Ev

olut
ionofManagementTh
ough
ts

Byt
heear
ly1
900sFr
eder
ickTay
lor(
185
6-1
915
)wasc
redi
tedwi
thbr
ing
ings
cient
ifi
c
di
sci
pli
nesi
ntot
heet
hosofmanag
ement
.Hei
sknownast
hef
ath
erofSc
ient
ifi
c
Manag
ement
.Ti
meandmot
ions
tudyev
olv
edwh
ichwoul
dleadi
ntot
hes
ett
ingof
s
tandar
dsandper
for
manc
emeas
urement
.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,th
emaj
ori
tyofTay
lor
's
ex
cel
lentwor
kisc
loudedbyh
ismi
sconc
ept
iont
hatwor
ker
sres
tri
ctout
putf
rom‘
the
nat
urali
nst
inc
tandt
endenc
yofmeni
stot
akei
teas
y.’

Henr
iFay
ol(
1841
-1925
)wr
itesaboutl
eader
shi
pandt
he‘
theor
yofmanag
ement
’and
MaxWeber(
186
4-1
920)dev
elopsor
gani
sat
ionals
truc
tur
es–Weberwoul
dbet
he
or
igi
nat
oroft
het
ermbur
eauc
rac
y–manag
ementbyt
heof
fic
e.I
t(bur
eauc
rac
y)i
sa
bodyofadmi
nis
trat
ive of
fic
ial
s,and t
he pr
ocedur
es and t
asks i
nvol
ved i
na
par
tic
ulars
yst
emofadmi
nis
trat
ion,
forex
ampl
eas
tat
eorf
ormalor
gani
zat
ion.
Max
Weberdi
dnoti
nventt
hec
onc
eptofbur
eauc
rac
y(t
het
erm wasc
oinedi
nFr
anc
eat
t
hebeg
inni
ngoft
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury
)buth
eisg
ener
all
yrec
ogni
zedash
avi
ng
madet
hemos
tor
igi
nalc
ont
ribut
iont
oth
est
udyoft
heph
enomenon.

Th
erear
eth
ehumanbeh
avi
ours
tudi
esoft
heHawt
hor
neex
per
iment
soft
hel
ate
1
920s
,andt
hes
ubs
equentr
esear
chi
ntomot
ivat
ionbyMay
o,Mas
low,Her
tzber
g,
Mc
Clel
land et
c.I
n196
0Doug
lasMc
Greg
orwr
ites"
The ans
wert
oth
e ques
tion
manag
ersof
tenas
k–h
owdoy
oumot
ivat
epeopl
e?–i
s-y
oudon’
t.
"Weal
lcomet
o
wor
kal
readymot
ivat
ed;
theor
gani
sat
ionei
therc
apt
uresordes
troy
sth
atmot
ivat
ion.
Dav
idMc
Clel
land(
1970s
)ofHar
var
dUni
ver
sit
yres
ear
chesmot
ivat
ionf
or1
0year
s
ov
er1
9di
ffer
entc
ult
ures
.Hei
dent
ifi
es‘
Pri
mar
ySoc
ialMot
ives(
PSM)
,’t
het
hree
mai
nonesofwh
ichar
eAc
hiev
ement
,Af
fil
iat
ionandPower
.Th
eindi
vidualors
oci
ety
t
endst
o be ener
gis
ed byone orot
heroft
hes
e‘Pr
imar
ySoc
ialMot
ives
.’Wi
th
‘
Ach
iev
ement
’th
efoc
usi
sonac
hiev
ingt
asks
.‘Af
fil
iat
ion’c
ons
ider
srel
ati
ons
hips
andf
riends
hip.
‘Power
’isc
onc
ernedwi
ths
tat
usandi
nfl
uenc
eov
erot
her
s.

Th
eHawt
hor
neef
fec
tisaf
orm ofr
eac
tiv
itywh
erebys
ubj
ect
simpr
oveanas
pec
tof
t
hei
rbeh
avi
ourbei
ngex
per
iment
all
ymeas
ureds
impl
yinr
espons
etot
hef
actt
hat
t
heyar
ebei
ngs
tudi
ed,
noti
nres
pons
etoanypar
tic
ularex
per
iment
almani
pul
ati
on.
Th
eter
m was c
oined i
n195
5 at t
he Hawt
hor
ne Wor
ks (
a Wes
ter
n El
ect
ric
manuf
act
uri
ngf
aci
li
tyout
sideCh
icag
o).
Hawt
hor
neWor
ksh
adc
ommi
ssi
onedas
tudy
t
oseei
fit
swor
ker
swoul
dbec
omemor
epr
oduc
tiv
einh
igh
erorl
owerl
evel
sofl
igh
t.
Th
ewor
ker
s'pr
oduc
tiv
itys
eemedt
oimpr
ovewh
enc
hang
eswer
emadeands
lumped
wh
ent
hes
tudywasc
onc
luded.
Itwass
ugg
est
edt
hatt
hepr
oduc
tiv
ityg
ainwasduet
o
t
hemot
ivat
ionalef
fec
toft
hei
nter
estbei
ngs
howni
nth
em.Al
thoug
hil
lumi
nat
ion
r
esear
chofwor
kpl
acel
igh
tingf
ormedt
hebas
isoft
heHawt
hor
neef
fec
t,ot
her
c
hang
ess
uchasmai
ntai
ningc
leanwor
kst
ati
ons
,cl
ear
ingf
loor
sofobs
tac
les
,and
ev
enr
eloc
ati
ngwor
kst
ati
onsr
esul
tedi
ninc
reas
edpr
oduc
tiv
ityf
ors
hor
tper
iodsof
t
ime.

TAYLOR-Sc
ient
ifi
cManagement
:

Tay
lor(
185
6–1
915
)soug
htanewl
egi
ti
mac
yanddi
sci
pli
nef
ormanag
ementbybas
ing
i
tont
he aut
hor
ityofs
cienc
e—t
ime-
and-
mot
ions
tudi
es.Th
eres
ultwoul
d be a
s
uppos
edment
alr
evol
uti
oni
nwh
ichwor
ker
-manag
ementc
onf
li
ctwoul
dber
epl
aced
by
:sc
ient
ifi
credes
ignofs
uper
vis
ionandwor
kor
gani
zat
ion,
inc
ludi
ngt
hec
elebr
ated
not
ionsoff
unc
tionalf
oremans
hip,andat
hinki
ngdepar
tmentt
ores
ear
chi
ntot
ask
per
for
manc
e;det
ail
eds
tudyandf
rag
ment
ati
onofi
ndi
vidualt
askss
oast
oident
ify
t
he‘
onebes
tway
’tobeadopt
edbyal
lwor
ker
s;s
elec
tionandmot
ivat
ionofwor
ker
s
t
ogi
ves
yst
emat
icmat
chi
ngoft
asksand abi
li
ti
es;and i
ncent
ive pay
ment
sto
det
ermi
nebys
cient
ifi
cmeans‘
afai
rday
'swor
kforaf
airday
'spay
’.I
nth
isway
,
i
ndi
vidualec
onomi
crewar
dwast
obel
inkeddi
rec
tlyt
otas
kcompl
eti
on,ast
heonl
y
means of c
ompel
li
ng wor
ker
stol
abour
—th
e as
sumpt
ion bei
ng t
hat
,unl
ike
manag
ement
,wor
ker
sar
eofl
imi
tedi
ntel
li
genc
e,i
nnat
elyi
dle,anddr
ivenbyaneed
f
ori
mmedi
ateg
rat
ifi
cat
ion.

Sc
ient
ifi
cmanag
ementwast
hebeg
inni
ngofs
yst
emat
icwor
kst
udyi
nindus
try
,and
i
mpr
ess
ednotonl
yindus
tri
ali
sts(
not
abl
yHenr
yFor
d)butal
sol
eadi
ngf
igur
es
el
sewh
ere,i
twasr
esi
steds
trong
lyatg
ras
sroot
slev
elbywor
ker
s,t
radeuni
oni
sts
,
andev
enmanag
ers
,bec
aus
eofi
tsv
eryt
igh
tcont
rolofper
sonalwor
k-l
if
e.Tay
lor
v
iewedwor
ker
sasi
fth
eywer
e,oroug
htt
obe,h
umanex
tens
ionsofi
ndus
tri
al
mac
hiner
y.Sc
ient
ifi
cManag
ementi
gnor
est
henat
ureofwor
kasas
oci
alpr
oces
s,
h
as a deh
umani
zed v
iew of wor
ker
s,and t
reat
s wor
k mot
ivat
ion i
ncr
ude
i
nst
rument
alt
erms
—def
ect
slat
erc
rit
ici
zed byt
he‘
HumanRel
ati
ons
’sc
hoolof
i
ndus
tri
alor
gani
zat
ionandor
gani
zat
ionals
oci
olog
y.

Pr
inc
ipl
esofSc
ient
ifi
cManag
ement
:

1
.Dev
elopmentofSc
ienc
eforeac
hpar
tofmen’
sjob(
repl
acementofr
uleof
t
humb)
a.Th
ispr
inc
ipl
esug
ges
tst
hatwor
kas
sig
nedt
oanyempl
oyees
houl
dbe
obs
erv
ed,anal
yzedwi
thr
espec
ttoeac
handev
eryel
ementandpar
t
andt
imei
nvol
vedi
nit
.
b.Th
ismeansr
epl
acementofoddr
uleoft
humbbyt
heus
eofmet
hodof
enqui
ry,
inv
est
igat
ion,
dat
acol
lec
tion,
anal
ysi
sandf
rami
ngofr
ules
.
c
.Unders
cient
ifi
cmanag
ement
,dec
isi
onsar
emadeont
hebas
isoff
act
s
andbyt
heappl
icat
ionofs
cient
ifi
cdec
isi
ons
.
2.Sc
ient
ifi
cSel
ect
ion,
Trai
ning&Dev
elopmentofWor
ker
s
a.Th
eres
houl
dbes
cient
ifi
cal
lydes
ignedpr
ocedur
efort
hes
elec
tionof
wor
ker
s.
b.Ph
ysi
cal
,ment
al&ot
herr
equi
rements
houl
dbes
pec
ifi
edf
oreac
hand
ev
eryj
ob.
c
.Wor
ker
ssh
oul
dbes
elec
ted&t
rai
nedt
omaket
hemf
itf
ort
hej
ob.
d.Th
e manag
ementh
ast
o pr
ovi
de oppor
tuni
ti
esf
ordev
elopmentof
wor
ker
shav
ingbet
terc
apabi
li
ti
es.
e.Ac
cor
dingt
oTay
loref
for
tss
houl
dbemadet
odev
elopeac
hempl
oyee
t
ohi
sgr
eat
estl
evelandef
fic
ienc
y&pr
osper
ity
.
3.Co-
oper
ati
onbet
weenManag
ement&wor
ker
sorHar
monynotdi
scor
d
a.Tay
lorbel
iev
edi
nco-
oper
ati
onandnoti
ndi
vidual
ism.
b.I
tisonl
yth
roug
hco-
oper
ati
ont
hatt
heg
oal
soft
heent
erpr
isec
anbe
ac
hiev
edef
fic
ient
ly.
c
.Th
eres
houl
dbenoc
onf
li
ctbet
weenmanag
ers&wor
ker
s.
d.Tay
lorbel
iev
edt
hati
nter
estofempl
oyer&empl
oyeess
houl
dbef
ull
y
h
armoni
zeds
oast
osec
uremut
ual
lyunder
standi
ngr
elat
ionsbet
ween
t
hem.
4.Di
vis
ionofRes
pons
ibi
li
ty
a.Th
ispr
inc
ipl
edet
ermi
nest
hec
onc
ret
enat
ureofr
olest
obepl
ayedby
di
ffer
entl
evelofmanag
ers&wor
ker
s.
b.Th
emanag
ements
houl
das
sumet
her
espons
ibi
li
tyofpl
anni
ngt
hewor
k
wh
ereaswor
ker
ssh
oul
dbec
onc
ernedwi
thex
ecut
ionoft
ask.
c
.Th
uspl
anni
ngi
stobes
epar
atedf
romex
ecut
ion.
5
.Ment
alRev
olut
ion
a.Th
ewor
ker
sandmanag
erss
houl
dhav
eac
ompl
etec
hang
eofout
look
t
owar
dst
hei
rmut
ualr
elat
ionandwor
kef
for
t.
b.I
trequi
rest
hatmanag
ements
houl
dcr
eat
esui
tabl
ewor
kingc
ondi
ti
on
ands
olv
eal
lpr
obl
emss
cient
ifi
cal
ly.
c
.Si
mil
arl
ywor
ker
ssh
oul
d at
tend t
hei
rjobs wi
th ut
mos
tat
tent
ion,
dev
oti
onand c
aref
ulnes
s.Th
eys
houl
d notwas
tet
her
esour
cesof
ent
erpr
ise.
d.Hands
omer
emuner
ati
ons
houl
dbepr
ovi
dedt
owor
ker
stoboos
tup
t
hei
rmor
al.
e.I
twi
llc
reat
eas
ens
eofbel
ong
ing
nes
samongwor
ker
.
f
. Th
eywi
llbedi
sci
pli
ned,
loy
alands
inc
erei
nful
fi
ll
ingt
het
askas
sig
ned
t
oth
em.
g
.Th
erewi
llbemor
epr
oduc
tionandec
onomi
calg
rowt
hataf
ast
err
ate.
6
.Max
imumPr
osper
ityf
orEmpl
oyer&Empl
oyees
a.Th
eai
m ofs
cient
ifi
cmanag
ementi
stos
eemax
imum pr
osper
ityf
or
empl
oyerandempl
oyees
.
b.I
tisi
mpor
tantonl
ywh
ent
her
eisoppor
tuni
tyf
oreac
hwor
kert
oat
tai
n
h
ish
igh
estef
fic
ienc
y.
c
.Max
imum out
put&opt
imum ut
il
izat
ionofr
esour
ceswi
llbr
ingh
igh
er
pr
ofi
tsf
ort
heempl
oyer&bet
terwag
esf
ort
hewor
ker
s.
d.Th
eres
houl
dbemax
imumout
puti
npl
aceofr
est
ric
tedout
put
.
e.Bot
hmanag
ers&wor
ker
ssh
oul
dbepai
dhands
omel
y.