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Mini Thesis
Mini Thesis
Mini Thesis
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background
In the stage of growth and development, toddlers often experience pain. Various
diseases attack, especially diseases caused by infections that are almost always
accompanied by fever. Fever is one of the causes that often make parents bring
their children to seek treatment. Fever is not a disease but rather a symptom of a
disease as a body reaction to fight off infections or diseases that can be caused by
viruses or bacteria. When the body is fighting disease or infections that enter, the
body will release a certain amount of heat to the skin of the body resulting in an
physical activity, and air temperature. The temperature of the human body is
governed by the thermostat system in the brain to keep the body temperature
vary within a day, during the move or at night the body temperature will be
higher and usually will be lower in the morning. Toddlers expressed fever when
body temperature taken through the armpit above 37.50C (Suririnah, 2010).
can cause serious effects in infants that can cause dehydration and seizures.
DHF, Malaria, Measles, Diarrhea and other diseases. One of the major symptoms
mainly caused by Salmonella typhi. Typhoid fever is the most common type of
(Keliobas, 2015).
the digestive tract, especially in the intestine. Typhoid fever itself is an acute
also vary, ranging from toddlers, children and adults (Ardiansyah, 2012).
attacking toddlers and children. Typhoid fever is currently the highest case in the
least 12.5 million cases occur annually worldwide. The incidence of typhoid
fever in the United States is reported per year <0.2 cases / 100,000 populations,
similar to those in Western Europe. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the
incidence of typhoid fever has decreased in the USA and Europe. This is due to
the availability of clean water and good disposal systems, and this is not yet
Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and possibly South Africa (Incidence>
100 cases per 100,000 population per year). The incidence of typhoid fever is
relatively moderate (10-100 cases per 100,000 population per year) located in
Africa, Latin America and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand) and
which is low (<10 cases per 100,000 pupolations per year) in the world (Widodo,
2014).
population per year. Among the typhoid recovered clinical fever, in 20% of them
are still found Salmonella typhi bacteria after 2 months and 10% still found in the
3rd month and 3% still found after one year (Widodo, 2014). Indonesia currently
for the case of typhoid fever amounted to 55,098 people, with death rate 2.06%
Based on data from the Health Office of Batam City noted that the fever is
included in the 10 largest diseases of patient visits at the health center throughout
Batam City in 2015 ranks 5th with the number of 10,822 patients. In 2016 ranks
7th with the number of 56,990 patients.While in 2017 ranks 8th with the number
of 6,233 patients. And based on data from the Health Office Batam Typhoid
Fever disease in 2017 amounted to 1605 patients. Based on the data, the highest
City obtained data on the incidence of typhoid fever in 2018 in January to April
amounted to 377 patients of various ages. In children 1-5 years of age amounted
to 168 patients.
often not based on research and inconsistent in practice. Several methods have
therapy to reduce fever that is by using tepid water sponging, using thin clothes,
bathing, compress cold water, warm water compress, using a fan, cooling the
room and using antipyretic drugs. The tepid water sponging compress is a warm
Tepid water sponging or tepid sponge bath is a compress method that aims to
lower body temperature by using warm water by wiping the whole body using
washlap or sponge.
Based on the results of research Keliobas (2015) suggests that tepid water
research indicating that the average body temperature before given tepid water
sponging is 38.6110C and the average body temperature after the given tepid
water sponging to 36.8890C. From the results of this study obtained the average
value of body temperature difference before and after given tepid water sponging
is 1.7220C. While the average body temperature before given a warm compress
37.3790C. And from the results of this study also got the average value of body
Jambi said that giving of tepid water sponging is more effective than cold
compress. This is also evidenced by the results of research showing that the
average value of body temperature before the cold compress is given 38.20C and
the average body temperature after being given cold compress to 37.60C. The
average body temperature difference before and after the cold compress is given
0.60C. While the average value of body temperature before given tepid water
sponging is 38.70C and the average body temperature value after given tepid
water sponging is 37.40C. From the results of this study found the data decrease
in body temperature before and after given tepid water sponging is 1.30C. Based
on the results of research that has been stated above can be concluded that
effective to lower body temperature than using the method of warm water
interviews to parents of children under five who suffer from typhoid fever and
fever obtained data that from 11 people interviewed said that so far if the child
has a fever the patient's parents only give fever-lowering drugs and 7 parents of
only provide warm water compress technique in patients with fever, while tepid
water sponging compresses have not been done. Therefore the researcher tries to
make the water sponging tepid better known by the society in everyday life and
fever. Based on the above description of the background, the authors raised the
title of research on the effect of giving tepid water sponging to body temperature
Based on the results of the background description of the problem above, then
the formulation of the problem in this study "Is there any effect of tepid water
1.3.1 General Purpose To know the effect of giving tepid water sponging to body
Batam 2018.
Batam 2018.
b. To find out the body temperature after done compress tepid water
Batam 2018.
Can provide benefits and add insight for the readers especially students
The results of this study can add insight and knowledge of parents
water sponging.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Fever or heat is one of the most common causes of underfives. Fever is not
a disease but a reaction to the body's defense mechanism from the presence
of infection or entry of foreign substances into the body. At the time of the
body fluids resulting in lack of fluids and seizures. Many parents who
consider the fever is dangerous for the health of children under five
C). Typhoid fever is also an acute infectious disease that is always found in
negative bacillus, moves with shakes hair, does not have berspora and has
three kinds of antigen (antigen O, H, and VI). In the serum of the patient,
toddlers and children are usually lighter than adults. The average shoot
period is 10-20 days. The shortest shoot is four days, if the infection occurs
through food. Meanwhile, the longest buds lasted 30 days, if the infection
through the drink. During the incubation period, there may be prodomal
Fever lasts for three weeks, is febrile remittance, and with a not-so-high
afternoon and evening. In the second week, the patient continues to have
a fever and in the third week the patient fever is gradually normal.
Breath smelling, dry and cracked lips, coated tongue, reddish tips and
palpation.
c. Disturbance of consciousness
symptoms, in the back and limbs are also found roseola, the reddish
can be destroyed by gastric acid HCL and partly into the small
intestine. If the humoral immune response of the intestinal mucosa
and then to lamina propia and multiply in the lymphoid tissue of the
organs, especially the liver, bone marrow, and lymph through the portar
typhi breed and enter the blood circulation again, resulting in a second
c. Keeping hands clean. The habit of washing hands and keeping the
years.
1. Treatment
as follows:
prevent decubitus (skin injuries from too long emphasis lying in bed
follows:
c. Food must contain enough fluids, calories, and high protein, should
3. Pharmacological Therapy
a. Giving antibiotics
4. Nonpharmacology Therapy
temperature when the child has fever. There are several kinds of
Warm water compress is a given action with the aim to lower body
(2009) the cold compress technique should not be used today because
narrowed. As a result the body can not release heat, and even
prevent seizures.
molecule. During this process, the initially hot molecule will lose
some of its thermal when the molecule slows down and becomes
colder.
c. Compress alcohol
reduce pain.
is by not wearing thick clothes. The best way to decrease the temperature
of a toddler with a fever is to wear a thin dress, do not cover with a thick
blanket, give a thin blanket when toddlers feel cold (Suririnah, 2010).
f. Cool the room
AC room or keep the room temperature cool for the toddler to feel
with fever is increased by at least 30-50 ml of fluid per hour. Give fever
fever can cause the body to lose more fluids (Suririnah, 2010).
minutes done tepid sponge bath combined with antipyretic axillary body
decrease in body temperature. While in the control group showed that after
Temperature Fever said that the warm compresses different from the
certain places in the body, which is located large blood vessels. While
giving tepid sponge bath is done by wiping the whole body of the client
throughout the body is expected more and more peripheral blood vessels in
The purpose and benefits of doing tepid water sponging is to lower the
body temperature that has increased. The temperature drop occurs with the
Because warm water will help the peripheral blood dilated, so that the
pores become open which will further facilitate the release of heat from the
body. With temperatures outside the warmer, the body will assume the
temperature outside is quite hot which makes the body react to lower the
on all parts of the patient's body. This is what distinguishes with warm
Warm signals given thoroughly on all parts of the body will be carried by
the blood to the hypothalamus and will stimulate the supervisial area which
will result in signal release by the effector system. This signal will cause
deeper organs and tissues to the skin, where heat dissipates into the air and
how quickly and effectively heat can be conduction and can then be
Children, heat stimuli arising from the supervisial area will result in a
signal the hypothalamus so that the heat will be excreted through sweat and
Children, heat stimuli arising from the supervisial area will result in a
signal the hypothalamus so that the heat will be excreted through sweat and
Based on the literature review described by Alves (2008), Potter and Perry
Fever or heat is one of the most common causes of underfives. Fever is not
a disease but a reaction to the body's defense mechanism from the presence
of infection or entry of foreign substances into the body. At the time of the
body fluids resulting in lack of fluids and seizures. Many parents who
consider the fever is dangerous for the health of children under five
C). Typhoid fever is also an acute infectious disease that is always found in
negative bacillus, moves with shakes hair, does not have berspora and has
three kinds of antigen (antigen O, H, and VI). In the serum of the patient,
toddlers and children are usually lighter than adults. The average shoot
period is 10-20 days. The shortest shoot is four days, if the infection occurs
through food. Meanwhile, the longest buds lasted 30 days, if the infection
through the drink. During the incubation period, there may be prodomal
a. Fever
Fever lasts for three weeks, is febrile remittance, and with a not-so-high
afternoon and evening. In the second week, the patient continues to have
a fever and in the third week the patient fever is gradually normal.
Breath smelling, dry and cracked lips, coated tongue, reddish tips and
palpation.
c. Disturbance of consciousness
symptoms, in the back and limbs are also found roseola, the reddish
Salmonella (usually more than 10,000 bacterial bacilli). Some germs can
be destroyed by gastric acid HCL and partly into the small intestine. If
typhi breed and enter the blood circulation again, resulting in a second
c. Keeping hands clean. The habit of washing hands and keeping the
years.
2.5.6 Management of Typhoid Fever
1. Treatment
as follows:
prevent decubitus (skin injuries from too long emphasis lying in bed
2. Diet
follows:
c. Food must contain enough fluids, calories, and high protein, should
e. Giving antibiotics
4. Nonpharmacology Therapy
temperature when the child has fever. There are several kinds of
(2009) the cold compress technique should not be used today because it
the brain that serves as a central body temperature regulator will receive
temperature signals outside the body cold so it will increase the body
the body can not release heat, and even increase its temperature.
will receive a signal that the surrounding temperature is warm and will
down to normal.
Batanghari Jambi said that the application of cold compress will cause
c. Compress alcohol
required for heat dissipation and may cause seizures in infants. Alcohol
is by not wearing thick clothes. The best way to decrease the temperature
of a toddler with a fever is to wear a thin dress, do not cover with a thick
blanket, give a thin blanket when toddlers feel cold (Suririnah, 2010).
AC room or keep the room temperature cool for the toddler to feel
with fever is increased by at least 30-50 ml of fluid per hour. Give fever
fever can cause the body to lose more fluids (Suririnah, 2010).
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2010).
3.2 Hypothesis
study of theory and must be tested its truth, because it is temporary then it needs
research are:
3.2.1 The Null Hypothesis (H0)
research is as follows:
other groups.
3.3.1 Independent Variables
water sponging.
the design of this study used quasi experimental design, with one pretest-
posttest design where in this design there is no control group but at least the first
observation (pretest) has been done that allows the researcher to test the changes
DilakukanTepid Water
Pretest Spongingselama 15 menit Posttest
3.6.1 Population
2010). In this study, the population is all the toddlers with typhoid fever at the
Health Center SeiLangkaiBatam. The total population in this study was 168
respondents.
3.6.2 Sample
technique when all members of the population are used as a sample (Sugiyono,
2015). The sample in this research is toddler who suffer from typhoid fever in
citing the existing literature as the basis of research both library books and
journals. While the observation sheet is a way of collecting data with direct
sponging and variable of body temperature using observation sheet and axillary
digital thermometer.
Data collection techniques in this study is to use data collection procedures obtained
by doing:
research
the method of tepid water sponging (Philippine Heart Center Nursing Service
According Notoatmodjo (2010), data processing techniques used are manually, then
This stage is done at the time of collecting data from the observation of
multiple observations.
3.9.2 Coding
action of tepid water sponging and 1 = After the action of tepid water sponging
that is body temperature more than 37,50C per axilla (Suririnah, 2010).
3.9.3 Scoring
This stage is done to give a score on each respondent's answer, this process can
3.9.4 Entering
Entering is the process of entering data that has been given code into the
After all the data collected, then the next step is to analyze the data, so that the data
the researcher wanted to see the mean or the mean of the influence variable of
tepid water sponging to the body temperature on the toddler with typhoid
Province 2018.
data along the normal distributed diagonal line (Rumengan, 2010). Further
<0,05.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
In the stage of growth and development, toddlers often experience pain. Various
diseases attack, especially diseases caused by infections that are almost always
accompanied by fever. Fever is one of the causes that often make parents bring their
children to seek treatment. Fever is not a disease but rather a symptom of a disease as
a body reaction to fight off infections or diseases that can be caused by viruses or
bacteria. When the body is fighting disease or infections that enter, the body will
release a certain amount of heat to the skin of the body resulting in an increase in
According to Alves (2008) in the journal Tepid Sponging Plus Dipyrone Versus
of tepid water sponging compress is a warm compress technique that combines the
Compression tepid sponge bath is one way of physical methods to reduce fever that is
that aims to lower body temperature by using warm water by wiping the whole body