1. In Ma.

Cristina Hydro Electric project the available head is 140m the water flow is 1m3 /s , efficiency of
the turbine is 95% ; efficiency of the generator is 95%; three-phase, 60 cycles,
voltage delivered is 4160 volts, the estimated yearly output of the generator in kw-hr.

Given:
𝑚3
Hnet = 140 meters Q=1 𝑠
Ƞ𝑡 = 95% Ƞ𝑔 = 95%
Gen. spec
3 phase
60 cycles
4160 volts
Generation: yearly
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
365days x 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 8760 ℎ𝑟𝑠.
EP/ year = ?

𝐵𝑃
Ƞ𝑡 =
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐸𝑃
Ƞ𝑔 = 𝐵𝑃
𝐸𝑃
Ƞ𝑡 = Ƞ𝑔 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙

EP = Ƞ𝑡 Ƞ𝑔 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝑚3
EP = (0.95)(0,95)(9.81 KN/𝑚3 )(1 𝑠
)(140m)
EP = 1239.49 x 8760 hrs.
EP = 10857963.06 kw-hr

2. In problem number 1, if the cost of the generated electric energy is 0.60 per kw-hr, the estimated
yearly income of the plant is ?

Cost = (EP)(EC)
0.6
Cost = 10859763.16 kw-hr (𝑘𝑤−ℎ𝑟)
Cost = Php 6514777.84

3. In problem number 1, if the power factor is 0.8, the generator current is ?

EP= √3 (EI) P.F

𝐾𝑁.𝑚
1239.49 𝑠 = √3 (4.160 KV) (I) (0.8)
I = 214.94 AMP
4.) An impulse turbine which has a diameter of 150 cm; speed of 350 rpm, the bucket angle 𝛽 160°,
coefficient velocity is equal to 0.98, relative speed is equal to 0.45, generator efficiency of 90%, friction
factor is 0.9 and the jet diameter from a nozzle of 15 cm. The power input kw is.

Given:

D= 150 cm 𝜑= 0.45

N= 350 rpm 𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛. = 90%

𝛽= 160° k= 0.9

Cv = 0.98

Solution:
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋(1.5𝑚)(350𝑟𝑒𝑣/ min 𝑥 1𝑚𝑖𝑛/60sec)
∅= = 0.45 =
√2𝑔ℎ √2(
9.81𝑚
)(ℎ)
𝑠

∅ - peripheral coefficient

𝜋𝐷𝑁 − peripheral velocity

√2𝑔ℎ- velocity of the jet

h = 190.192m

vj= cv √2𝑔ℎ

9.81𝑚
vj = 0.98√2( )(190.192𝑚)
𝑠

vj = 59.865m/s

Q = AV
𝜋
Q = 4 (1.5𝑚)2 (59.865 m/s)

Q = 1.058𝑚3 /𝑠

P = 𝛿𝑄ℎ

P = 1.058𝑚3 /𝑠(9.82m/s)(190.192m)

P = 1973.82 kw or 1974 kw

5.) In problem no. 4 the kw power output is?

V = 𝜋𝐷𝑁

V = 𝜋(1.5m)(350rev/min x 1min/60 sec)

V = 27.49 m/s
 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽
Ft = 𝜌Q(1 − 1+𝑘
)(𝑣𝑗 − 𝑣)
𝐶𝑜𝑠160°
Ft = 1000kg/𝑚3 (1.058𝑚3 /𝑠)(1- 1+0.9
)(59.865m/s-27.49m/s)

Ft = 51193.31 kg.m/s

Ft = 51.19 KN
𝐷
T = Ft r , r = 2
150 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
T = 51.19 KN ( 2
𝑥 100𝑐𝑚)

T = 38.3925 KN.m

P = 2𝜋𝑇𝑁

P = 2𝜋(38.3925 KN.m)(350rev/min x 1min/60 sec)

P = 1407.15 kw

P = 1410 kw

6. In problem number 4, the turbine efficiency is?

𝐵𝑃
Ƞ𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
1407.15 𝐾𝑊
Ƞ𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
1973.82 𝐾𝑊
Ƞ𝑡 = 71.29%
7. In problem number 4, the annual electrical gen. in MW-hr is ?

𝐸𝑃
Ƞ𝑡 = 𝑃 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 ; Ƞ𝑜 = Ƞ𝑡 (Ƞ𝑔 )
Ƞo = 0.713(0.90)
Ƞo = 0.6417

𝐸𝑃
0.6417 = 1973.82 𝐾𝑊
EP = 1266.6 KW x 8760 hr
1 𝑀𝑊
EP = 11095418.58 KW-hr x1000𝐾𝑤
EP = 11095.4 MW-hr

8. A hydro electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6 000 000 𝑚3 at a head of
170 m. assume hydraulic turbine efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of 90%. 15 MW of a power
has been supplied for 3 hours. The discharge flow in cumex based on the power output is?
Given:

Capacity = 6 000 000 𝑚3

H = 170 m
𝑒𝑡 = 80%
𝑒𝑒 = 90%
𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 15 MW for 3 hrs

Solution:

𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝛾QH 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑒

𝑃 15 000 𝐾𝑊
Q = 𝛾H𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝑒 𝑒
= 9.81 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3 (170 m)(0.8)(0.9)
𝑡 𝑒

Q = 12.492 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔)

9. In problem no. 8, the total volume consumed in cu. M for the duration is?

Volume = Q(hours supplied)

3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
V = 12.492 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 (3 hours ( 1 ℎ𝑟 ))
V = 134 913.6 𝒎𝟑

10. In problem no. 8, if the ea of the reservoir is 2.5𝑘𝑚2 , the fall in the reservoir in cm after the
period is?

Solution:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
V = Area (height); h= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

134 913.6 𝑚3 100 𝑐𝑚

h= (1000 𝑚2 )
( )
2.5𝑘𝑚2 ( ) 1𝑚
1 𝑘𝑚2

h = 5.3965 cm

11. A pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300rpm under an effective head of 150 m. The ratio of the
nozzle diameter of the pitch circle is 1 is to 12. Assuming efficiency of 84% and a speed ratio of 0.45, the
size of the wheel in m is.
Given:

𝑁2 = 300 𝑟𝑝𝑚 H = 150 m

Ratio = 1:12 e = 0.84

𝐷2= ? ∅ = 0.45

Formula used:
𝜋𝐷𝑁
∅=
√2𝑔ℎ

Solution:
300
𝜋(𝐷)( )
60
0.45 =
√2(9.81)(150)

𝐷2 = 1.55 m ~ 1.6 m

12. In problem no. 11, the nozzle diameter in cm is,

Formula used:
𝑁1 12
=
𝑁2 1

𝐷2 𝑁
𝐷1
= 𝑁2
1

Where:

𝑁1 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐷1 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒

𝑁2 = speed of nozzle 𝐷2 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Solution:
300 12
=
𝑁1 1

𝑁1 = 25 𝑟𝑝𝑚
1.6 𝑚 300 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐷1
= 25 𝑟𝑝𝑚

100𝑐𝑚
𝐷1 = 0.13 𝑥 1𝑚

𝐷1 = 13.0 𝑐𝑚
13. A Francis turbine is installed with a vertical tube. The total head to the center of the spiral casing at
𝑚 𝑚3
the inlet is 38 meter and the velocity of water at the inlet is 5𝑠𝑒𝑐. The discharge is 2.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐. The Hydrolic
efficiency is 87% and overall efficiency is 84%. The top of draft tube is 1 m. below the center line of the
spiral casing while the tailrace level is 3 m. from the top of draft tube. Neglected velocities of the whirl
and leakage loss. What is the total head on the turbine in meter?

Given: Required:
𝑚3
Q = 2.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ɳ𝐻 = 87% total head (h)

H = 38 m. ɳ 𝑇 = 84%
𝑚
V=5 𝑧1 = 1m.
𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑧2 = 3m.

Solution:
𝑣12 − 𝑣12
h = H + (𝑧1 +𝑧2 ) + 2𝑔

2
𝑚3
2.1 −0
𝑠𝑒𝑐
h = 38 m. + (3 m. + 1 m.) + 𝑚
2 ( 9.81 2 )
𝑠

𝒉 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎.

14. In problem no. 13, the mechanical efficiency is?

Solution:

ɳ 𝑇 = ɳ𝐻 ɳ𝑚 ɳ𝑉 ɳ𝑉 if not given is equal to 100%

0.84 = 0.87 (ɳ𝑚 ) (1.0%)

ɳ𝑚 = 0.9655 x 100

ɳ𝒎 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔%
15. In problem no. 13, the turbine KW output is?

Solution:

P = 𝛾 𝑄 ℎ ɳ𝑇
𝑚3 𝑚3
= 9.81 𝑠
( 2.1 𝑠
)(43.27 m.)(0.84)
 P = 748.78 KW

16. 45 kW of shaft power is developed by a turbine working under an available head of 40 m. The
energy transferred from the water to the runner is 350 J. The mechanical efficiency is 95%. The
discharge through the turbine in cumex is

A. 0.0345 B. 0.135 C. 1.511 D. 1.234

Given:

Ps= 45kW

H=40m

Consider that the given energy is 350 kj/kg of water

𝑗 1𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑗
Energy=350 𝑥 = 0.350
𝑘𝑔 1000𝑗 𝑘𝑔

𝑒𝑚 = 0.95
Solution:
𝑃𝑠
𝑒𝑚 =
𝑃𝑖
45𝑘𝑤
0.95 =
𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖 = 47.37 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑘𝑗 𝑘𝑔
47.37 𝑘𝑊 = 0.350 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥 1000 3
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.1353
𝑠𝑒𝑐

17. In problem #16, the hydraulic efficiency is:

A. 85% B. 89% C. 87% D. 91%

Solution:

Shaft power= S.W. x Q x H x em x eh

45 kW= (9.81 kn/m3)x (0.1353 m3/s) x (40m) x(.95) x eh

eh= 0.891 x 100%

eh = 89.1%
18. In problem #16, the over-all turbine efficiency is:

A. 84.8% B. 88.8% C. 87% D. 91%

Solution:

et = em x e h

et = 0.95 x 0.8919

et = 0.8475 x 100%

et = 84.75%

19. A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to generate

power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the power plant during a 5-hr
period is 13.5x106 kW-hr. The overall generation efficiencies is 75%. The fall in the height of water in the
reservoir after the period m is?

a. 2.13 b. 1.32 c. 3.21 d. 0.53

Given:

𝐴 = 50000 𝑚2 ℎ = 100 𝑚 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 5 ℎ𝑟

𝐸𝑃 = 13.5𝑥106 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 ŋ𝑔 = 0.75

Solution:

𝐸𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

𝐸𝑃 = (𝛾𝑄ℎ)(ŋ𝑔 )(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

𝑘𝑁
13.5𝑥106 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 = 9.81 (𝑄)(100𝑚)(0.75)(5 ℎ𝑟)
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑄 = 3669.725
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Volume of water after 5 hours:

𝑉 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 𝑄 (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

𝑚3 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 3669.725 ( ) (5 ℎ𝑟𝑠)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 66,055,050 𝑚3
Solving for the height of fall of water;
 𝑉 =𝐴𝑥ℎ

66,055,050 𝑚3 = (50𝑥106 𝑚2 )(ℎ)

𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒎
20. A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 100 meters above it.

What is the minimum water flow in kg/sec to produce a steady turbine output of 50MW?

a. 50247 b. 50968 c. 50672 d. 50465

Given:

ℎ = 100 𝑚 𝑃𝑤 = 50 𝑀𝑊
𝑘𝑔
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑚
̅ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒; 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ 𝑚
̅ =𝑄
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔
50000 𝑘𝑊 = 9.81 𝑚3 (𝑄)(100 𝑚) 𝑚
̅ = 50.968 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 1 𝑚3 )

𝑚3 𝒌𝒈
𝑄 = 50.968 ̅ = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟗𝟔𝟖
𝒎
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝒔𝒆𝒄

21. A reaction turbine develops 373 kW. Flow through the turbine is 1.417 cumex. Water

enters at 6 mps with a 30.5 pressure head. The elevation of the turbine above the tail water

level is 3m. Find the effective head.

a. 40m b. 36.6m c. 33.6m d. 35m

Given:

𝜈 = 6 𝑚𝑝𝑠 ℎ𝑝 = 30.5 𝑚

𝑃𝑤 = 373 𝑘𝑊 𝑍2 = 3 𝑚
Solution:

𝑃 (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )²
ℎ= + (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) +
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑚
(6
− 0) ²
ℎ = 30.5 𝑚 + (3 − 0)𝑚 + 𝑠
𝑚
2 (9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎
22. The difference in elevation between the surface of the water in a storage reservoir and the intake to
a turbine was 140 ft. During a test, the pressure head at the latter point was 130 ft and the discharge was
50 cfs. The inside diameter of the penstock was 35 inches. What was the efficiency of the pipeline?
Given:

ℎ = 140 𝑓𝑡
ℎ = 130 𝑓𝑡
𝑄 = 50 𝑐𝑓𝑠

𝑑 = 35 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Required:

Efficiency of the pipeline (𝑒𝑝 )

Solution:

The water velocity in the penstock

𝑄
𝑣=
𝐴
𝑓𝑡 3⁄
50 𝑠
𝑣=
𝜋 35𝑖𝑛 2
( )
4 12𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡⁄
𝑣 = 7.48 𝑠

The velocity head (ℎ𝑣)

𝑣2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
𝑓𝑡⁄ 2
(7.48 𝑠)
ℎ𝑣 =
𝑓𝑡
2(32.2 ⁄ 2 )
𝑠
ℎ𝑣 = 0.87 𝑓𝑡

The total head (ℎ)

ℎ = 130𝑓𝑡 + 0.87𝑓𝑡
ℎ = 130.87𝑓𝑡
Then, the pipeline efficiency is:
130.87𝑓𝑡
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑥 100%
140𝑓𝑡
𝑒𝑝 = 93.48%

23. A hydroelectric plant has 20MW generators with an efficiency of 96%. The generator is directly
coupled to a vertical francis type hydraulic turbine having an efficiency of 80%. The total gross head on
the turbine is 150m while the loss of head due to friction is 4% of the gross head. The runaway speed is
not exceed to 750 rpm. Determine the flow of water through the turbine in cfs.

Given:

𝑃 = 20𝑀𝑊
𝑒𝑔 = 96%

𝑒𝑡 = 80%
ℎ = 150𝑚
ℎ𝑙 = 0.04

Required:

Flow of water through the turbine in cfs (𝑄)

Solution:

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝛾 𝑄 ℎ 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑔

Solving for h:

ℎ = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑙

ℎ = 150𝑚 – 0.04(150m)

ℎ = 144𝑚

Then,
𝐾𝑛
20000𝐾𝑊 = (9.81 )(144𝑚)(0.80)(0.96)
𝑚3
 𝑚3
𝑄 = 18.435
𝑠

𝑚3 𝑚
24. A hydroelectric plant discharges water at the rate of 0.75 𝑠
and enters the turbine at 0.35 𝑠
with a
pressure of 275 kpa. Runner inside diameter is 550mm, speed is 520 rpm and the turbine efficiency is
88%. Find the turbine speed factor.

Given:

𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.75
𝑠
𝑣 = 0.35𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑃 = 275 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑑 = 550𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡 = 88%

Required:

Speed factor (∅)

Solution:
𝜋𝐷𝑁
∅=
√2𝑔ℎ
Solving for h:

𝑃 𝑣2
ℎ= +
𝛾 2𝑔
275𝑘𝑝𝑎 (0.35 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
ℎ= + 𝑚
9.81 𝐾𝑛⁄ 3 2(9.81 ⁄𝑠 2 )
𝑚
ℎ = 28.039𝑚

Then,
520
𝜋(0.55𝑚)( )
∅= 60𝑠
√2(9.81 𝑚⁄ 2 )(28.039𝑚)
𝑠
∅ = 0.638
25. In a hydraulic plant, the difference between the surface of the water at intake and the tail race is 60
ft. when the flow is 60 cfs. The friction loss in the penstock is 65 ft. and the head utilized by the turbine
is 500 ft. The mechanical friction in the turbine is 110 Hp. And the leakage loss is 4 cfs.

The hydraulic efficiency is?

a. 88.5% b. 84.6% c. 85.5% d. 78.6%

Hydraulic Efficiency:

ℎ = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 = 500𝑓 + −65𝑓𝑡 = 565 𝑓𝑡.

𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 500𝑓𝑡
𝑒ɳ = = 565𝑓𝑡 = 0.8849 x 100 = 88.5%
𝑛𝑒𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

26. In problem #25 the volumetric efficiency is?

a. 90.5% b. 92.8% c. 94.5% d. 95.6%

ℴ − ℴ𝐿 90𝑐𝑓𝑠 − 4𝑐𝑓𝑠
𝑒𝑣 = = 𝑥 100 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟔%
ℴ 90 𝑐𝑓𝑠

27. In problem #25 the horsepower delivered to the shaft is?

a. 4590 b. 4880 c. 5940 d. 6950

𝑃 = Ɣℴℎ 𝑒ɳ
𝑙𝑏
62.4 (90𝑐𝑓𝑠 − 4𝑐𝑓𝑠)(585𝑓𝑡)(0.885)
𝑓𝑡3
𝑃=
𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
550
1 ℎ𝑝

𝑷 = 𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝒉𝒑
#28. In problem #25 the brake horsepower is?

a. 4480 b. 4770 c. 5830 d. 640

𝐵𝑃 = 4880ℎ𝑝 − 110ℎ𝑝
𝑩𝑷 = 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 𝒉𝒑
29. In problem #25 the mechanical efficiency is?

a. 91.5% b. 93.5% c. 97.75% d. 95.75%

𝐵𝑃 4770
𝑒𝑚 = = 𝑥 100 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟓%
𝐼𝑃 4880
30. In problem #25 the overall efficiency is?

a. 82.7% b. 73.4% c. 71.9% d78.7%

𝑛𝑡 = (0.885)(0.956)(0.9775) = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟕%