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Introduction To Statistics
Introduction To Statistics
Introduction To Statistics
INTRODUCTION TO
S TAT I S T I C S
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
“Statistics is a way to get information from data”
Statistics
Data Information
Information:
Data: Facts, especially Knowledge
numerical facts, collected communicated
together for reference or
information.
concerning some
particular fact.
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EXPERIMENTAL TRUE
RESEARCH EXPERIMENT
SURVEY
RESEARCH TYPES
DEVELOPMENTAL
DESIGN
NON
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH CORRELATION
QUASI
EXPERIMENT
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DEFINITION
• A variable is some characteristic of a population or sample.
E.g. student grades.
Typically denoted with a capital letter: X,Y, Z…
• The values of the variable are the range of possible values for a variable.
E.g. student marks (0..100)
VARIABLES
• We have grouping variables (discrete), commonly referred to as:
–Factors
–Independent Variables
• best term if manipulated experimentally
–Predictors
–Grouping Variables
–Classification Variables
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VARIABLES
• We have one continuous variable, commonly referred to as the
–Dependent variable
• best term if data collected experimentally
–Criterion variable
–Outcome variable
–Response variable
–Comparison variable
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
• A precise definition of the way a variable will be measured
and/or manipulated in the research
Variable Operational definition Value
Intelligence Score on a Statistics test 90
Anxiety Score at or above 75th GAD-7
percentile on measure of
anxiety
Memory Recall the number of 4
books read last month
Senario
Satu kajian menggunakan pensampelan rawak
dijalankan terhadap penduduk di Kuala Lumpur dan
penduduk di Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Pengkaji telah
merekodkan berat sekumpulan penduduk wanita di
kedua-dua lokasi berikut.
Nyatakan pemboleh ubah bersandar dan pemboleh
ubah bebas kajian ini. Kenalpasti jenis data dan skala
pengukuran bagi setiap pembolehubah. Bina
persoalan kajian yang bersesuaian.
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MEASUREMENT SCALES
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