INTRODUCTION

Engineering geology is one of the compulsory subject that should be taken by students that
takes Civil Engineering courses in university. In University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, to fulfilled
the mark for geology project, students need to go to field to carry out an investigation about this
subject based on type of rock, the classification of rocks and the Rock Mass Rating. The objective
of this project is to study and observe the geological structure and obtained the data of dip direction,
dip angle and slope angle from the site visit.

The site visit was held at Sungai Lembing, Teluk Chempedak, Sungai Lembing Museum,
Sungai Lembing Tunnel and and Sungai Pandan Waterfall at Pahang. From the site visit, the
students was asked to obtain the data of slope angle, dip direction and dip angle to analyse the
geological structure that exist in that area. This also will gives exposure for the students to know
the formation of rocks and identify the classification of the rocks.

At Teluk Chempedak, students need to obtain the data of the dip, direction, dip angle and the
strike of the rock at the beach. For the next visit, students need to go to Bukit Panorama Hills. At
Bukit Panorama, the type of rock that we found is sedimentary rocks which is shale. Next, we go
to Museum Sungai Lembing and Sungai Lembing Tunnel. At museum Sungai Lembing, we are
given a quizzes from the lecturer and we need to find out the answer about the history of the Sungai
Lembing Tunnel. After that, we go to Sungai Lembing Tunnel. At there, students need to starts
their geological investigation which is Rock Mass Rating. The type of rocks at the tunnel is also
shale which is sedimentary rocks.

Then, we go to Sungai Lembing riverbanks. At there, we need to classify the difference

between igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Each group need to collect 10 rocks for
each type of the rocks. And the last visit is at Sungai Pandan Waterfall. At there, students also need
to get a data of dip direction, dip angle and strike of the place.

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A) AIR TERJUN SUNGAI PANDAN, KUANTAN

Last place that we visited before the trip ended was Air Terjun Sungai Pandan at Kuantan,
Pahang. Also known as Panching waterfall, this waterfall is situated deep in the forest, past the
small town, the army camp and the quarry area. Considered to be the Malaysia’s most beautiful
waterfall, Sungai Pandan waterfall is a popular picnic and recreational area for the Kuantan local
community. Sungai Pandan is part of a Forest Reservation Area called Hutan Lipur Sungai Pandan,
encompassing an area of about 25 hectares. Its forest is gazetted as an untouched treasure to
preserve and conserve, home to several species of tropical trees, animals and insects. It consists of
beautiful cascading rapids from the hill down to the giant rocks, culminating in large pool, which
makes it attractive and ideal from swimming.

Mostly at Air Terjun Sungai Pandan there were igneous rock which are granite and basalt
rock. There are two type of igneous rock which are intrusive (plutonic) and extrusive (volcanic).
Intrusive is cools slowly underground producing coarse-grained (phaneritic) igneous rocks.
Extrusive is cools rapidly at the surface producing fine-grained (aphanitic) igneous rocks. Granite
underlies volcanic mountain chains above subduction zones and in continental collision zones.
Basalt major volcanic rock type of oceanic crust and many oceanic crust and many oceanic islands;
also occurs in some volcanic regions on continents. Granite has higher silica content than Basalt.
Granite have more than 65% silica content (acid) and Basalt have 44% - 55% silica content (basic).
This is why granite brighter (fasic) than Basalt (mafic).

In each group, we were asked to get 30 sets of discontinuity, point load test and rebound
test hammer. Besides that, we also found some geological structure at the both of rock which were
joint and fracture. We calculated the discontinuity at the joint of the rocks to determine the dip
angle, dip direction and strike of the rocks. We do the point load test in lab geology when we were
back to UTHM and the sample of rock were taken from Air Terjun Sungai Pandan.

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Discontinuity Sets at Air Terjun Sungai Pandan

Num Dip Direction Dip Angle Strike

1. 163 66 73
2. 197 31 107
3. 357 77 267
4. 132 25 42
5. 167 55 77
6. 218 22 128
7. 155 24 65
8. 346 33 256
9. 220 30 130
10. 140 70 50
11. 146 35 56
12. 329 55 239
13. 322 77 232
14. 228 86 138
15. 230 67 140
16. 257 81 167
17. 228 86 138
18. 288 76 198
19. 245 79 155
20. 237 80 147
21. 352 56 262
22. 333 64 243
23. 294 81 204
24. 240 75 150
25. 290 76 200
26. 233 79 143
27. 240 78 150
28. 290 76 200
29. 220 84 130
30. 235 66 145

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By using Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test
Results
NUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH READINGS
1. 58
2. 42
3. 51
4. 36
5. 64
6. 40
7. 60
8. 48
9. 50
10. 62
11. 62
12. 32
13. 34
14. 50
15. 42
16. 41

CALCULATIONS:

AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

58+42+51+36+64+40+60+48+50+62+62+32+34+50+42+41
=
16

= 48.25 N/𝑚𝑚2

= 0.04825 kN/𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, the compressive strength of the rocks that we obtained in Air Terjun Pandan
Waterfall is 0.04825 kN/𝑚𝑚2 . The rocks in Air Terjun Pandan Waterfall are classified as a very
good hard classes in compressive strength.

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 Point Load Test

Length Depth Upper Lower Average Load, Equivalent Point F Is(50)

(mm) (mm) Width Width Width P Diameter, Load (MPa)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (kN) DE2 Index

(𝑚𝑚2) Strength,Is

(MPa)

40 60 100 110 105 11.34 8021.41 1.414 1.806 1.536

40 45 120 127 123.5 12.76 7076.03 1.803 0.954 1.720

40 33 60 55 57.5 0.00 2415.97 0 0.829 0

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 B ) MUSEUM (Sungai Lembing Museum Quiz)

No. QUESTIONS ANSWER

1 State the richest tin deposit in the world?
2 How much (metric tonne) did Sg. Lembing Mines able to produced raw tin
within 100 years
3 How much Pahang Consolidated Company Limited (PCCL) being charged
(tax) per year for its 100 years concession?
4 State the total length of all Sg. Lembing tunnel (km?).
5 State the location of tin power would be send to make tin ingots.
6 State the final useful product of tin.
7 State the tin rocks found in Sg. Lembing.
8 State name of animal behind the legend name of Sg. Lembing.
9 Name two (2) main mineral produced in Pahang state.
10 State locality of Diamond mineral.
11 State locality of Ruby Corundum mineral.
12 State locality of Travertine mineral.
13 State type of rock that the tin ore has found in the Sg Lembing mines.
14 State various techniques and tools required in mineral exploration.
15 State three (3) main factors for allowing decision to mining.
16 State scope of work of mining engineer.
17 State three (3) types of surface mining.
18 State the name of material used to remove impurities and changed the material
chemically in tin smelting.
19 State two (2) long and deep tunnel present at Sg. Lembing mines.
20 State the year of Pahang Consolidated Company Limited (PCCL) formation.
21 State the name of Sultan (The 4th of Sultan of Pahang) which always visiting
Sg. Lembing mines.
22 State the maximum workers that can be accommodating in lift at one time.
23 State the aged of the Mini Mox (car) present at Museum Sg. Lembing.
24 State the reason why Sg. Lembing was likened as the El-Dorado of the East.
25 State the name of mines that produced lots gold in Pahang.
26 State types of rocks that can be found gold.
27 State four (4) shaft name present at the east cross section of Sg. Lembing
mines.
28 State the responsible person charged for ensuring the final metal
product/ingots meets the market specification.
29 State the equipment name used to pull the tin or steel parts present in Museum
Sg. Lembing.
30 State the depth of Myah tunnel.

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C) SUNGAI LEMBING TUNNEL

Sungai Lembing tunnel at Kuantan is one of the tin mining area that was operated by Pahang
Consolidated Company Limited (PCCL) from year 1906 to 1986. The total length of Sungai
Lembing Tunnel is 322 km. After the mining was stopped, there is no preservation and
conservation for this place. But now, state government of Pahang had developed this area as one
of the tourism attraction. The type of rock in this tunnel is shale. Shale is classifies as one of the
fine grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of the silt and clay size mineral
particles that commonly called “mud”.

Inside this tunnel, we are divided into several groups to do a task for Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
for Rock Mass Classification. RMR has been applied in more than 268 case histories such as
tunnels, chambers, mines, slopes, foundations and rock caverns. When applying RMR
classification system, the rock mass should be divided into a number of structural regions and
classifies each region separately. The following six parameters are used to classify a rock mass
using the RMR system:
1. Uniaxial compressive strength of rock material.
2. Rock Quality Design (RQD).
3. Spacing of discontinuities.
4. Condition of discontinuities.
5. Groundwater conditions.
6. Orientation of discontinuities.

To conduct RMR for Rock Mass Classification, there are some equipment that are needed for
this assessment:
1. Measuring tape - Maximum 10m.
2. Ruler - 15cm.
3. Schmidt’s Rebound Hammer.
4. Torch light/ Headlamps
5. RMR system.
There are 10 steps to classifying and implementing the RMR system.
Step 1 : Outcrop preparation. An outcrop of the tunnel wall with distance of 5m was chosen.
Measuring tape was used to set up the distance.
Step 2 : Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The UCS of rock mass was determine based on
the average value of rebound hammer (SRV). Based on the assessment at the tunnel,

7
 the average value of Rebound Hammer is 30.9. From the average of Rebound Hammer
value, the compressive strength of this tunnel is 18N/mm².
Step 3 : Rock Quality Designation (RQD). RQD was determined by using equation:

RQD  115  3.3JV

Sk Dip direction Dip angle

S1  0.111 70° 46°

S2  0.125 274° 56°

S3  0.167 263° 14°

S4  0.200 285° 88°

Next, to calculate the the total number of joints per m³, we use formula :

1 1 1 1
JV     ...
S1 S 2 S 3 Sn

1 1 1 1
   
0.111 0.125 0.167 0.200

 27.997
So, the RQD that we get from this data is :

RQD  115  3.3JV

 115  3.3(27.997)

 22.610
Step 4 : Spacing of discontinuities. Spacing of discontinuities can be measured using scan line
method or Circular mapping Window. Average of spacing can be determine using
equation :

S1  S 2  S 3  ...  Sn
Sa 
n

0.111  0.125  0.167  0.200


4

 0.151
Step 5 : Condition of discontinuities.

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Step 6 : Groundwater condition
Step 7 : Orientation of discontinuities
Step 8 : Rock Mass Classification based on Total Rating
Table 1: RMR classification of rock masses (Bieniawski, 1989).
A. CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS AND THEIR RATINGS
PARAMETER Range of values // ratings

For this low range

Strength Point-load strength
of intact index > 10 MPa 4 - 10 MPa 2 - 4 MPa 1 - 2 MPa uniaxial compr. strength is
rock preferred
material
1 Uniaxial com- 5 - 25 1-5 <1
> 250 MPa 100 - 250 MPa 50 - 100 MPa 25 - 50 MPa
pressive strength
MPa MPa MPa

RATING 15 12 7 4 2 1 0

Drill core quality RQD 90 - 100% 75 - 90% 50 - 75% 25 - 50% < 25%

2 RATING 20 17 13 8 3

Spacing of discontinuities >2m 0.6 - 2 m 200 - 600 mm 60 - 200 mm < 60 mm

3 RATING 20 15 10 8 5

Length, persistence <1m 1-3m 3 - 10 m 10 - 20 m > 20 m

Rating 6 4 2 1 0

Separation none < 0.1 mm 0.1 - 1 mm 1 - 5 mm > 5 mm

Rating 6 5 4 1 0

Condition Roughness very rough rough slightly rough smooth slickensided

of discon-
Rating 6 5 3 1 0
4 tinuities
none Hard filling Soft filling
Infilling (gouge)
- < 5 mm > 5 mm < 5 mm > 5 mm

Rating 6 4 2 2 0

Weathering unweathered slightly w. moderately w. highly w. decomposed

Rating 6 5 3 1 0

Inflow per 10 m
none < 10 litres/min 10 - 25 litres/min 25 - 125 litres/min > 125 litres /min
tunnel length
Ground
water pw / s1 0 0 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.5 > 0.5
5
General conditions completely dry damp wet dripping flowing

RATING 15 10 7 4 0

pw = joint water pressure; s1 = major principal stress

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 B. RATING ADJUSTMENT FOR DISCONTINUITY ORIENTATIONS

Very favourable Favourable Fair Unfavourable Very unfavourable

Tunnels 0 -2 -5 -10 -12

RATINGS Foundations 0 -2 -7 -15 -25

Slopes 0 -5 -25 -50 -60

C. ROCK MASS CLASSES DETERMINED FROM TOTAL RATINGS

Rating 100 - 81 80 - 61 60 - 41 40 - 21 < 20

Class No. I II III IV V

Description VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR POOR VERY POOR

D. MEANING OF ROCK MASS CLASSES

Class No. I II III IV V

10 years for 6 months for 1 week for 10 hours for 30 minutes for
Average stand-up time
15 m span 8 m span 5 m span 2.5 m span 1 m span

Cohesion of the rock mass > 400 kPa 300 - 400 kPa 200 - 300 kPa 100 - 200 kPa < 100 kPa

Friction angle of the rock mass < 45o 35 - 45o 25 - 35o 15 - 25o < 15o

After we add all the rating above, we get the total ratings which is 38. This total ratings is
classified as class number IV which is poor rock mass class. For class number IV, the average
stand up time is only 10 hours for 2.5m span. The cohesion of the rock mass in within 100 to
200kPa and the friction angle of the rock mass is within 15° until 25°. For effect of discontinuity
and dip orientation in tunnelling, the tunnel is strike perpendicular to tunnel axis and drive with
the dip angle 48°.

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 Step 9 : Guide lines for Excavation & Tunnel Support

Rock bolts
Rock mass class Excavation (20 mm diameter, fully Shotcrete Steel sets
grouted)

I – Very good rock Full face, Generally no support required except spot
3 m advance. bolting.
RMR: 81 - 100

Full face, Locally, bolts in crown 3 m

II – Good rock 1 – 1.5 m advance. Complete long, spaced 2.5 m with 50 mm in crown where
occasional wire mesh. required. None.
support 20 m from face.
RMR: 61 - 80

Top heading and bench,

1.5 – 3 m advance in top

Systematic bolts 4 m long,
heading.
spaced 1.5 – 2 m in crown
III – Fair rock 50 - 100 mm in crown None.
Commence support after each and walls with wire mesh in
crown. and 30 mm in sides.
RMR: 41 - 60 blast.

Complete support 10 m from

face.

Top heading and bench,

1 – 1.5 m advance in top
heading. Systematic bolts 4.5 m long
Light to medium
spaced 1.0 – 1.5 m in crown
IV – Poor rock 100 - 150 mm in crown ribs spaced 1.5 m
Install support concurrently and walls with wire mesh.
and 100 mm in sides. where required.
RMR: 21 - 40 with excavation, 10 m from
face.

Multiple drifts 0.5-1.5 m Medium to heavy

advance in top heading. Install ribs spaced 0.75 m
Systematic bolts 5-6 m with steel lagging
support concurrently with 150 - 200 mm in crown
long, spaced 1.0 – 1.5 m in and forepoling if
V – Very poor rock excavation, Shotcrete as and 150 mm in sides,
crown and walls with wire
and 50 mm on face.
mesh. Bolt invert. required. Close
RMR: < 20 soon as possible after blasting.
invert.

Step 10 : Application from Field Work Study

For application of the field work study, for poor rock if we use rock bolts as the support of the
tunnel, the bolts must be 4.5m long spaced 1.0 to 1.5m in crown and walls with wire mesh. If we
use a shortcrete as a tunnel support, we need to use 100 to 150mm shortcrete in crown and 100mm
shortcrete in sides. While for steels sets tunnel supports, we need to use light or medium steel sets
for every 1.5m spaced

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D) RIVER BANK SUNGAI LEMBING

Rock type: Igneous

From the visit to Sungai Lembing, the most common type of rock that has been found and
discovered is igneous rock. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either
a planet's mantle or crust.
Slake durability test is a simple test for weathering effects in rock and its disintegration. Slake
durability tests are subject to ion exchange and capillary tension. For rocks containing clay
materials, cation and anion exchanges occur with the adsorption and absorption of water that
makes the rocks grow and split. When rocks become saturated, water in the pores increases, which
causes a reduction in capillary tension in grain contacts and cracking tips. Due to the increase in
water content in the pores, fractures expand in the rock that leads to weathering of rocks. Water
definitely affects the mechanical properties of the stone. However, in slake durability tests, not
only wet-dry conditions are given to stone specimens, but also the mechanisms corresponding to
the rotating drum involved. Such mechanisms may be influenced by the specimen shape and
weight. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to determine the slate index of slake rock
samples rather than analysing the specimen mechanism.

The slake durability test was carried out with 10 coal samples. Initial weights of the coal
samples were taken as given below in the table. Thus the various percentage of retention of the

12
samples was found out. It was seen that the sample percentage retention after the first cycle was
found to be 98.16%. While after the second cycle of the slake durability test it was found that the
sample retention percentages 99.59%.

Second cycle After oven drying

Weight of empty, clean drum, D, (g) 1908.2

Weight of sample + drum before testing, A (g) 2401.7
Initial weight for air dried sample, Ws (g) 484.4
First cycle, B(g) 2392.6
Id1 (%) 98.16
Second cycle, C(g) 2399.7
Weight of sample after oven drying, (g) 2384.9
Id2 (%) 99.59
Slake classification Very high
Visual description Pieces remain virtually unchanged
Ws + D = A
Ws = A – D
Ws = (2392.6) – (1908.2)
Ws = 484.4g
(B−D)
1st cycle, Id1 = (A−D) X 100%

(2392.6 − 1908.2)
= (2401.7 − 1908.2) X 100%

= 98.16%
(C−D)
2nd cycle, Id2 = (A−D) X 100%

(2399.7 − 1908.2)
= (2401.7 − 1908.2) X 100%

= 99.59%

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E) TELUK CEMPEDAK

Trip 2 Students
At Teluk Cempedak, we found that there are two types of rock which are granite and
basalt which classified as group of igneous rock. We found that by looking the colours and the
texture of the rock which can be seen clearly at the place. Basalt and granite actually have quite a
bit in common.
We were given two tasks in Teluk Cempedak:

1. Get the reading of Dip Direction and Dip Angle discontinuities in Teluk Cempedak.
(At least 30 data Discontinuities)
2. Identifying weathering type that happen on the rocks.

Dip is the acute angle that a rock surface makes with a horizontal plane.

Strike is the direction of the line formed by the intersection of a rock surface with a horizontal
plane.

Strike and Dip always perpendicular to each other on a map.

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TASK 1 ( Dip Direction and Dip Angle)

NO DIP DIRECTION DIP ANGLE STRIKE

1. 144 62 54
2. 187 55 97
3. 353 57 263
4. 131 80 41
5. 251 81 161
6. 171 75 81
7. 235 82 145
8. 42 90 312
9. 332 54 242
10. 337 64 247
11. 222 70 132
12. 232 75 142
13. 278 71 188
14. 165 70 75
15. 238 59 148
16. 70 280 160
17. 79 5 169
18. 15 240 105
19. 75 167 165
20. 5 183 95
21. 170 57 80
22. 4 54 94
23. 280 81 190
24. 18 72 108
25. 170 60 80
26. 126 80 36
27. 121 30 31
28. 178 54 88
29. 305 10 215
30. 172 15 82

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BY USING SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER TEST

NUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH READINGS

1. 25

2. 26

3. 32

4. 25

5. 28

6. 24

7. 32

8. 26

9. 29

CALCULATIONS:

AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH =

= 27.44 N/mm2

= 0.0274 kN/mm2

Therefore, the compressive strength of the rocks that we obtained in Teluk Cempedak is 0.0274
kN/mm2. The rocks in Teluk Cempedak classified as a fair classes in compressive strength.

16
TASK 2 (Type of weathering occurs in Teluk Cempedak)

WEATHERING

Condition of rocks in Teluk Cempedak looks brownies because undergoes weathering.

Different types of mineral can be observed in this location. Granite in the study areas show
fractures which are known as joints. They are in ladder pattern which are in systematic joints and
cross joints. Systematic joints are long and continuous and evenly spaced while the cross joints
are evenly spaced joints which against the systematic joints.

1.Physical Weathering (Mechanical)

Physical weathering is the mechanical breakdown of the rocks into smaller fragments without
undergoing a change in chemical composition. No chemical elements are added to or subtracted
from the rock.

17
Physical forces that contribute to this type of weathering are:

-Frost action works best in jointed rock or rocks with fractures in mountainous area with cool
climates. Water that freezes in cracks and pores of rocks at temperature which drops below 0°C
will result in an increment of 9% in volume that will create pressure (compressive forces) against
the wall of the fracture eventually widened the cracks.

-Unloading is a process of reduction of pressure on underlying rocks by erosion that takes place
on the overburden. The rocks expand as pressure is released and this process is known as
unloading.

-Saline cystal growth is the combination of moisture and salts has been found to cause scaling
or decay of building stones. Stresses due to growth of salt can cause the rock to break apart
physically. This process is particularly effective in porous rocks subjected to alternate wetting
and drying. Further disintegration of rock may occur due to expansion of salt crystals which have
grown in former voids.

-Alternate heating and cooling happens in mountainous regions and deserts where rocks are
subjected to drastic change of temperature. The rock will expand as they are heated during
daytime and contract due to freezing temperature at night. This will lead to cracks and crevices.

-Organic activities is the activities of plants and animals also promote rock disintegration.
Burrowing animals such as worms, ants and rodents mechanically mix the soil and loose rock
particle. Pressure from growing roots widens cracks and contributes to the rock breakdown.

2. Chemical Weathering

Chemical weathering reactions are exothermic and produced minerals of increased volume.
Decomposition produces a chemical breakdown of rocks, which may destroy the original
minerals and produce new ones while expansion will result in the physical disintegration or
break up of rock. Chemical weathering can occur only to those portions of a rock that are
exposed to the elements.

Common processes of chemical weathering reactions:

-Oxidation occurs when oxygen in air assisted by water combines with minerals to form oxides.

-Hydration is the process whereby a mineral combines with water to form a hydrated mineral
especially hydrated silicates and hydroxides.

-Hydrolysis is the chemical union of water and a mineral. This is the reaction of mineral with
water to produce a new mineral or minerals. An example is the weathering of feldspar by
reacting with water to form clay.

-Dissolution is the process whereby rocks and minerals are dissolved in solution, like salt in
water.

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F) BUKIT PANORAMA

ROCK TYPE:
In order to explore more about the type of rocks during the trip, we had visited Bukit
Panorama at day 2. It is located in Sungai Lembing, which is 45 km Northwest of Kuantan and has
the height of 271 meters above the sea level. The hiking to Bukit Panorama started at 7 o’clock in
the morning with the guidance from the lecturers and we managed to reach the peak about 1 hour
later. While hiking, we are able to explore and study about the rocks there and the beauty of Earth
along the way to reach the peak of the hill.

From the visit to Bukit Panorama, the most common type of rock that has been found and
discovered is sedimentary rock. As we know, sedimentary rocks are the second major rock group.
It is formed from fine constituents of rock usually from mountainous areas which are transported
to lower elevation due to certain processes. It contains certain metallic and non-metallic mineral
deposits that are important to humanity for instance deposits of petroleum and coal. At Bukit
Panorama, we could find the different type of sedimentary rocks which are clays or shale, sands,
and gravels. This is due to the fragmentation of rock that will produce hard rock or just dust of
soil. This process of rock fragmentation or clastic is called as Diagenesis, where the particles are
cemented by mineral precipitation. As for the shale, its size is less than 0.004 mm and the main
composition of it is clay. Size of gravel is 2 mm and it is categorized as coarse grain because of it
larger and harder characteristics. For sand, it is 0.0625 mm to 2 mm while for silt, it is between
0.0625 mm to 0.004 mm and been categorized as fine grain soil.

19
 This picture was taken at Bukit Panorama showed the type of rock there.

WEATHERING:

Furthermore, we also managed to explore the weathering process which occurs at the rocks
up on the hill. From Geology studies, weathering is one of the processes of sedimentary rocks’
genesis. The other processes are transportation, deposition and lithification (compaction and
cementation). When rocks are at or near the surface of the earth they are exposed to the processes
of weathering. Thus, weathering is a chemical and mechanical processes that act to break up rocks
such as an interaction between rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface and elements in the
atmosphere. It can be physically or chemically weathered. The most common type of weathering
that we could observe on the peak of the hill was chemical weathering. There was chemical
reaction occurred where the iron reacts with rain water to produce iron stain. This process is called
as oxidation process. From this action, we could see the stain colour (rusty) of the rocks up there
due to contents of iron. However, there was also physical weathering where the rocks been broken
down into smaller fragments without any changes in chemical composition.

20
CONCLUSION
In a conclusion, we gained a lot of knowledge and experience from the trip. This trip had
taught us more about igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock. We also can see the
type of weathering that occur around the Teluk Chempedak, Air Terjun Pandan, Bukit Panorama
and Sungai Lembing.

From this trip, we could recognise, identified and observed distinguishing rocks and its
features in fields. For example, the type of rocks we found at Sungai Pandan waterfall was granite
which was igneous rock. Besides, the existing rock at Teluk Cempedak were basalt and granite
which also igneous rock.

Therefore, we can see and identify the types of fold and joint based on the location that we
visited. We experienced the geologist work in the Sungai Lembing tunnel which is the rock mass
rating for rock mass classification. We had record and analysis the structural geology data at the
tunnel such as reading of rebound hammer. We can see the folds and the joint in the tunnel and
touch the wall of the tunnel to know the conditions of the discontinuities.

From this trip, we learnt more details about strikes and dip directions. Besides, we also get
more knowledges and we also learnt how to handle the equipment such as compass. We also get
new friends from the trip and sharing knowledge with them. Team work is very important during
the trip. We need to tolerate with our group members and cooperate among the members in order
to make sure our tasks successfully done. We had so much fun during the trip and enjoyed every
single day there.

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REFERENCES

 AIR TERJUN SUNGAI PANDAN

 SUNGAI LEMBING MUSEUM

 SUNGAI LEMBING TUNNEL

22
 RIVER BANK SUNGAI LEMBING

 TELUK CEMPEDAK

 BUKIT PANORAMA

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