Net

N Lan
nguage
es Gram
mmar – Mid-in
nterme
ediate (L3)
(
Un
nit 1

PO
OSSES
SSIVE
Posssessive; 's and off

the boy's nam

me = the na
ame of the boy

1. We
W normally use 's fo
or; people, animals, a
an organisation, a co
ountry

 the boyy's name

 the catt's tail
 the club's rules
 China'ss influence
e

2. We
W also usse 's for wh
hen/time exxpressionss.

 tomorro
ow's weath her
 a montth's holidayy
 yesterd
day's newss
 today's
s paper

F other cases we normally usse an of strructure.

3. For

 the namme of the book

b
 the leg of the tab
ble
 the rule
es of grammmar

MO
ODAL V
VERBS
S
Posssibility

Can
n, could, might
m all express
e pos
ssibility. Co
ould and might
m are similar in
mea
aning. Both are usedd to say tha
at somethin ng is possible.

 I might see you tomorrow.

t
 I could
d be late fo
or the meetting.

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How
wever, in th
he negativ
ve only mig
ght is used
d.

 They mightn’t
m go
o to the co
oncert.
NOT: They
T coulddn’t go to the
t concerrt.

Can
n is also ussed to express possibility but it has a slightly differe
ent meanin
ng.

 Going on holidayy can be exxpensive.

 Using a keyboardd can causse RSI.

Cann is used h
here to sug
ggest that an
a action or
o situation
n is possible sometim
mes, but
not always.

mpare:
Com

 It’s cold
d in the Arctic in wintter.

Herre the pressent simple

e is used fo
or a situatio
on that is always
a true
e.

 It can be
b cold in England in
n the summ
mer.

Herre can is used to sug

ggest that a situation is possible
e sometime
es but isn’tt
alw
ways true.

No
oun + of + -ing forrm of verb

 Life's ssimple plea

asures havve the effect of stimulating the e immune
systemm.
 The stress of ke eeping sommething seecret from your
y partneer....
... had the effectt of lowering resistance againsst infection
ns.

Herre are more

e nouns th
hat are use
ed in this way.
w

 the prooblem of
 the effeect of
 the streess of
 the posssibility of
 the ple
easure of
 the riskk of
 the dan nger of
 the advvantage off
 the ide
ea of

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Un
nit 2

MO
ODAL V
VERBS
S
Obligation

1. Have
H to, ne
eed to and d must exp
press oblig
gation. Hav
ve to and n
need to arre used
for general ob
bligation an
nd must fo
or orders and strong suggestion
s ns (from the
person speakking).

 You haave to be seventeen

s to drive in this counttry.
 I have to wear a uniform in
n my job.
 You neeed to have I licence to drive.
 I must remember to lock thhe door.
 You must stand behind the e line.

2. Questions
Q

Must I pay for the coffee

e?
NOT: Do I mu ust pay for the coffee
e?

Do I have to wear
w a uniiform?
NOT: Have I to
t wear a uniform?
u

Do you need to have a licence?

NOT: Need yo
ou to have
e a licence?
?

3. To
T expresss no obliga
ation we use
u don't h
have to.

 I don'tt have to get

g up earlyy.
 We doon't have to o wear a uniform.
u

4. But
B must u
used in neg
gation exprresses pro
ohibition.

 You mustn't smo oke here.

 We muustn't arrivve late.
NOT: You
Y don't haveh to sm
moke here.
NOT: You
Y don't haveh to arrrive late.

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Un
nit 3

SY
YNTAX
X
Sta
art, stop o
or continue
e a proce
ess

To describe th
he beginning, end orr continuatiion of a pro
ocess we n
normally us
se the
form
m verb + -iing form; e.g.
e

 I starte
ed walking
g at nine o'clock.
o
 She stopped cry ying and washed
w herr face.
 Keep g h the main square.
going untill you reach

Oth
her verbs th
hat follow this
t pattern
n are:

starrt, begin, commence

c ,

stop
p, finish, quit, give up
p,

con
ntinue, carrry on, keep
p (on), go on,
o

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Un
nit 4

VE
ERBS
Sta
ative verbs vs. proccess verb
bs

1. Process
P ve
erbs descrribe actions or processes.

 I drive to work.
 She looked at th he photos.
 We listten to the radio.

2. Stative
S be states, qualities, opinions
verrbs describ o an
nd our sen
nses (e.g. what
w
we see, hear, taste, etc.). Stative verbs
v n normallly used in continuous
are not
form
ms.

I am
m in my ca
ar.
NOT: I am beeing in my car.

ke ice crea
I lik am.
NOT: I am lik king ice cre
eam.

ee a house
I se e on the hill.
NOT: I am seeeing a hou use on the
e hill.

The ples of stative verbs:

e following are examp

stattes: be, be
elong, understand, kn
now, weigh e, contain, need, wan
h, measure nt,
ownn, have (poossession)),

opinions: thin
nk, believe
e, like, hate
e, love, pre
efer,

nses: see, hear, sme

sen ell, taste, fe
eel,

3. Using
U verbss associate e five senses
ed with the

The
e verbs loo aste, sound and sme
ok, feel, ta ell can be followed
f directly by an
a
adjective phrrase:

 You look worried. Is everyything OK? ?

 I've takken an asp
pirin and I feel
f betterr already.

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The
e same verrbs are followed by liike before a noun ph
hrase:

 These vegeburge ers really taste like hamburge

h ers.
 My broother lookss like me.
 Who's that on thee radio? It sounds likke Bob Dyylan.
 This fe
eels like th
he worst cold
c I've ev
ver had.

Pro
onouns tthat refer to an in
ndefinite
e person or to peo
ople in
gen
neral

Theey and them

m can refe
er to a singular indefin
nite person
n without n
needing to say he
or she:
s

 If some
eone lookss happy, we
e tend to b
believe the
ey are happ
py.

You
u can referr to people in general:

 When you
y put on
n a false sm
mile, this doesn't
d hap
ppen.

Wee or us can refer to evverybody in ou (the listener) and me (the

ncluding yo
spe
eaker):

 If some
eone lookss happy, we tend to believe
b they are happ
py.

Com
mplete the sentencess, using the
ey, them, yyou, we, uss.

Using it and this to

o refer ba
ack

It an
nd this can
n both be used
u as pro
onouns to refer backk to someth
hing mentio
oned in
a cllause, senttence or se
entences before.
b

efer back to a specific thing me

It iss used to re entioned in the clause
e or senten
nce
befo ore:

 I went to a party at the wee

ekend. It fin
nished at 6am.
6
(It refers to the pa
arty)

This
s is norma
ally used to
o refer backk to a complete clausse, sentencce or group
p of
sen
ntences:

 In a rea
al smile, a muscle arround the eye
e contraccts, which causes the e skin
aroundd the eye too tighten and create lines. Whe en you put on a false smile,
this dooesn't happpen.
(This re
efers backk to the whoole of the ssentence before)
b

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Say
ying how
w difficullt or easy
y you fin
nd it to do
o things

The
e structure find + it + adjective + to + infinitive can
n be used to say if
som
mething is easy
e or diffficult for yo
ou to do:

 Even e on find it hard to tell when som

experts in lie detectio meone is lyying.

Adjectives tha
at can be used
u in thiss structure include ea
asy, hard, d
difficult and
d
imp
possible.

The
e structure be + adjective + at + noun orr verb + -in
ng can be u
used to say
y how
well you can d
do something:

 We are
e bad at te
elling whetther someo
one is lying
g.

Adjectives tha
at can be used
u in thiss structure include go
ood, bad, terrible, fasst and
w.
slow

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Un
nit 5
Wee can use c
complex sentences
s s to combiine two se
entences a
about the same
sub
bject. For example:

 Angela
a's Ashes iss based on n the novel by Frank McCourt.
 a's Ashes iss the latest film by director Alan
Angela n Parker.

The
ese two sentences ca
an be rewrritten as on
ne sentencce.

 nk McCourrt, Angela'ss Ashes is the latest film by

Based on the novvel by Fran
directo
or Alan Parrker.

CO
ONJUN
NCTION
NS
Butt/ howeve
er; althoug
gh/even though; in
n spite of/d
despite

Theese words link oppossing ideas but

b the form
ms followin
ng them an
nd punctua
ation
are different.

 He is in
ntelligent but
b he can't get a job
b.
 He is in
ntelligent. But/Howe
B ever he cann't get a job
b.

 Althou
ugh he is inntelligent, he can't ge
et a job.
 He can
n't get a job
b, although he is inteelligent.

Cla
ause 1* Claus
se 2*

Alth
hough
he is inttelligent,
Eveen though
h
he can't g
get a job
In spite
s of his intelligence,
Desspite being in
ntelligent,

*Cla
ause 1 and 2 can change
e position.

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Un
nit 6

VE
ERBS
Ten
nses; present perfe
ect

1. Louise
L starrted collectting teaspo
oons when she was eight.
e She has collec
cted
1966.

In this sentence has collected is an examplle of the prresent perrfect.

e present p
The perfect is fo
ormed like this:

auxxiliary verb have + pa

ast participle

 I have lived here

e for six ye
ears.
 She haas written two pagess.

2. Question
Q

Have I/you/we/tthey s
seen the film?

Has he/she//it s
seen the film?

4. The
T presen
nt perfect iss used to talk about:

hich started in the pa

- sittuations wh ast and con
ntinue now
w

 I have lived in Ja
apan for th
hirteen years.
 She haas worked d as a teacher for two
o months.

- experriences at an indefinite time in the

t past

 I've be
een to Rom
me but I've never bee
en to Venicce.
 y seen the new Wo
Have you oody Allen
n film?

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- re
ecent eventts with a re
esult in the
e present.

Gra
aham has lost his job
b. e doesn't ha
(he ave a job now)
n
I ha
ave won th
he lottery. (I have
h a lot of
o money now)
n
My car has brroken dowwn. (It doesn't
d woork now)

ecent time
Re

With expressions of rec

cent time, you typically use the
e present p
perfect.

 I've ha
ad a lot of work
w lately
y.
 She's been
b very busy this week.

Butt if the time

e is finishe
ed, use the
e past simp
ple:

 I had a lot of worrk yesterda

ay.
 She waas very bu usy last weeek.

Forming an
nd using the passive: info
ormal an
nd forma
al style

Passsive sente
ences have
e this form: to be (in the correcct tense) + past partiiciple

Pre
esent perfe
ect passiv
ve sentencces have th
his form: ha
ave/has + been + pa
ast
parrticiple

 Mr Hannn has beeen sacked

d.
 Thingss have bee
en stolen from
f their h
house.

Pas
st simple passive
p se
entences have
h this fo
orm: was/w
were + pas
st particip
ple

 Their h
house was burgled while
w they were on ho oliday.
 Many objects
o of worth
w e stolen frrom their house.
were

Passsive sente
ences are often
o used ormal contexts, for exxample in
d in more fo
newwspaper reeports. In conversatio
c on, you ofte
en use som
meone or tthey as a subject
to avoid
a the passive.
p

 "Some eone stole our video when we were

w on ho
oliday!" (Mrr Hann's words)
w
 Mr Hannn's video was stoleen when he
e was on holiday. (fro
om a newsspaper
report)

 "They told me I'd

d lost my jo
ob." (Mr Ha ann's wordss)
 Mr Han
nn's was to old he hadd lost his jo
ob. (from a newspape
er report)

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Un
nit 7

VE
ERBS
-ing
g form

1. Use
U the -in
ng form aftter these verbs
v to express likess/dislikes;

like
e, love, preffer, enjoy, hate

 I like sw
wimming..
 I love singing.
s
 I preferr going to the cinema to watch
hing videoss.

-ing
g form is a
also used after
a these verbs;

go, spend time, start, stop, admit, deny, keep, (don´t) mind
m

 She ad
dmits stealling the ba
ag but deniies taking the moneyy.

2. Use
U -ing fo orms after prepositio
ons. Certain
n verbs and adjective
es take cerrtain
prepositions.

Adjjective + p
preposition + -ing

to be
b good/baad at
to be
b intereste
ed in
to be
b proud/asshamed/affraid of
to be
b worried//concerned
d/excited about
a

 a good att learning languagess.

They are
 I am interested in
n learning another la
anguage.
 She is proud of passing
p th
he exam

Verrb + prepo
osition + -iing

agree with, believe in, insist

i on, think of, to be arreste
ed for, acccused of,
bored/fed up with
w

 He insiisted on brringing the

e wine.
 He wass arrested for driving while dru
unk.

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beffore/after + -ing

 Before having brreakfast I have

h a shoower.
 After seeing the film we weent for a co
offee.

3. Use
U the -inng form aftter How ab
bout / Wha
at about / Do you fa
ancy...? to make
sugggestions.

 What a
about goin
ng to the cinema?
 bout helping me with
How ab h this?
 Do you
u fancy hav
ving a cofffee?

4. -ing forms
s are also used
u any compound nounss;
in ma

sho
opping mall, washing machine, waiting roo
om, trainin
ng program
mme, parkin
ng
area, shaving cream

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Un
nit 8

SY
YNTAX
X
The
e Passive
e (1)

Forrm

Active Passiv
ve

Pre
esent They make
m Toyotta cars in Toyota
a cars are m
made in Ja
apan.
sim
mple Japan.

Pas
st simple Columbbus discov
vered Americca was dis
scovered by
b
Americ
ca. Columbus.

Mea
aning

Thee passive allows

a the object of an
a active se
entence to
o be used a
as the subject of
a se
entence.

 They make
m Toyota cars in Japan
J
 Toyota
a cars are made
m in Jaapan.

Use
e

The
e passive iss used when:

· the
e agent (pe hing which does an action)
erson or th a is no
ot known o
or isn’t imp
portant

 Thirty tthousand cars

c were produced
d last year.
 Help! M
My wallet has
h been stolen.
s

·the
e speaker is more interested in the objectt of the actiive sentence

 Water has been discovere ed on the mmoon.

 Compuuters are designed
d to switch th
hemselves off at nigh
ht.
 A famo
ous Van Go ogh paintin
ng was sto olen last night.

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Un
nit 9
Givving advicce

The
ere are ma
any differen
nt ways of giving advice.

sho
ould
oug
ght to + infinitive
Wh
hy not

Wh
hy don't yo
ou + verb
b

You
u should teell him.
You
u ought too tell him.
Wh
hy not tell h
him?
Wh
hy don't yoou tell him??

Consider + ing form

onsider telling him.

Co

im
mperative form

Tell him.

con
nditional se
entence

If I were you
u, I would tell
t him.

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VE
ERBS
Firsst condition
nal

The
e first cond
ditional is used
u to talkk about a possible
p futture condittion and itss result.

Iff (condition
n) + Pre
esent Sim
mple +w
will (result) + verb
it snow
ws we´ll
If go skiing
g.
it doesn´t snow we w
won´t

Seccond condiitional

The
e second conditional
c is used to talk aboutt an improb
bable or im
mpossible
ndition and its result.
con

If (improbabble + would
+ Past
P Simple + verb
b
condition) (
(result)
I lived
d in Rome learn
If I didn
n´t live in I´d Italian
Londo on quickly.

SY
YNTAX
X
Negation

Usee not to ne
egate a verrb. not com
mes after th
he verb be
e and beforre other ve
erbs
(between auxxiliary verbss and verb
b).

be (adverb) + not
auxxiliary verb + not (advverb) + verrb

I am no
ot America
an.

 I do noot like beerr.

 She is not living in Rome.
 ot like the film.
I did no
 They will
w not arrive early.
 You sh hould not drive
d so fasst.
 I have not been to t Tokyo.
 Try not to worry.

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Notte: not eve
er = never

ever go to the cinema

I ne a. = I don't ever go to
t the cinema.

nob
body, no one,
o nothing (pronou
uns)

 Nobod dy came to
o the party..
 I have nothing to
o say.

Notte: nobody
y = no one
e

no (adjective)) + noun

 hink of no reason forr inviting him.

I can th
 There were
w no people at th
he party.

ver (adverb
nev b) + verb

 She ne
ever takes the rubbissh out.
 We never have problems.
p

Rem
member: In
n English we
w don't no
ormally putt 2 negatio
on words in
n a sentencce.

Forr example:

I do
on't want nothing.
n
I do
on't want anything.
a

She
e never sa
ays nothing.
She
e never sa
ays anythin
ng.

The
ere weren''t no peoplle at the pa
arty.
The
ere weren''t any peop
ple at the party.
p

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Un
nit 10

VE
ERBS
Ten
nses; perrfect infinittive

perffect infinitivve = (to) have + past participle

e

Perrfect infinitives are ussed in the following

f w
ways.

The
e message e should haave arrived d yesterdaay.
(witth a modal verb, e.g. must, will,, would, ca
an't, could, might, ma
ay)

A Queensland
Q d Tiger is known
k to have
h existted.
(after certain verbs
v and be + particciple/adjecctive;
seeem, look, appear, hop pe
be known,
k be thought, beb said,
be happy/plea
h ased/sorry...)

MO
ODAL V
VERBS
S
Posssibility

Can
n, could, might
m all express
e pos
ssibility. Co
ould and might
m are similar in
mea
aning. Both are usedd to say tha
at somethin ng is possible.

 I might see you tomorrow.

t
 I could
d be late fo
or the meetting.

How
wever, in th
he negativ
ve only mig
ght is used
d.

 They mightn’t
m go
o to the co
oncert.
NOT: They
T coulddn’t go to the
t concerrt.

n is also ussed to express possibility but it has a slightly differe

Can ent meanin
ng.

 Going on holidayy can be exxpensive.

 Using a keyboardd can causse RSI.

Cann is used h
here to sug
ggest that an
a action or
o situation
n is possible sometim
mes, but
not always.

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Com
mpare:

 It’s cold
d in the Arctic in wintter.

Herre the pressent simple

e is used fo
or a situatio
on that is always
a true
e.

 It can be
b cold in England in
n the summ
mer.

Herre can is used to sug

ggest that a situation is possible
e sometime
es but isn’tt
alw
ways true.

Reporting:

1. reportted seein
ng

Eye
ewitnessess report se
eeing a gia
ant ape.

Oth
her reportin
ng verbs th
hat follow th
he pattern verb + -in
ng are:

desscribe
rem
member
recaall
men ntion
denny
admmit

2. Verb + noun + -ing

The
ey saw som mething walking
w in the forest.
Scie
entists pho
otographe
ed an anim
mal swimm ming under water.

Oth
her verbs th
hat follow this
t pattern
n are:

feell
find
d
heaar
notiice
obsserve
wattch

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 3. see so
omething
g do vs se
ee sometthing doin
ng

I sa
aw the anim
mal climb a tree.
I sa mal climbing a tree.
aw the anim

In the first sen

ntence I sa
aw the com
mplete actio
on from sta
art to finish
h.

In the second sentence I saw the action in progress,

p b not nece
but essarily alll of it.

ne
etlangu
uages 19 
 
 
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opyright Net Lan Edited by: Malazz Qeddeh