ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

lina maria medina vélez - 1094279155

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE - UNAD

Telecommunications engineering

Pitalito, February 2019

 Introduction

The present work on the main applications of electromagnetic waves,

where it will be extended concepts of the same doing part of the studies
of the subject electromagnetic theory and waves, whose approach is
interested in that we can understand through physics some behaviors
that are presented in different contexts.
In this activity we will consider two main applications of electromagnetic waves and answer
the questions given:

- Wireless data transmission.

- Medical applications

Taking into account the academic references, answer the following questions.

1. Define the following concepts:

- What is an electromagnetic wave?
RTA / It is known as electromagnetic wave, therefore, to the diffusion of radiation of this
type by means of air.
- What is the propagation speed of an electromagnetic wave?
All waves have a finite propagation velocity, which influence the elastic recovery forces of
the medium and certain factors of the mass of the medium: the linear density in the strings;
the depth of the water under the surface, or the adiabatic coefficient, the molecular mass and
the temperature in the case of the propagation of sound in a gas.
In all cases the speed is constant and, as always, it will be:

- What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave?

Rta / The distance between two peaks of the sine wave is called wavelength.
λ=C/V
In which:
λ is the wavelength that is measured in m.c es la velocidad de la luz en un vacío que vale 3 ·
108 m/s.
v is the frequency that is measured in Hz (Hz = 1 / s).

- Do electromagnetic waves have reflection and refraction properties?

The reflection is the change of direction of a magnetic wave, that when being in contact with
the surface of separation between two changing media, in such a way that it returns to the
initial medium. Common examples are the reflection of light, sound and waves in water.
Light is a form of energy
Refraction is the change of direction that a wave experiences when passing from one material
medium to another. It only occurs if the wave strikes obliquely on the separation surface of
the two media and if they have different refractive indices.
- Consult about electric permittivity and magnetic permeability.
In physics is called magnetic permeability to the ability of a substance or medium to attract
and pass through it magnetic fields, which is given by the relationship between the existing
magnetic induction and the magnetic field strength that appears in the interior of said
material.
Electric Permitivity The permittivity is determined by the tendency of a material to polarize
before the application of an electric field and thus partially annuls the internal field of the
material. It is directly related to electrical susceptibility. For example, in a capacitor a high
permittivity causes the same amount of electrical charge to be stored with a smaller electric
field and, therefore, at a lower potential, leading to a greater capacitance of the same.
{\ displaystyle \ mu = {\ frac {B} {H}},}

2. After having consulted about the electric permittivity, what is the relationship between the
absolute and relative electric permittivity? How are these symbolized?
The permittivity of a material is normally given in relation to that of the vacuum, being called
relative permittivity, {\ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ {r}} (also called dielectric constant in
some cases). Absolute permittivity is calculated by multiplying the relative permitivity by
that of the vacuum
3. Can the conductivity of a material medium be altered by the frequency of the signal
applied to it?
The frequency of an electric current is the number of oscillatory cycles is completed in
one second, and is measured in hertz (Hz). This factor, when increasing above a certain
upper limit, causes electric current to flow around a conductor instead of running
through the conductor. This is called the skin effect, and it usually occurs when the
frequency of electric current increases above 3 GHz (or 3000000000 cycles per second),
causing the reduction in the electrical conduction properties of the material. This effect
is only observable in the operations carried out with AC (alternating current), since DC
(direct current) has an absolute frequency of 0 Hz and does not oscillate when flowing.
4. Can human tissue change its conductivity due to disease? Explain
From the interaction of the electric current with biological tissues their electrical
properties are defined, which are closely related to the type of tissue, structure and
frequency of the signal. This last dependence allows the tissue to be considered as a
conductive material, for high frequencies (HF), or as a dielectric, at low frequencies
(LF) [7]. Due to the capacity of plasma membranes, at low frequencies the cell presents
a very high impedance and electric current only circulates
through the extracellular medium. In contrast to higher
frequencies, the membrane behaves as a short circuit,
allowing current to flow through the intra and extracellular
medium
5. Using the "electromagnetic spectrum", select the uses and benefits of each frequency
range for people.

Fig.1 electromagnetic spectrum

-Microwave oven

The super high frequency (SHF) and the extremely high frequency (EHF) of the
microwaves are the following in the frequency scale. Microwaves are waves short enough
to use tubular metal waveguides of reasonable diameter. Microwave energy is produced
with klystron tubes and magnetron tubes, and with solid state diodes such as the Gunn and
IMPATT devices.
-Ultraviolet light

The next frequency in the spectrum is ultraviolet (or UV), which is radiation whose
wavelength is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum.
-X-rays

After the ultraviolet, X-rays come. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays.
They are generally used to see through some objects, as well as for high-energy physics and
astronomy. The neutron stars and the accretion discs around the black holes emit X-rays,
which allows us to study them.
Conclusions

- I conclude that electromagnetic waves can be perceived according to their frequency

- The longitudinal wave differs from the transversal wave since it has a movement of
particles parallel to the direction of propagation, very opposite to the transverse wave
whose movement is characterized by being perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). The electrical engineering manual. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519.
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http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=en&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid= pp_513

Quesada-Pérez, M., and Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's equations to free and
guided electromagnetic waves: an introduction for first-year students. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&
lang=en&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49