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Open Ended Hydraulics Laboratory PDF
Open Ended Hydraulics Laboratory PDF
Open Ended Hydraulics Laboratory PDF
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Prepared by:
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 1
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Water and Environmental Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 09/09/18
GENERAL INSTRUCTION Amendment Date 09/09/18
GENERAL INSTRUCTION:
This hydraulics laboratory has FIVE (5) experiments that need to be conducted. Students have
to develop the experimental design process by integrating the fundamental knowledge of
Hydraulics and Hydrology and technical skill with appropriate laboratory testing equipment to
fulfill the requirement of each open ended instruction. Students must present their ideas and
experimental procedures prior to commencing any experiment. It is every student’s responsibility
to ensure that safety standards are followed. All findings must be verified by the lecturer/
instructor.
START
END
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.
Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on
the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. The
rainfall-runoff process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model accurately.
There are, in addition, other important factors which influence the runoff generating
process like natural surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage
pattern formed by natural flow paths. The soil type, vegetative cover and topography
play as important roles. Rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components
because of their direct relations with water resources quantity, flood, streamflow and
design of dam and hydraulic structure.
You need to develop two (2) testable questions that can be answered by comparing
two different cases/ scenarios using basic hydrology apparatus and materials
available. One possible testable question is, “How do slopes change the runoff
hydrograph?” Once the lecturer or instructor approves the testable questions,
prepare a procedure for the experiment and conduct the lab experiment.
REPORT: Using the measured data, plot the discharge versus time for each case/
scenario and determine: (a) time concentration (b) rainfall duration, (c) peak
discharge, (d) runoff volume, (e) rainfall intensity and (f) storage volume. Compare
and discuss the results.
Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 3
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Water and Environmental Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 09/09/18
BASIC HYDROLOGY Amendment Date 09/09/18
PART B : INFILTRATION RATE
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the characteristics of the infiltration rate of water into soils in the field.
Infiltration is the term applied to the process of water entry into the soil, generally by
downward flow through all or part of the soil surface. The rate of this process, relative
to the rate of water supply, determines how much water will enter the root zone, and
how much, if any, will run off. The determination of infiltration is receiving increasing
attention in hydrologic studies because of the need for more quantitative data on all
phases of the hydrologic cycle.
As an engineer, you are assigned to conduct a soil infiltration test at site to determine
the infiltration rate and explore the subsurface conditions underneath the soil. The
infiltration rate refers to the speed at which water enters into the soil. The testing
needs to be conducted early in the planning and design process to determine if an
infiltration-based design is suitable for that site. Prepare a report including
procedures, results (infiltration capacity and Infiltration rate versus time plots) and
conclusions. In addition, sketch graphs of infiltration rate versus time for three
different characteristics of soils (i) dry soil, (ii) wet soil and, (iii) saturated soil.
Faculty :
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Page 4
Engineering
Department : Edition 1
Water and Environmental Engineering Checking No
Title : Effective Date 09/09/18
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL Amendment Date 09/09/18
LABORATORY 2
PART A: HYDRAULIC JUMP
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced
when waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.
3.0 THEORY
A hydraulic jump is a sudden dissipation of energy caused by a change from super-
critical to sub-critical flow. This fact may owe to the presence of some structures
obstructing the movement of slow in open channels. In engineering practice, the
hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from overflow structures (spillways),
or under flow structures (sluice gates), where velocities are height (Figure 1).
Hydraulic jump may be used to effectively dissipate kinetic energy and thus prevent
scour of the channel bottom, or to mix chemicals in a water. In design calculations,
the engineer is concerned mainly with total head loss across jump (energy
dissipated). Therefore, YOU are assigned to develop procedures and carry out the
experiment in the laboratory to first understand the concept.
REPORT: Using the measured data, calculate ∆𝐻⁄𝑦1 and plot ∆𝐻⁄𝑦1 against 𝑦3 ⁄𝑦1 .
Also, determine 𝑦𝑐 and verify 𝑦1 < 𝑦𝑐 < 𝑦3 . Please suggest application where the loss
of energy in hydraulic jump would be desirable and, how is the energy dissipated.
va v
2 2
H ya yb b
2g 2g
where, ΔH is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m), v a is the mean
velocity before jump (m/s), ya is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m), v b is the
mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m) and yb is the depth of flow after hydraulic jump
(m). Because the working section is short, ya ≈ y1 and yb ≈ y3 . Therefore, simplifying the
above equation, H y3 y1 4 y1 y3 .
3
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust on a sluice gate
(undershot weir) for water flowing under the sluice gate.
3.0 THEORY
Gates are used to regulate the level and flow in open channels and reservoirs. The
sluice gate is one of the most commonly used. In order to design a sluice gate, it is
necessary to determine the head-discharge relationship, and the pressure
distribution over the gate (Figure 2).
Prepare procedures to determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust
on a sluice gate for water flowing under the sluice gate. In the report, plot a graph of
the ratio Fg FH against the ratio yg yo and discuss the results. Also, compare your
calculated values for Fg and FH and comment on any differences. What is the effect
of flowrate on the results obtained?
y0
2 y1 by1
The gate thrust for a hydrostatic pressure distribution is given by the equation,
FH 1 g y0 y g where, Fg is resultant gate thrust (N), FH is resultant hydrostatic
2
2
thrust (N), Q is volume flowrate (m/s), is density of fluid (kg/m3), g gravitational
constant (9.81 m/s2), b is breadth of gate (m), yg is height of upstream opening (m),
y0 is upstream depth of flow (m) and y1 is downstream depth of flow (m).
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds.
Energy may exist in various forms. Hydraulic energy is that which may be possessed
by a fluid. Fluid machinery is used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy
or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The turbines are used to produce power
by means of converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Turbines can be
subdivided into two groups, impulse and reaction turbines. Pelton turbine (or Pelton
wheel), is one of the well-known type of water turbines.
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine in which vanes, sometimes called buckets, of
elliptical shape are attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel, as shown in Figure
1. The force produced by the jet impact at right angles to the buckets generates a
torque that causes the wheel to rotate, thus producing power. This type of turbine is
used for high head and low flow rates. It is named after the American engineer, Lester
Pelton.
Figure 1. Pelton wheel turbine installation and configuration of water flow in buckets
Turbines are designed for a specific speed condition of head, speed and output, but
the required condition is quite different. It is hence desirable to have complete
information about the performance of the turbine under all possible operating
condition. There is a need to conduct an experiment on the manufactured turbine in 2
the laboratory before being supplied to the user. Therefore, YOU are assigned to
develop procedures and carry out the experiment. The main aim is to evaluate the
performance of a Pelton turbine at different loads and spear valve settings, and
produce curves. These performance curves are known as the characteristics curves.
REPORT: Using the measured data, plot (i) rotation power, (ii) turbine efficiency, and
(iii) discharge, versus motor speed. Comment on the results. Also, the speed where
the maximum power is reached need to be determined.
Meanwhile, Water Power, 𝑃𝑤 (watt) = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄 where, is water density (1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ),
𝑚
𝑔 is gravity constant (9.81 𝑠2 ) , 𝐻 is head at inlet point (𝑚)and 𝑄 is flowrate (𝑚3 /s).
𝑃𝑚
Turbine efficiency, % = 𝑃𝑤
× 100
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between the head, flow rate, velocity, power and
efficiency of Francis turbine.
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and
developed by the American engineer James B. Francis. Francis turbine has a purely
radial flow runner; the flow passing through the runner had velocity component only
in a plane of the normal to the axis of the runner. Reaction hydraulic turbines of
relatively medium speed with radial flow of water in the component of turbine are
runner (Figure 2).
The reaction turbine consists of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes, adjustable guide
vanes called wicket gates, and rotating blades called runner blades. Flow enters
tangentially at high pressure, is turned toward the runner by the stay vanes as it moves
along the spiral casing or volute, and then passes through the wicket gates with a
large tangential velocity component. Momentum is exchanged between the fluid and
the runner as the runner rotates, and there is a large pressure drop.
Turbines are designed for a specific speed condition of head, speed and output, but
the actually required condition is quite different. It is hence desirable to have complete
information about the performance of the turbine under all possible operating
condition. There is a need to conduct an experiment on the manufactured turbine in
the laboratory before being supplied to the user. Therefore, YOU are assigned to
develop procedures and carry out the experiment. The objectives are to analyse the
operation of a Francis turbine and to determine a number of mechanical
characteristics such as head, hydraulic power, mechanical power and turbine
efficiency. The test can be performed with different degrees of opening of the
distributor blades, at different turbine rotation speeds.
REPORT: Using the measured data, produce three curves which are (i) output power,
(ii) flow and, (iii) efficiency, versus turbine speed. Comment on the results.
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 is the rotation speed of the turbine (𝑟𝑎𝑑 ⁄𝑠) and 𝑛 is the rotation speed of the
turbine (RPM),
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐
Turbine efficiency, = × 100 [%]
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑
REPORT WRITING
Format of report:
(a) Report should be typed with 1.5 lines spacing, in 12-pt Times New Roman.
*Your involvement will be assessed throughout the experiment (see assessment rubric).
Name: Dr. Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat Name: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Adib
Date: 3 September 2018 Mohammad Razi
Date: 3 September 2018
LABORATORY 1A 0.3
LABORATORY 1B 0.3
LABORATORY 2 0.3
LABORATORY 3A 0.3
LABORATORY 3B 0.3
Student can explain the
results of the experiment in
detail and the ways in
Student can answer questions
which they relate to the Student can explain the results Student can answer some
Interview about the experiment and Student cannot answer
research focus. The student of the experiment in detail and questions about the
CLO 3 begins to make connections questions about the
can also evaluate the the ways in which they relate to experiment
between the experiment and experiment
significance of the the research focus
its applications
experiment to the real
situation
LABORATORY 1A 0.3
LABORATORY 1B 0.3
LABORATORY 2 0.3
LABORATORY 3A 0.3
LABORATORY 3B 0.3