP
instruction. If the bit is not set the conditional branch fails and program execution
continues, as usual, with the NOP instruction which follows.

An important note worth mentioning about conditional branching is that the

program may only branch to instructions located within 128 bytes prior to or 127
bytes following the address which follows the conditional branch instruction. This
means that in the above example the label HELLO must be within +/- 128 bytes of
the memory address which contains the conditional branching instruction.

RELAY
A relay is a electrical switch which opens and closes under a control of another
electric circuit

It is therefore connected in the output pins of the microcontroller