TRAINING REPORT

For summer training with WELL SERVICES section

At Down hole packer & Fishing section, Kalol, Saij

Ahmedabad Asset

Submitted by:

T.A.Kartik(08BT01076)

6TH sem student

B.Tech Petroleum technology

School of Petroleum Technology, PDPU

 CERTIFICATE

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED

WELL SERVICES, AHMEDABAD ASSET

This is to certify that Mr.T. A. Kartik, student of B.Tech Petroleum Technology,

from Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, has successfully
completed training in ‘Packer and Wireline section’ and ‘ Fishing section’, Well
Services,

Ahmedabad Asset, ONGC from 1st June to 16th July 2011

Sh. N. R. Chowdhury Sri B. Seshagiri

Chief Engineer(Prod) Chief Engineer(Prod)
(Training co-ordinator)

Sh. Kolanjinathan Sh. J.C.Tripathi

Superintending Engineer(Prod) Superintending Engineer(Prod.)
(Training guide) (Training guide)

Sh. H. Manoharan

DGM(P)-LM-WCT

(Head Down Hole Section)

16th July2011
Acknowledgement
The cycle of selfless mentoring one has received and the subsequent process of
growth and learning would be rendered complete only when one takes it upon
himself to pass on one’s expertise to one’s juniors. What follows isn’t just a
floral formality, but ones struggle to express one’s thankfulness to a few
exemplary individuals.

If only the word ‘thanks’ could do justice to Sh.B.Seshagiri’s CE(P) patience,

energizingly positive outlook and invaluable inputs about the workings of the
Hydrocarbon industry and the role of exposure to seemingly routine field
operations in shaping one’s concepts, that can be treasured throughout one’s
career in the industry!

From the core of my heart I express my indebtedness to Sh.N. R. Chowdhury,

CE(P)-In charge-Down Hole Section for devoting time from his busy schedule to
ensure that there never were any lacunae in our training.

It’s hard to find words to thank adequately the team at Packer section with
Sh.Pankaj Bajpai, SE(P) and Sh. S. Kolanjinathan, SE(P) at the helm.

At Fishing section, I’d the good fortune of participating in the interpretational,

‘loud thinking’ sessions between Sh.J.C Tripathi,SE(P) & Sh.Khilauria SE(P). This
cleared many a misconception I had of Fishing. I also thank
Sh.D.K.Vaghela,AEE(P) and Sh. B.S.Rajput, AEE(Mech) for their contribution in
enriching the training process. I take this opportunity to thank, Gurupalbhai,
Vijaybhai, Shambhuji, Ramtubhai and team at fishing section and Makwanaji,
Patelji, Panchalji, Mukeshbhai and team at packer section contributed their bit
in making me feel at home in the yard.

T. A. Kartik
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Fishing Operations

a. External catching fishing tools

b. Internal catching fishing tools

c. Junk retrieval tools

d. Milling tools

e. Washover tools

f. Casing repair and remedial tools

g. Miscellaneous

2. Introduction to Packers and Completion tools

3. Case studies of Wells under Workover Jobs

SOME KEY LEARNING POINTS:
-5 ½” production casings at Limdodra wells are generally found to exhibit
greater wear and tear relative to those in other areas. The need is felt to
reassess the geochemistry of the area and suitably modify it’s casing policy. The
causes could be corrosive formation water, anomalous geothermal gradient or
improper cementing and csg instability.

-Systematically recording the various dimensional parameters of oil field tools

helps a lot when going for a fishing job, since we’d what to look for and how to
fish out properly. The problem however arises with usage of counterfeit or
improper crossover subs and sockets of non-standard dimensions. These
wouldn’t conform to prescribed tool dimensions and thus they’re tough to fish
out.

-Ever wondered how the abrasive tungsten carbide coat on milling tools is
applied? There are special thin rods that have tungsten carbide powder
encapsulated in a metal matrix. When exposed to intense heat, the metal melts
and flows onto the milling surface, depositing the particles there. These rods
come in packs of 4 each with a total weight of about 1.1kg.

-cementation is a must for the mechanical stability of casing. So what’s the

remedy if a casing has poor, inhomogeneous cementation? This problem is
solved using a cement retainer, since entire volume cement squeeze is
impractical in such cases. Cement retainer resembles a bridge plug externally,
but it has a conduit inside which opens up when the stringer stabs inwards. It’s
use:- Holes are drilled above and below poorly cemented zone and cement is
pumped. It moves out of the retainer and b/h the casing through these holes
and reinforces existing cement. Knowing the cement rise length behind casing,
one can calculate the exact volume of cement to be pumped.

-the packing element in a packer is made of Nitrile rubber. The packing element
has three sections, 2 long ones and a shorter middle one. However upon
setting, only the central element actively seals the annulus by pressing against
casing, the other two only support it slightly. To hold the packer firmly in
position, it has die slips, button holders, or other mechanism with which to bite
the casing. But what would happen if the packer just can’t be held in place and
so refuses to set? In wells with extremely waxy crudes this does happen
sometimes, we’re told. So one has to scrape the casing and proceed.

-Something about the subsurface: the Kalol formation wells are under solution
gas drive mechanism, the Kalol payzone-3 produces only gas; the Jhalora has an
active water drive.

-micro tubing application: in wells ridden with sand-problem, gravel pack

assembly is installed. The GP is an arrangement of gravel of uniform size
packaged within a mesh to act as a sand-filter so that only the hydrocarbon is
allowed into tbg. The GP can be cleaned used micro tubing which has 1.25” OD
can easily pass through 2 7/8” prod. tbg and so it can help in clearing sand
inside the tubing and screen in the GP assembly. To periodically restore the
efficiency of GP a re-GP is needed. Before doing re-GP, surging operation is
carried out to collect the loose sand within the formation.

-Tension Packer is used to test the casing at shallow depths, where it’s not
possible to exert much load using compression packer. Instead it seals the
annulus upon application of tension just unlike the R-3 mechanical pkr.

Fishing Operations
Fish- Any object that is accidentally left in the bottom-hole during drilling or
workover jobs and it being of such dimensions, shape or orientation obstructs
the course of routine well operation, or involves loss of expensive oil field
equipment, thereby making its retrieval critical.

Categories of fish:

-singles or tubing stuck during back-off operations

-sticking of drillstring due to formation interaction or doglegs, creation of key

seat etc
-twist offs of drill pipe sections or drill collars

-junk retrieval involving miscellaneous foreign objects (bearings, tool parts)

Professional judgement and resource allocation in fishing

Decisions regarding fishing need to take into account a myriad of factors. Be it

in the oil field or elsewhere its benefit and commercial feasibility that matters.
So before one decides to go for the fish, at least these issues must be pondered
upon:

1. The information we have about the type, value in terms of utility or cost,
dimensions, shape, orientation, mobility and condition of the fish.
2. Problem with leaving the fish unattended, i.e whether it can hamper
regular production/injection process or pose even more severe threats.
3. Cost involved in performing fishing operation inclusive of man power, rig
costs, equipment and energy costs, loss of production incurred.
4. Costs involved in backing off, plugging and sidetracking the fish in
absence of other alternatives.
The progress of the fishing operation and the probability of its accomplishment
within the allotted time frame would determine whether it attracts further
investment of resources and time or is abandoned midway for want of better
options.

Fishing Tools
These are generally classified as:

Internal catching fishing tools

External catching fishing tools
Junk retrieval tools
Milling, washover tools
Casing repair and remedial tools
Further we can divide the tools on the basis of whether they’re of releasing or
non releasing nature. With a releasing-type tool, for example an Overshot, we
can atleast salvage the tool if the fish is badly stuck. This option however one
can’t exercise if one chooses to lower a non-releasing tool like a male tap or a
taper tap.
The fundamental procedure involved in fishing for pipe would be as follows:
First the free pipes above the stuck zone are removed, then remaining stuck
pipe of fish is to be removed, this is mainly done for the tubular pipes such as
drill pipes, tubings, packers, etc. Depending upon the OD of the fish and the ID
of the casing the fishing tool is designed such as it should fit in between the
annulus gap of the casing and the fish to be removed. Then by lowering the
designed tool to the desired depth the fish is held from inside or outside the
again depending upon the annulus space between the casing and the fish.
Then by the rotation motion the fish is threaded and the fishing tool is tangled
in the fish and the fish is caught. Then the fish is loosened from the
surrounding sand by give it a upward jerk i.e.jarring.If the jarring does not
loosen the fish then the lubricating fluids are used such as diesel, polymers etc.
This is called as spotting.
Now for handling junk it’s a different approach:
Any small object such as the wire, bearings, cones ,rollers of bit, pump out
plugs, seat and ball, etc. is called as junk.Depending upon the type of junk
encountered the fishing tool is decided.For instance if any metallic junk such as
parts of drill bit can be removed by the fishing magnet.If the junk is like a wire
then, grapple or wire catcher is used.Once the fish is encountered then, the
fish can be caught by direct catch tools or if it is blocked in the sand then first
lubricating fluids or organic fluids are used to loosen it from the surrounding
area. Then by jarring action it is tried to be removed.

External catching fishing tools

1. Overshot

It is very much preferred by the fishing professionals. The basic simplicity

and rugged construction with which it is designed have made it the standard of
all external catch fishing tools. Overshot has gained world wide acceptance for
fishing by means of external engagement of a fish. Each overshot is a carefully
engineered unit. In service, it takes a positive grip over a large area of fish and
is therefore capable of with standing extremely heavy pulling, torsional and
jarring strains without damage or distortion to either the tool or the fish.
Overshot is a compact unit designed to engage, pack off and pull a specific size
of tubing, pipe, coupling, tool joint, drill collar or smooth O.D.tool. Through the
installation of proper undersize parts, they may be adapted to engage and pack
off any smaller size.

The overshot has these three parts:

1. Top sub
2. Bowl
3. Guide

Now their detailed description

TOP SUB

The top sub is the uppermost component of the assembly. It is equipped

with a box connection, to assure proper make-up with the fishing string.

BOWL

The bowl is the main working component of the overshot. The upper end
of the bowl is threaded for assembly with the top sub. The lower end is
threaded for assembly with the standard guide. A helix-shaped configuration
inside the overshot bowl provides a tapered spiral surface on which the grapple
will be assembled. Once the grapple has engaged the fish, an upward strain will
cause the grapple to be compressed by the movement of the matching tapers.
The greater the pull, the stronger the grip. The strain is evenly distributed over
the entire working surface of the bowl and the grapple. This minimizes any
possible damage to the bowl or the fish.

The bowl of the overshot is designed with helically tapered spiral section in its
diameter. The gripping member (Spiral Grapple or Basket Grapple), is fitted into
this section. when an upward pull is exerted against a fish, an expansion strain
is spread evenly over a long section of the fish. No damage or distortion results
to either the fish or the overshot. This design permits a far stronger tool with
ma smaller outside diameter than is possible with an overshot that employs a
single tapered section which supports slips.

STANDARD GUIDE

The standard guide is the lowermost component of the assembly. It

guides the fish into the overshot, allowing the internal gripping mechanism to
properly engage and grip the fish. The guide also prohibits the entry of a fish
that exceeds the maximum catch of the overshot. This minimizes any possible
damage to the overshot assembly.

Grapples, the life blood of the overshot

SPIRAL GRAPPLE

A spiral grapple is formed as a left hand helix with a tapered exterior to

conform to the helically tapered section in the bowl. Its interior is wickered for
engagement with the fish.

Basket Grapple

A basket grapple is an expansible cylinder with a tapered exterior to conform to

the helically tapered section in the bowl. Its interior is wickered for
engagement with the fish.
 (Overshots dressed with basket and spiral grapples

respectively)

GRAPPLE’S MODUS OPERANDI:The movements of the grapple are governed by

3 factors i.e, firstly the Grapple is a left hand helix; the lower end of the
Grapple is anchored in the Overshot Bowl; the inside diameter of the Grapple is
smaller than the outside diameter of the fish.

When the overshot is rotated to the right and lowered over the fish, the drag of
the fish against the Grapple causes the Grapple to unwind and expand
sufficiently to allow the fish to enter.

When the overshot is rotated to the right and withdrawn from the fish, the
drag of the fish against the Grapple causes the Grapple to unwind and expand
sufficiently to allow the overshot to be withdrawn.
Grapple Controls

Grapple controls transmit torque from the overshot bowl to the grapple while
allowing the grapple to move vertically inside the bowl. Grapple controls are
used as a special key, to allow the grapple to move up and down during
operation while simultaneously transmitting full torque from the grapple to the
bowl.

Mechanism of O/SHOT AS A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS:

After the overshot has reached the top of the fish, combined rotation and
lowering results in the following:

-The guide will direct the fish into the overshot

-The Grapple will expand and the fish will pass through it.

-The fish will pass through the packoff Rubber and will be halted when it
contacts the pin end of the top sub. In the case where an external upset
section is being engaged by a Basket Grapple, the fish will be halted by the
solid steel stop in the upper end of the Basket Grapple.

-The fish is now properly located in the Overshot and thereafter when upward
pull is exerted, the Grapple is constracted by the tapers in the Bowl and the
hold will be secure.

-Likewise, once the fish is in the portion. The circulation will seal the Packoff
Rubber around the fish and prevent fluid passage down the outside. Thus, by
building up pressure with the pumps, the fluid can be forced down through the
fish.
Using the overshot

First determine that the overshot is properly assembled, is dressed with the
proper size Grapple and that all its parts are in good working condition.

Obviously, if the fish is smaller than the maximum outside diameter that the
overshot was designed to engage, install undersize parts.If the hole size is so
much greater than the fish size that it is possible for the Overshot to pass
alongside the fish, install either a Wallhook Guide or an Oversize Guide in place
of the Standard Guide.If the top fish is heavily burred tool joint, replace the
Standard Guide with the proper Milling Guide.If the fish has an unengageable
upper end, install an extension between the Top Sub and the Bowl. Using the
Top Sub, connect the Overshot to the fishing string and run it in the hole.

To engage and pull the fish

As the top of the fish is reached, slowly rotate the fishing string to the right and
gradually lower the Overshot over the fish: combined rotating and lowering is
important.Allow the right hand twist to slack out of the fishing string and then
pull on the fish by elevating the fishing string. If the fish does not come, turn on
the circulating pumps and maintain an upward strain while circulation is forced
through the fish.

To release from the fish

Bump down, then simultaneously rotate to the right and slowly elevate the
fishing string until the overshot is clear of the fish: combined rotating and
elevating is important.To release from a recovered fish, follow the same
procedure while holding the fish below the Overshot.
DIE COLLAR

The die collar is an external catch tool designed to retrieve tubular members
from the well. It’s manufactured from high grade alloy. The hardened cutting
teeth are machined on a shallow taper to provide an excellent grip.

We saw this tool in action at Nawagam well#117. This tool has an internally
threaded tapering structure, i.e the tool can be used for tubular members of a
range of outer diameters. Hence, this tool comes in handy when there is little
uncertainty or doubt regarding the fish dimensions. Since this one is a rotary
catch tool, it is non-releasing. So if after engaging with the fish the tool gets
stuck, then there is no way but to leave it and back-off.

Operation

Die collar is lowered along the left handed drill pipe(LHDP). Upon encountering
fish top we impart rotary torque to the pipe. Note- that since we’re dealing
with a rotary catch tool a rotary rig is essential. The internal grooves of the die
collar dig into the external surface of fish and embed a thread with which to
grip it firmly. Then the experienced fishing professional initiates the pull-out by
imparting the right amount of upward pull to the string after confirming the
union of die collar with the fish. This process is continued till the fish is
retrieved.

However before engaging in a fishing operation using a die collar a thorough

wash over job is often recommended as it is a non-releasing tool. This isn’t
standard protocol but a precautionary measure only.
 Internal catch fishing tools-

Spears

It is used to internally engage and retrieve all sizes of tubing, drill pipe and
casing. It may be used in conjunction with internal cutters to perform cut and
pull operations. All full circle spears for tubing and drill pipe are composed of a
top sub, protector (when a skirt and guide are not used), body, slips, friction
spring assembly or friction block assembly, stop, safety ring, nut and nut set
screw. The friction block assembly includes a unitizer, retainer (2 pieces),
friction blocks, retainer screws, outer block springs and inner block springs.The
friction spring assembly includes a unitizer, friction retainer, friction springs
(which are integral with the friction retainer), and friction retainer screws.The
top sub of full circle spears for tubing or drill pipe serves as a stop and is
provided at its lower end with a suitable thread on which is assembled either a
skirt and guide when these are used, or a thread protector when they are not.
The body has a series of large tapers on its outside diameter which match
similar tapers on the inside diameters of the slips. The purpose of these tapers
is to cause the slips to expand and contact the fish, during operation.
THE CATCHING AND RELEASING POSITIONS OF A SPEAR, RESPECTIVELY

OPERATION

Determine first that the full circle releasing spear is the proper size for
the fish to be caught, is properly assembled and is in good working condition.
Then connect the spear to the fishing string. Set the spear in its retracted
position by ascertaining that the slip fingers are engaged with the lugs on the
body and with the lugs on the unitizer. In this position the full circle slips are
pressed inward and will not engage the pipe as the spear is run in.

When spear has reached the top of the fish slow lowering of fishing string
results in the following:

ENGAGING OPERATION

The proper safety ring or safety ring pack off will prevent the spear from
entering any fish whose inside diameter is smaller than the outside diameter
of the slips in their retracted position. The friction springs or friction blocks will
contact the inner wall of the fish and hold the unitizer, friction retainer and
slips stationary until the shoulders at the ends of the tapers on the downwardly
traveling body contact the shoulders at the ends of the tapers of the slips and
push the assembly into the fish to the desired depth.

The slips are now in their uppermost position relative to the body. Thereafter,
when slips are held stationary by the friction springs or friction blocks until the
lugs on the upper end of the body are disengaged from the slots in the upper
fingers of the slips. At the same time, the keys on stop are simultaneously
disengaged from the recesses in the unitizer.

Thereafter, when the fishing string is elevated, the slips are held stationary by
the friction springs or friction blocks and the tapers on the upwardly traveling
body expand the slips into tight full circle engagement with the fish.

RELEASING

When the fishing string is bumped down, the slips are held stationary by the
friction springs or friction blocks and the body travels downwardly until the
lugs on the upper end of the body are opposite the slots in the upper fingers of
he slips and the recesses in the unitizer are opposite the tops of the keys on the
stop.

Thereafter, when the fishing string is rotated to the right, the slips are held
stationary by the friction springs or friction blocks until the lugs on the body
locate themselves within the sots in the upper fingers of the slips. At the same
time, the keys on the recesses of the unitizer.

The spear can now be pulled up or down the fish because when in this position
the slips cannot be expanded into the fish by the tapers on ht body,
As a secondary releasing mechanism, left hand wickers are cut on he full circle
slips and the lugs on their body and the keys on the stop will force the slips to
rotate with their spear. After bumping down to break the hold, combined right
hand rotation and slow elevation of the fishing sting unscrews the spear from
the fish.

TAPER TAP

IT’S an interal catch fishing tool designed to retrieve tubular members from the
well bore. It has a conical threaded structure, specially for engaging fish over a
wide variety of internal diameters. T’s cutting teeth, called wickers are
machined on a shallow taper to provide a good grip for picking up fish jobs.

Operation

The taper top is assembled to the bottom of the fishing string. It is then run in
the hole till fish top is encountered. Then just sufficient weight is applied and
rotary torque is imparted to allow the wicker threads to be embedded into the
interior of the fish. Once secure engagement of the fish has been confirmed
P/O can be initiated.

Components

Skirt: it is used in some specific cases. Theskirt is assembled to the taper tap
and will assist in guiding the fish for proper engagement and retrieval. Several
types of skirts can be utilised viz. plain ended, lipped ended, or threaded end
with a thread protector for adding standard oversized guide.

Guides: A guide can be assembled to the bottom of a threaded skirt. When the
hole size is considerably larger than the diameter of the fish, there may be
sufficient room for the Taper Tap to pass along side of the fish without
engaging it. In this case, an oversized guide can be used to engage the fish
securely and to properly guide it onto the Taper Tap.

Other miscellaneous fishing tools:

The Impression Block

This tool has a clear, flat, leaden face. This instrument is the mirror of the
downhole conditions, as it can with reasonable accuracy; bring to surface the
impression of the fish top. It is with this tool that generally any fishing job
starts off.

Construction

It has a typical metal frame and a tail pin for coupling with drill pipe for
lowering. On it’s front face it has a thick coat of smoothly set lead.

Application

Initially It’s lowered as all other fishing tools along the drill pipe. Upon reaching
the fish top depth some additional weight is applied to it, which is adequate to
get the impression of the fish top. Then it is withdrawn carefully. In practice
however, not only it’s face but also it’s sides tell us the downhole story. The
ruffling and curling of the lead at the sides indicates unevenness or even
damage in the casing sometimes as was the case in Sanand well#160.
Wireline spear

The Wireline Spear is a simple easy to use tool designed to retrieve wire line
and wire rope from the well bore.

Construction:

Spears are constructed of high quality steel for strength and durability. The
upper end of the tool has a box connection and fishing neck. Two types of
spears are available. The standard wireline spear is provided with welded
barbs. the collapsible wireline spear has retracting barbs to allow easier entry
into the wire without compacting it further. Serration's on the spear shank,
inside the collapsible barb cavity, further enhances the ability of the Wireline
Spear to retain its grip on the cable while tripping out.

Operation:

Make-up the spear to the bottom of the string. Run in the hole. Upon reaching
the wire to be retrieved, slowly lower the spear, allowing the steel barbs to
engage the wire. It may be necessary to lift and lower several times to be sure
the spear has sufficiently engaged the wire. Slight rotation may also be
required to loosen the wire if it is severely compacted. The spear may then be
lifted from the hole, bringing the loose wire with it.
MILLING TOOLS:

Junk mill:

Are the most versatile type in the market. It can be used to, mill almost
any form of metal junk that falls into or is left in the hole, such as tubulars that
have been cemented inside or outside bridge plugs, packers etc.

Tapered mill:

Are used primarily to mill sections of collapsed or split pipe

and to enlarge restrictions through fretainers, adapters, etc.A smaller taper
mill is usually run first, followed by successively larger mills until the final mill
run reaches the internal diameter desired.

Rotary mill:

Are used to mill over and around packers, drill collars , drill pipes, etc. They can
be run on drill pipes or wash over pipes to free , by milling , stuck drill strings
,packers slips etc.

Section mill:

Are used to open a window in casing in preparation to side tracking a fish, or

they can be modified and used to cut pipe.
Note the WC or Tungsten Carbide abrasive surfaces on FMT & Conical mill

REPAIR AND REMEDIAL TOOLS

Casing scrapper

The Casing Scraper is designed to remove scale, mud cake, cement sheath,
embedded bullets, and other foreign material from inside of the casing wall.
Maintaining a clean casing I.D. is vital to the efficient operation of down-hole
tools used in drilling the well. The resulting smooth casing surface is ready for
subsequent down-hole operation such as packer setting and squeeze tools.

OPERATION

Assembly of the casing scraper is quick, simple and can easily be done
in the field. Secure the tool body. Insert springs into the blade body drive. Set
blade over body splines at center of tool, compress blade and slide into splines.
Install remaining blades in the same manner. Offset the upper blade set from
lower set by one splines. Secure blades to body with split collar ring.

WASHOVER PIPE:

The technique uses large diameter pipe, usually high strength casing, lowered
into the hole at the end of drill pipe. Drilling mud pumped down the washpipe
washes debris away from the stuck fish, freeing it for recovery.

JUNK RETRIEVAL FISHING TOOLS:

FISHING MAGNET

This tool si designed to effectively remove ferrous particles, shavings and debris
from the bottom of the well bore. The process of retrieval of small, odd shaped
objects is a very difficult yet frequently occurring fishing situation. Generally,
such objects are a result of bit failure that leave cones and cutters in the hole,
or are an accumulation of mill cuttings, or simply accidental droppings of
unmillable objects into the hole. Such fish cannot be engaged in the
conventional manner. Fishing magnets successfully remove these small objects
from the hole bottom. The tool’s design incorporates generous circulation
holes that wash away the cuttings and other debris that would other wise
prevents contact with the magnet. Fishing magnets can be run on either
wireline or pipe.

Construction: These magnetic tools are constructed from steel specially

selected for its ability to retain magnetic properties under harsh down hole
conditions. The magnetic material is one of the most powerful permanent
magnets in industrial use. With proper usage it should never lose its magnetic
property.

Operation:

No assembly is required other than selecting the desired shoe and installing it
on the lower end of the magnetic assembly. Make up the magnetic assembly to
the bottom of the fishing string. Run in the hole and hold magnet about 10”
from the fish. Circulate copiously to wash away the cuttings. Reduce circ lower
the magnet to the fish and slightly rotate to obtain good contact. Cut off
circulation and lift the magnet from the hole.

Reverse circulation junk basket:

It’s a junk retrieval tool designed to remove all types of objects from the
bottom of the well bore. This superior tool removes items such as slips, hand
tools, cones and any other miscellaneous pieces of junk from the well. It
employs reverse circulation to aid junk recovery.

Construction:

This tool has a top sub, barrel assembly, catcher and shoe. The barrel assembly
consists of an inner and outer barrel, valve seat, cup and ball. A lift sub is also
provided to further assist handling.

Operation:

Make up the junk basket to the bottom of the string and run into the hole.
When the tool is approximately ten feet from the bottom of the hole, the ball is
dropped down the drill pipe. The ball will position itself in the ball seat and
reverse circulation will begin. Circulate and commence coring. Combined with
reverse circulation this ensures that any junk on the bottom is pumped into the
barrel and caught by the catcher assembly. The tool is removed from the hole
after cutting up to 20”core.

Junk sub:

The Boot Basket (Junk Sub) is an accessory tool used in milling or drilling
operations. It is designed to prevent cuttings that are too heavy to be circulated
from settling to the bottom of the hole.
Construction:
Boot baskets are manufactured from high-strength heat treated alloy steel to
withstand wear. Heavy-duty ribs are attached to the cup to prevent it from
being crushed and to guide the tool through tight places while tripping out of
the hole. These ribs are not welded to the main body of the tool, further
enhancing its strength.
Operation:
Boot baskets are used directly above the mill or drill bit. On severe milling jobs,
it is customary to run two or three baskets in tandem above the mill. This
tandem running not only increases the capacity to remove the cuttings, but
also provides extra stabilization for the mill. Boot basket can be run in either
open hole or inside casing. When the basket is working inside a casing, hard
faced pads, dresses to the same O.D. as the mill or bit, should be used.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOWNHOLE PACKER AND COMPLETION TOOLS
About completion equipments, we begin with the description, mechanisms,
classification and applications of packers. These being of more intricate
structure warrant more attention.
Fundamentally packers are employed as completion tools for sealing the
production casing-tubing annulus. Among other primary functions of a packer

Fig: A mechanical packer

To isolate the casing from the corrosive fluids, and or, high pressure.
To isolate and control flow from pay zones.
In conjunction with an artificial lift system.
To selectively produce from multiple zones.
Added advantage in wireline and Downhole operations.

Types of Packers:
Packers can be of single dual or triple bore, and are mainly classified as service
packers and production packers. Further, production packers are classified as
retrievable and permanent packers. Retrievable packers as well as permanent
packers are subclassified as mechanically set and hydraulically set.

Service packers:
the service packer is used for Zonal isolation in conjunction with pressure
pumping operations. The service packer provides both an annular seal and a
fluid pathway from the tubing to below the packer, so that the zone below the
packer can be treated while remaining isolated from the surface and from the
zones above it in the well bore. Service packers are designed to remain in the
wellbore only for a short time to complete the stimulation operation. Once the
operation is complete, the service packer is removed from the wellbore.
However these can be used as production packers on a short term basis,
depending on the wellbore environment. Likewise a production packer can be
used as a service packer.

Retrievable service Packers:

These are very versatile tools that can be used for numerous applications,
including surface isolation, zone isolation, liner top secondary cementing, short
and long term abandonment, casing pressure testing, formation fracturing and
subsequent production testing. Because retrievable tools are left in the
wellbore only for a short time, they are not susceptible to the corrosive effects
of Hydrogen Sulphide and Carbon dioxide, in most cases. They can hence be
used again.

Production Packers:
Retrievable Packers:
They are run as an integral part of the tubing string. They are set either
mechanically or hydraulically and can be released by pulling or rotating the
tubing. The advantages are:
Tubing can be landed and Christmas Tree installed.
Packer can be reused in another application.
The packer does not have to be milled out if it becomes necessary to remove it,
thus saving time.
Mechanical retrievable packers can be reused in the same well without
redressing.

The disadvantages are:

Pulling may swab the well if packer is not fully released.
Equalization of pressure across the packer may be difficult.
Sand or other deposits above the packer may make it difficult to retrieve.

Permanent Packers:
This type of packers once set can be regarded as part of the casing and can only
be removed by destructively milling. Tubing can be released from, and run back
and sealed into these types of packers. Permanent packers can be set
hydraulically, electrically or mechanically. They are recommended for use in the
following cases:
High pressure differential requirement
Long term completion requirement
Maximum dependability.
Packer bore requirement.

PUMP OUT PLUG:

This is a device for temporarily sealing the bottom of the tubing string to
prevent fluid from moving up the tubing, while tripping in the hole. The pump-
out ball-seat can be used as a bridging device to set a hydraulic packer or to
hydraulically test the tubing system. The ball-seat allows the tubing to fill with
fluid while running in the hole. PoP is used below a production packer or tail
pipe. The assembly holds pressure from and unseats with a predetermined
amount of tubing pressure gen about 3000psi. The PoP allows fluid flow from
both directions, until a particular diameter ball is gravitated into the landing
seat. Pressure applied to the tubing string will shear out the ball and seat at a
predetermined pressure rating.

FLOW COUPLING AND BLAST JOINTS:

These are thick walled tubular components normally utilized in completion and
located adjacent to changes in the tubing ID or across perforations. Flow
couplings are used where turbulence caused by changes in the ID is located in
the thicker wall of the flow coupling rather than being in the production tubing.
Flow couplings are generally connection OD and are available in 3,4,5 and 8
feet lengths. Blast joints are constructed similarly with connection OD and are
available in 10 or 20 feet lengths. The blast joint is placed in the tubing string
adjacent to perforations. The thick walls of this tube resist the erosive blast of
fluid from the formation, which often carries abrasive solid particles.

LANDING NIPPLE:
The seating nipples provide a means of landing blanking plugs, or check valves
capable of holding pressure from above for setting hydraulic packers and
testing tubing. Usage of the LN allows positive indication that the through-
tubing flow control device is correctly located in the desired nipple profile.
They can also be used to isolate the perforation and protect the formation from
any damage due to kill fluid loss or used for landing a choke, which will regulate
the production flow rate. The bottom no-go seating nipple by nature of its
design contains the smallest restriction in the tubing string, serving as a catcher
for tools inadvertently dropped downhole. The landing nipple provides a single
use. Pressure actuated system for providing a reliable and economical method
of opening up communication between the tubing and annulus.

BRIDGE PLUG:
The cast iron bridge plug is a drillable plug designed for temporary or
permanent zonal isolation and well abandonment operations. It can be wire-
line or mechanically set. It is easily converted for cement retention.

EXPANSION JOINTS:
These are designed to be used in single and multi-string completions when
tubing movement is expected, because of temperature or pressure changes
during treatment or production especially hydro-fracturing job. These are
available in various stroke lengths.
SAFETY JOINTS:
These are used between packers in dual and Triple completions and in selective
completions using hydrostatic single string packers. The shear pin safety joint is
a device that enables stuck tubing to be sheared off, but because it introduces
a weak joint, its use should be restricted wherever possible. These are of two
types:
a) Shear Safety Joint: This joint provides for an emergency release of the
tubing string. Straight pull separates the tool at a predetermined shear
value.
b) Rotational Safety Joint: This joint provides for an emergency release of
the tubing string. It used large square left hand threads to separate the
upper and lower subs with right hand rotation abandoning any
production equipment below.

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS FOR SETTING MECHANICALLY SET BRIDGE PLUG:

 Running in hole bridge plug up to desired depth.
 Pick up half a metre above the setting depth.
 Ten rounds clockwise rotation to be imparted to the bridge-plug setting
tool.
 Go down half a metre at setting depth.
 Give ten-tonne extra pull to string to set bridge plug slowly.
 Waiting for a few minutes.
 Apply ten-tonne load on bridge plug and wait further for five minutes.
 Pick up string weight and rotate string clock-wise ten to fifteen rounds.
 Pick up string will be found to get released from bridge plug.
 Testing casing at 100 kg/cm2.
HYDRAULIC PACKER SETTING PROCEDURE:
 Tubing connected to the pump and annulus to tank/pit
 Fill well through tubing by completion fluid brine or water.
 Drop ball through tubing.
 Wait for about half an hour for ball to reach on top of PoP.
 Pump through tubing and increase the pressure of string in stages of 500
psi upto 2000 psi.
 Wait for a few minutes in each stage.
 Check packer setting by applying pressure through annulus up to 1000
psi.
 Wait twenty minutes to observe pressure drop. If there is no pressure
drop means packer got set at desired depth.
 Then increase pressure again through tubing up to 3000 psi and PoP gets
sheared at 3000 psi.
Case study #1
Illustration of a workover job sequence:
Well Wadu#43 (wdef)
Rig :- cardwell-50-X (work over rig)

Job:- Zone transfer and conversion to water injection job

-Day01 i.e 28/05/11

During daytime transportation of rig to well site took place. At night the rig-up
operation started.

-29/05

Day- Rig up accomplished. The well was subdued. Nipple down of SRP-T and
nipple up operation of BOP performed, i.e, sucker rod pump installation was
removed and BOP was installed. At night cone (tubing hanger) pull out
operation carried out. Observation was, broken polished rod of srp. Sucker rod
and pump were pulled out. 25 tubings were run into. Pump catcher +88 double
tubings +1 single were pulled out. Preparation for sharp-edge run in operation.

-30/05

During Daytime, sahrp edge was run in along with 78 doubles, 1 single. Bottom
was encountered at 1631m. pulling out of 2 doubles adjusting of sharp edge
was done. At 1595m squeeze cementing job was carried out by squeezing 200 L
at 2500 psi. At night 80 doubles and 1 single tubings and sharp edge. Running
in scrapper and 60 double tubingsin progress.

-31/05

Running in of 22 doubles and 1 single tubing was carried out. Cement top was
found at 1526m; tested cement plug HT and 1500psi; ok. Pulling out of 82
doubles, i single tubing sharp-edge and scrapper done. Blind ram of BOP tested
at 1500psi. ok. Well ready for perforation.
-01/06

Zone 1491.5-1493 was perforated with 18 spm (shots per metre) gun. Bell
bottom, 79 doubles, and 1 single tubing were run in; BOP removed, xmas tree
installed. Compressor applied at 110ksc. Observed water along with air while
releasing pressure. At night injectivity was checked as 140 lpm at 1200 psi. X-
mas tree removed, BOP installed. Bell bottom was kept at 1490 m well ready
for ROS job.

-02/06

ROS(residual oil saturation) job carried out by squeezing 2000 L of solvent at

115ksc. The bell bottom was adjusted at 1477m. Bop removed, xmas tree
installed. Rig released. For KLL#529.

Note: in the solvent job, an optimally formulated mixture of surfactant EGMBE

or EthyleneGlycolMonoButylEther, Xylene and diesel was employed in the
solvent job.

----------------------------------------------------
CASE STUDY#2
Exploratory well/Inclined ‘S’(refers to the drilled trajectory)

NGM#236

RIG : R-2 (DRILLING RIG)

DRILLED DEPTH 2616.00M

KB 28.51M GL 20.88M

TEST ZONE 2584-2586M

-SCRAPE WELL WITH GO GAUGING UPTO FLOAT COLLAR @ 2595M

-RECORD CBL-VDL-CCL-GR AFTER 72HR OF WOC IF OK

-CARRY OUT VSP AND RECORD DSI LOG

-R/I TBG WITH BB, CHANGE OVER TO WATER, TEST CSG AND C/HEAD
HERMETICALLY AT 325 KSC FOR 1 HR IF OK

-PLACE 200M BRINE CUSHION OF SP. GR. 1.20 AD WATER BUFFER OF 50M,
THEN MUD AS USED IN DRILLING POOH

-PERF OBJ-1 INTERVAL 2584-2586M N-5 CONVENTIONALLY @18SPM(DEEP

PENETRATION)

-R/I TBG WITH BB AT 2574M. N/D BOP, N/U XMT. TEST RIG AT 325KSC

-DISPLACE WELL FLUID WITH WATER

-IF WELL BECOMES ACTIVE AND PRODUCES OIL/GAS FLOW IT ALTERNATIVELY

THRU ANNULUS AND TBG TILL WELL GETS CLEANED AND STABILIZED

-C/O FLOW STUDIES THRU SEP WITH 2/3 DIFF BEANS TILL STAB FLOW OF
OIL/GAS IS OBTAINED

-IF WELL DOESN’T BECOME ACTIVE APPLY COMP/ N2 TO REDUCE FLUID LVL.
ACT WELL AND C/O RESERVOIR STUDIES

-IF WELL STILL DOESN’T BECOME ACTIVE C/O PLAIN ACID/MUD/ACD/HF JOB
AFTER INJ TEST AND ACT WELL CONVENTIONALLY

-PROD WATER SHOULD BE ALLOWED TILL STABLE SALINITY VALUE IS OBTAINED

-SHIFT CHEMIST SHUD EXAMINE FLUID SAMPLES REGULARLY.

-----------------------------END OF PLAN-------------------------

NOTE: ON 16-06-11 ZONE-1 WAS SEALED WITH BRIDGE PLUG IN NIGHT SHIFT.
ON 17-06-11, NEW ZONE WAS PERFORATED WITH 18 SPM GUN DURING
DAYTIME.

COMPLETION TYPE:- THIS WELL HAS SIMPLE BB WITH TUBINGS.

A TYPICAL WELL PLAN

KLL#551

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Kelly bushing 71.12M Ground Lvl 65.64M

DRILLED DEPTH 1555M

2 CASING POLICY

TYPE SIZE GRADE THICKNESS DEPTH CEMENT

RISE B/H
CSG FROM
SURF (M)
CONDUCTOR 9 5/8” J 55 40PPF SURFACE
PRODUCTION 5 ½” J 55 17PPF OO-1550 1140
FLOAT COLLAR 1525M

3 C PLUG/B PLUG

4 PRESENT PAYZONE(1353-1355.5M) IN KALOL-3 PAYZONE

5 PRESENT TBG SHOE/BELL BOTTOM POP AT 1335M

6 PACKER TYPE AND DEPTH—CLEARED UPTO 1506M DURING LAST WOJ

7 PUMP CATCHER DEPTH-1200M

8 LAST KILLING FLUID USED-BRINE

9 B.H CONDITIONS SBHP 100KGC DEPTH 1300M

PEVIOUS HISTORY TESTED CaSinG AND CSG HEAD AT 200 KSC; FOUND HT
SEALED; RECORDED CBL-VDL-CCL-GR LOGS. CBL OK; PAYZONE IN THE INTERVAL
1353-1355.5M IN K-3 WAS PERFORATED;R/I TBG WITH BB ;APPLIIED
COMPRESSOR THRICE.1ST COMP APPLICATION 80 KSC; OBSERVED FLOW OF
WATER ONLY;2ND APP COMP 120 KSC;0-60 KSC LITTLE GAS, 60-64 KSC OIL FLOW,
64-75 KSC WATER WITH OIL AND 75-120KSC WATER WITH OIL TRACES. AIR CUT
AT 120 KSC; 3RD COMP APP,-0-110KSC LITTLE GAS,100-105KSC OILFLOW AND
105-110KSC WATER WITH OIL TRACES. WUO. NO FLOW. R/R 05-06-2002.

C.PRESENT PROBLEM: NO FLOW, SUSPECTED TBG LEAKAGE

D. EXPECTED GAIN(TPD) 4 TPD

E PRESENT JOB: CLEAR BOTTOM/REPLACE AFFECTED

TBG/ACTIVATION/BHS/SRPS(SRP SERVICING)

F. PLAN OF WORK: SUBDUE THE WELL WITH BRINE OF SP. GR. 1.02

-PULL OUT SRP SYSTEM ALONG WITH TUBING ALSO REPLACE ALL AFFECTED
TBG WITH NEW ONE

-SCRAPE AND CB (CLEAR BOTTOM) UPTO 1506M ALSO CHECK FOR SAND FALL
IF ANY

-ACTIVATE THE WELL

-CARRY OUT BHS (BOTTOM HOLE STUDIES)

-REINSTALL SRP BASED ON BHS AND TEST IT BEFORE RIG RELEASE.

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