Journalism Module 1

ANGELICUM COLLEGE, QUEZON CITY A.Y.
2015-2016
Angelicum College
112 M.J. CUenco St., QUEZOn City, 1114
JOURNALISM-10
Module 1: Campus Journalism
The History Behind and Other Forms
Prepared by: Edited and Reviewed by: Noted by: Endorsed by:
Ms. Raiza Irish Gae Mejia Mr. Merboy V. Pangilinan Mrs. Urduja C. Galang Dr. Rosanni Del Mundo
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ANGELICUM COLLEGE, QUEZON CITY A.Y. 2015-2016
Learning Facilitator English Coordinator Member, Team Principal Academic Director
There are many definitions of journalism, but the most familiar ones are those given
by Noah Webster, Fraser Bond, and the encyclopedia.
The word journal comes from the Latin word, diurnal, which means “daily”. In ancient
Rome, short bulletins of battles, fires and elections complied by government officials were
posted up in public places. These were called acta diurnal which meant “daily events”.
Webster defines journalism as the occupation of writing for publication in newspapers

and other periodicals.
Fraser F. Bond, on the other hand, defines it as “something that embraces all forms in
which or through which news and comments on the news reach the public.” According to him,
all that happens in the world, if such happenings hold interest for the public, and all the
thoughts, actions and ideas which these happenings stimulate, become basic materials for the
journalist.
Campus Journalism has been defined by school advisers of the City Schools of Manila
as “that enjoyable co-curricular activity of the school paper staff in collecting, organizing and
presenting news; in writing editorials, columns, literary articles and features in copyreading,
proofreading, dummying, and writing headlines – all for the purpose of putting out a school
organ.”
But why do you need to study Campus Journalism? What is the legal basis for this?
In 1991, the Campus Journalism Act of 1991 or the Republic Act No. 7079 was
passed. In Section 2 of this law it says, “It is the declared policy of the State to uphold and
protect the freedom of the press even at the campus level and to promote the development and
growth of campus journalism as a means of strengthening ethical values, encouraging critical
and creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal discipline of the Filipino
youth. In furtherance of this policy, the State shall undertake various programs and projects
aimed at improving the journalistic skills of students concerned and promoting responsible and
free journalism.”
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In Campus Journalism, awareness in different social issues as well as current events will
be deepened, leading one to have his own opinion. As a student, you have the right to express
your thoughts and ideas critically and responsibly.
In this course, you will explore the world of the people who search to find the truth and
work to present it to the people. Being a journalist is not just a profession or a passion for writing
but also a calling to serve as an eye opener to others. You will also let them be informed and
make them respond to what they should observe around them.
Let us check how much you know about journalism by answering the following questions
in the pretest.
PRETEST
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the name of the first Philippine newsletter that was launched by Tomas Pinpin?
a. SuccessosFelices c. Diario de Manila

b. Del Superior Govierno d. El Catalico Filipino
2. Who was the first Asian to win a Pulitzer prize in Journalism?
a. Alejandro Roces c. Jose Rizal

b. Nick Joaquin d. Carlos Romulo
3. The following are the staff of the famous La Solidaridad except one:
a. Jose Rizal c. Marcelo Del Pilar

b. Emilio Aguinaldo d. Mariano Ponce
4. What was considered as the deadliest assault to Philippine journalism history?
a. 2009 Maguindanao Massacre

b. 2013 Presidential Elections
c. 2014 Mamasapano Massacre
d. 2010 Quirino Grandstand Hostage Taking
5. How do we call the use of words and ideas of other person without giving credit to
source?
a. Deception c. Plagiarism
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b. Bias d. Sloppy Reporting
6. How do we call the name title of any news story?
a. Headline c. Running head

b. Nameplate d. Banner
7. How do we call the name of the writer on the newspaper?
a. credit line c. cutline

b. headline d. byline
8. How do we call the box that contains the logo, the news and the position of each staff
member?
a. banner c. folio
b. masthead d. cut
9. What do you call the use of picture/photos and illustrations for publication?
a. Campus journalism c. Sport writing

b. Photojournalism d. Editorial Cartooning
10. How do we call the text of body type, accompanying photos or art work or any pictorial
illustration?
a. ears c. caption
b. banner d. deck
Now that you have completed the pretest, I want you to proceed to the checking area
and compare your answers with mine.
Were you able to get the right answers? If not, don’t worry. You are about to learn and
discover more about journalism and its history. Let us start by looking back to the past.
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History of Journalism in the

Philippines
Early Years
The history of journalism in the Philippines started in the 16th century, the same period
when England and Europe were starting on the proliferation of community newspapers. It was in
the year 1637 when the "Father of Filipino Printing", Tomas Pinpin, launched the first
Philippine newsletter called "Successos Felices"
(Fortunate Events). The publication was written in Spanish
and contained a 14-page report on current events.
In 1799, following Pinpin's debut in printing, he again

came up with his Hojas Volantes or "flying sheets". It was
titled "Aviso Al Publico" (Notices to the Public), which
served the Spaniards and had a role comparative to a "town
crier."
Surprisingly, it took a gap of a little more than a

decade before the first actual newspaper, "Del Superior
Govierno," was launched by Gov. Fernandez del
Thomas Pinpin Forgueras on August 8, 1811. It was the so-called first
regularly issued publication that reported developments
about Spain and Europe. It was also the first newspaper that included in its layout the name,
date and place of its publication. Unfortunately, the paper only came up with 15 issues within its
years of operation from 1811 to 1832.
Due to the constraints of the church and government at that time, 35 years had lapsed
before the Philippine press continued on its development. From the first regular publication, then
came the first daily newspaper on December 1, 1846 called "La Esperanza." The paper,
edited by Felipe Lacorte and Evaristo Calderon, lasted only for three years. However, it gave
way to the birth of other dailies such as "La Estrella" in 1847 and "Diario de Manila" in 1848.
Diario's existence was significant because it monopolized the market a year after its
launch and became the government's daily organ in 1852. It was renamed to "Boletin Oficial
de Filipinas" which later ceased circulation by Royal Order in 1860. The paper reappeared with
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Felipe del Pan as its editor and encountered another official decree that led to its permanent
closure on February 19, 1898.
There had been a surplus of newspapers but most of them talked about the same issues
and had almost similar formats. Until 1862, a Tagalog publisher, Mariano Sevilla, founded El
Catolico Filipino. It was considered the first Philippine religious newspaper, unexpectedly
not managed by the Church. It was also a paper which seriously dealt with the problems of
Filipinos.
Another first in the history is El Porvenir Filipino founded in 1865. It was the newspaper
that pioneered in two-edition dailies. Later it was followed by Revista Mercantil which came out
in the same year.
In the succeeding years, there had been attempts to create a more liberal and mass
appealing press. The year 1887 marked the beginning of a more opinionated journalism in the
Philippines. It officially begun on April 1, 1887 with the birth of La Opinion. According to
historians, "it was the first paper to defy the friars and campaigned for the ouster of the
religious…"
Period of Revolution
In February 19, 1889 La Solidaridad came out as the "mouthpiece of the revolution."
It operated with its policies "to work peacefully for social and economic reforms, to expose the
real plight of the Philippines and to champion liberalism and democracy." The staff of the paper
was comprised of known personas like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H.
del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Andres Bonifacio, Pio Valenzuela
and Graciano Lopez-Jaena. The later became the founding
editor until he was succeeded by delPilar on October 31, 1889.
The paper ceased publication on November 15, 1895 which was
then followed by the death of its second and last editor in the
early 1896.
From the reformists' newspapers, the secret society of

rebels or better known as the Katipunan also came up with their
own publication. They established "AngKalayaan" (Liberty) on
January 1, 1896. It was edited by Pio Valenzuela, Emilio
Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio. Unfortunately, it only came out
with one issue when a Katipunero betrayed the secrecy of the
paper. Nevertheless, its existence increased the membership of the society to 30,000.
Other revolutionary papers that emerged in those times were El Heraldo de Iloilo on
January 1, 1898 and La Libertad on June 20, 1898. Also in the same year, La Independencia
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was founded on September 3 by Gen. Antonio Luna and Fernando Ma. Guerrero. It was staffed
by then famous writers: Rafael Palma, Cecilio Apostol, Epifanio de los Santos and Judge Jose
Abreu. It folded up in January 1900 when the Americans decided to stay in the island and
Filipino bias pressed one by one to close down.
When the Americans were slowly gaining control over the island, several so-called Fil-
American War newspapers cropped up. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, in his effort to unify his
armies, put up his own revolutionary organ called "El Heraldo de la Revolucion" on
September 28, 1898. Likewise, with the arrival of more American fleets on August 13, 1898,
American editors aboard Admiral Dewey's flagship came up with the paper, Bounding Billow.
Succeeding the Billow, newspapers such as American Soldier, Freedom, and The American
also came to existence.
American Colonial Period
After the Spaniards' defeat from the Americans,

English newspapers started to circulate. It was led by the
Manila Times of Thomas Gowan which was established
on October 11, 1898. The paper was a response to the
complaints of American soldiers with the lack of a good
English newspaper at that time. It encountered various
changes in ownership including then President Manuel L.
Quezon who bought it in 1917 and sold it after four years of
possession. Two other foreign owners had the Manila
Times before Alejandro Roces, Sr. acquired it in 1927.
Roces already running the TVT (Taliba-La Vanguardia-
Tribune) chain at that time then realized the unnecessary
owning of another English paper and so he closed it down
in 1930. Also sometime in 1927 the son of Alejandro Roces,
Sr., Ramon Roces put up a magazine known as Graphic. Alejandro Roces Sr.
TVT then was considered the first newspaper chain in the Philippines. Its founding
was one of the highlight of events during the 1920s and had bestowed on Roces the title
"Father of Modern Journalism." Manila Tribune was established by Roces on April 1, 1925,
with Carlos P. Romulo as editor.
Another American newspaper issued that time was the The Manila Daily Bulletin,
"oldest existing newspaper", established by Carson Taylor in February 1, 1900. The paper
started out as a shipping journal and later widened its scope in 1912.
Sometime after 1930 with Herald and Tribune on tough competition for high number of
circulation, Sen. Vicente Madrigal, owner of the Herald, put up his own publication chain
called DMHM comprised of Spanish which was published daily, El Debate, weekly, Monday
Post, Herald and Mabuhay, a Pilipino daily.
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Japanese Occupation
With the invasion of the Japanese, most publications were shut down except for the
ones they used for their propaganda. DMHM was destroyed first when Manila was bombed.
TVT was only one left to operate. However, it was controlled and functioned as "solely for the
benefit of the Japanese state" on October 12, 1942. The chain (together with Ramon
Roces' Liwayway) was allowed to be published regularly but under the censorship of
the Japanese Imperial Army. The printing and distribution of the periodicals were transferred
under Osaka Mainichi Publishing Company,established by Manila Sinbusya Corporation. The
only papers thatexisted those times were that of TVT, Liwayway, Manila Shimbun, Shin-Seiki,
Bicol Herald and Davao Nichi-Nichi, all under the control of the corporation.
With the side of the guerrillas they also came up with their own periodicals. These were
typewritten or mimeographed paraphernalias on 8 ½ x 11-inch paper edited by journalists-
guerillas. The publication served to empower the soldiers' and people's morale and aid as
counter propaganda against the Japanese.
Post Liberation: The Golden Age of Philippine Journalism
After the atrocities of the Japanese and World War II in general, Manila was freed on
February 3, 1945. The post-war era to pre-martial law period (1945-1972) is called the golden
age of Philippine journalism. The Philippine press began to be known as "the freest in Asia."
At that time came a rapid proliferation of publications with most of them simply printed
like flyers or in single-sheets. Manila Free Philippines became the first post-Liberation
newspaper published by the US Office of War Information.
Some of the periodicals closed by the Japanese made comebacks but those used for
propaganda (one by one) perished. Those that disappeared included Philippine Liberty News by
Manuel F. Manahan, Manila Post, edited by Abelardo Subido and wife Trinidad Tarrosa-Subido,
Manila Tribune, edited by Vicente Albino-Pacis, and a certain Morning Sun.
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Those that were revived included The Manila Bulletin, which was further developed in
1947; Philippines Herald and Manila Chronicle, started as "The People's Newspaper" and
was later bought by Eugenio Lopez in 1947 and Manila Times, re-established by the Roces
family. Likewise, Ramon Roces, son of Don Alejandro, also put out Manila's first afternoon
newspaper called Evening News. Furthermore, his Graphic, renamed as Kislap-
Graphic,Liwayway and Vernacular Sister Publications: Bisaya, Bannawag and Hiligaynon were
also re-launched.
The press functioned as a real watchdog of the government, It was sensitive to national
issues and critical of government mistakes and abuses. Among its practitioners were a clutch of
scholarly, noble-minded writers and editors — Mauro Mendez, Arsenio Lacson, Modesto
Farolan, Leon Guerrero, Armando Malay, S.P. Lopez, Jose Bautista, to name a few.
The press during the period was forced into a "marriage of convenience" with large
business enterprises and political groups. Most of the newspapers were wholly or partly owned
by large business complexes. Some newspapers had control and interest in other media
particularly radio and television.
In 1952, the National Press Club was organized "to promote cooperation among journalists
and uphold press freedom and the dignity of journalists." In 1964, the Philippine Press
Institute (PPI) was organized "to foster the development and improvement of journalism in the
country."
Martial Law
After more than three decades of free press, on September 21, 1972 upon the
declaration of Martial Law, publications were once again halted from their liberal operations.
Then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos issued Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. I which contained the
ordinance, "to take over and control or cause the taking over and control of the mass media for
the duration of the national emergency, or until otherwise ordered by the President or by his
duly designated representative." Almost similar to the press' situation during the Japanese
Occupation, publications were put under
government supervision. Media entities were
sequestered or closed down restraining their
operation unless approved by the MMC /
MAC agency, which was tasked to regulate
them. Editors, publishers and activist-
journalists were put into jail considering them
as threat to the administration. It was in this
period when the likes Geny Lopez, Jr., Chino
Roces, Max V. Soliven, Luis Beltran,
TeodoroLocsin, Jose Diokno, Benigno
Ferdinand Marcos
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Aquino, Jr. and others were detained at Camp Crame.
The only periodicals that continuously existed were those owned by Marcos' cronies and
relatives. These included Manila Daily Bulletin, then owned by the late Gen. Hans Menzi who
was presidential aide-de-camp, The Times Journal by Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez,
brother of then First Lady, Imelda Marcos, and The Daily Express by Roberto S. Benedicto,
who was a family friend. A new newspaper, Times Journal, was allowed to open one month
after the proclamation. These newspapers were later to be known as "establishment press."
As expected, the press during the martial law period was highly controlled. Almost
overnight, the print media changed its traditional adversary relationship with the government to
that of "cooperation." Many journalists learned to practice brinkmanship and even self-
censorship in order to survive or avoid direct confrontation with the regime.
To counter propaganda churned out by the pro-government private media and the
government’s own media infrastructure, the so-called alternative press emerged in the 1980s.
These were a handful of tabloid newspapers and some radio stations which defied government
instructions on how to handle news stories (despite constant harassment and intimidations).
Among these publications and the people behind them were: the father and son team of Jose
Burgos who were behind the courageous tabloid WE Forum and its broadsheet
affiliate, Pahayagang Malaya; Felix Bautista and Melinda Q. de Jesus edited Veritas; Raul and
Leticia Locsin published Business Day (now Business World); Eugenia D. Apostol and Leticia
J. Magsanoc published and edited Inquirer and Mr. and Ms. Magazine.
In addition to the alternative press, the people also opted for samizdat or xerox journalism.
These were news clippings, mostly from foreign publications, censored for mass dissemination
by the regime, which provided an accurate reading of developments in the country. Many of
these articles were written by Filipinos working for the foreign news services.
The nationalistic fervor was also strongly manifested among the youth through campus
publications which have taken an activist stand on national issues. Notable among them were
the Philippine Collegian of Univeristy of the Philippines-Diliman, Ang Malaya of the Philippine
College of Commerce (now Polytechnic University of the Philippines),Pandayan of Ateneo de
Manila University, Ang Hasik of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila and Balawis of
Mapua Institute of Technology.
Women journalists proved to be equally if not more

daring than men in their writing. Even the emergence of
the so-called alternative press came about essentially
through the efforts of women editors and journalists.
Several women journalists were subjected to harassment,
threats and intimidation by the military. Among these
courageous women journalists were Eugenia D. Apostol,
Betty Go-Belmonte, Letty Magsanoc, Arlene Babst,
NinezCacho Olivares, Domini Torrevillas, Melinda de
Jesus, Tina Monzon Palma, MalouMangahas, Sheila
Coronel, and Ceres Doyo.
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Among the outstanding heroes during the struggle against the Marcos
Joaquin “Chino” Roces regime was Joaquin "Chino" Roces, publisher of the pre-martial law The
Manila Times and regarded as the Grand Old Man of Philippine Journalism.
Contemporary Times
When the Marcos' administration ended because of the first People Power revolt, the
press was once again freed. There was an influx of periodicals which was a result of the
repression. As for the case of Manila Times, Ramon Roces decided to revive the paper on
January 1986, registered under his grandson, Alfredo R. Guerrero. He also brought back La
Vanguardia Publishing Co., Inc. which was for his other grandson, Ramon R. Davila. The
newspaper came out February 5, 1986 with his cousin, Joaquin "Titong" R. Roces as editor-in-
chief. The Manila Chronicle was re-established with publisher Joaquin "Chino" Roces and editor
AmandoDoronilla. The weekly, We Forum, also emerged with Jose Burgos as its publisher.
Present day newspapers such as Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star, Manila Standard and
even Business World were born during those times.
Activity 1
Identify/Answer the following statements or questions.
1. What is the name of the first Philippine religious newspaper? El Catolico Filipino
2. When was the Golden Age of Philippine Journalism? Post war-era to pre-martial law
3. Who is the father of Filipino Printing? Thomas Pinpin
4. What was the name of the first paper that aims to defy the friars? La Opinion
5. What is the name of the newspaper called as the mouthpiece of revolution?
La Solidaridad
6. The Katipunan or reformist’ newspaper is called? Ang Kalayaan
7. Why does Alejandro Roces was called as the father of modern journalism?
Because its founding was one of the highlights of events during 1920.
8. Aside from TVT, Ramon Roces’ Liwayway was allowed to be published during
the Japanese occupation.
9. Manila Chronicle was called The People’s Newspaper during the Post Liberation years.
10. The oldest existing newspaper, the Manila Bulletin, circulated in 1912 .
11. What are the only allowed printing presses during Martial Law? Manila Daily Bulletin, The
Times Journal, and the Daily Express .
12. The handful of tabloid newspaper and some radio stations which defied the government
was called WE Forum .
13. Who was considered as the Grand Old Man of Philippine Journalism? Joaquin “Chino” Roces
14. What is the name of the oldest existing newspaper? The Manila Buletin
15. What is yellow journalism? journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude
exaggeration.
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When done, check your answers in the checking area and compare them with
mine.
Campus Journalism in General

After we had a short glimpse of the past, let us now view journalism in general. In this lesson,
you will understand the role of Campus Journalism in the community and how its role is carried
out and accomplished through the journalists.
Scope of Journalism
Journalism may be divided into three areas, namely: written, oral, and visual. Periodicals such
as newspapers and magazines fall under written journalism. A periodical, defined broadly, is a
publication that comes out at regular periods of interval – daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bi-
monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.
A newspaper, compared to a magazine, prints more news and has no special cover. It is printed
in newsprint. News is printed on the front page as well as on the inside and back pages.
A magazine, on the other hand, prints more features and human-interest stories, has a special
cover and oftentimes printed on book paper. If ever news is printed, it is brief, featurized, and
found in the inside pages.
Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and documentaries are
example of film media.
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Functions of the Campus Paper
A campus paper is a publication, either mimeographed or printed, put up by staff members who
are either students or faculty members of a school or university
The campus paper has many functions. The traditional roles of the campus paper were
specified by Harold Spears and C.H. Lawshe Jr. in their book, “An Introduction to Journalism.”
A. Aids for the students
1. To provide an opportunity for interesting writing

2. To give students the opportunity to learn how to read the newspapers
3. To act as a stimulus to better work
4. To develop students’ powers of observation and discrimination concerning relative
merits of news articles
5. To serve as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing
6. To offer training in organization, business methods, commercial arts, salesmanship,
bookkeeping and business management
7. To develop qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance, responsibility, and
leadership
B. Aids for the school and community
1. To inform the community as to the work of the school

2. To publish school news
3. To create and express school opinion
4. To make known the achievement of the school
5. To help unify the school
6. To encourage and stimulate worthwhile activities
7. To provide right standards of conduct
8. To provide an outlet for student suggestions for the betterment of the school
9. To develop better interschool relationship
10. To develop school spirit
11. To develop cooperation between parents and the school
The modern campus paper has evolved other functions.
A. Information function – It informs the readers of events that happened, happening, or that
will happen. This is its news function. But information may also come from the features,
editorial and other sections of the school paper.
B. Opinion function – Through the editorials and editorial columns, the editor interprets the
meaning of the news especially of the banner news, and gives his opinion on important
matters or on significant events of the day.
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C. Education function – One of the most important functions of a modern campus paper is
to educate not only the students but also the people in the community. Topics that are
used to be tabooed in the classroom before can now be subjects of discussion by the
student writers in their school organs as long as it educates the reader for instance are
sex education and family planning.
D. Watchdog function – the school paper acts as the guardian of the students’ rights. It
serves as the eyes of the readers.
E. Laboratory function – it serves as the teaching tool for the budding journalists. After
they have learned, how to write, for example straight news stories, they cover school
activities and write the news for publication
F. Documentation function – Important school events, worthwhile student accomplishments
and achievements are recorded in the school paper for posterity sake. Most present-day
histories have been researched from old files of newspapers.
G. Entertainment function– The school paper, like an interesting book keeps the reader
company especially when he is alone. Most human interest stories are very interesting to
read.
H. Developmental function – In a developing country like the Philippines, scholastic as well
as commercial journalism has been given nobler significance. The young writer who
used to spend more time reporting on club activities like elections and parties and writing
lines to Delilah, has graduated into a development journalist.
Activity 1
Answer the following questions in 5-10 sentences.
1. What is the difference between a newspaper and a magazine?
Newspapers and magazines are two important forms of print media that are read by millions of
people around the world, to get information and entertainment. People are so used to
newspapers and magazines that they hardly pay any attention to differences between them.
This article tries to differentiate between these two types of print media on the basis of their
features. Newspapers print more articles about news that’s happening around the world, while
magazines can be about human-interest stories such as celebrities and their lifestyles.
2. Name and describe the different areas of journalism.

Journalism may be divided into three areas, namely: written, oral, and visual. Periodicals
such as newspapers and magazines fall under written journalism. A periodical, defined broadly, is a
publication that comes out at regular periods of interval – daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bi- monthly,
quarterly, annually, etc. A newspaper, compared to a magazine, prints more news and has no special
cover. It is printed in newsprint. News is printed on the front page as well as on the inside and back pages.
A magazine, on the other hand, prints more features and human-interest stories, has a special cover and
oftentimes printed on book paper. If ever news is printed, it is brief, featurized, and found in the inside
pages. Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and documentaries are
example of film media.
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3. How does Campus Journalism become an aid to the student/s?

The Campus Journalism become an aid to the students by different ways. One way is that it
provides opportunity for interesting writing. It also becomes and aid to the students by giving
students the opportunity to learn how to read the newspapers, by acting as a stimulus to better
work, by developing students’ powers of observation and discrimination concerning relative
merits of news articles, by serving as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing, and by
offering training in organization, business methods, commercial arts, salesmanship,
bookkeeping and business management, develop qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy,
tolerance, responsibility, and leadership. These are ways on how Campus Journalism becomes
and aid to the students.
4. Identify one aid of Campus Journalism to the school community and explain it.
There are a lot of aid of Campus Journalism to the school community. One of the aids is to
publish school news. I actually think that publishing school news is very important. It helps
students, teachers, and faculty members to understand and gain knowledge about what’s
happening around the campus. Schools can also include information about different activities of
the school such as clubs, culminating activities, and more organizations to encourage children to
participate in these extra-curricular activities as well as join in different club organizations as the
school offer to help more students showcase their hidden talents.
After answering the questions, proceed in the checking of your answers and
compare your answers with mine.
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Functions/Parts of a Campus Paper
Whether it be a community, metropolitan or national paper, more or less its parts and
sections are the same.
Traditionally, these are
A. Front Page
a. Local news – news that takes place within the country.

b. Foreign news – news that takes place outside the country.
c. Dateline news – an out-of-town news story. It is introduced by a dateline which states
the place from which the story was reported, the date, and the source of the material
if not written by the local staff, as Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 25 (AP).
d. Weather news – usually a boxed forecast of the area, sometimes about the
temperature, wind directions and velocities. Extremes on weather are reported as
more detailed news stories.
e. Index – a slugline indicating an important inside page story and the page where it is
found
Other things found in the Front Page: (Those with asterisk may or may not be
present).
1. Nameplate – the engraved or printed name of the newspaper as the Manila Times or the
PNC Torch.
2. Ears – the little boxes on either side of the name place.
3. Banner – the principal headline bearing the boldest and biggest type. It is the title of the more
important news of the day which is called banner news. It may or may not run across the page.
If it does, It may also be called a streamer.
4. Running head – a head made up of two or more lines.
5. Headline – the title of any news story. The word headline is used only for titles of news
stories, thus the various rules for writing it.
6. Deck – a subordinate headline placed immediately below its mother headline, also known as
bank or readout.
7. Lead – the beginning of a news story. It may be a word or a group of words, a sentence, or
even a paragraph.
8. News story – the whole story of an event composed of the lead and the text which is the
elaboration of the lead.
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9. Columns – the horizontal division into parts of a newspaper. Many national papers are
divided into eight columns while a typical school paper is divided into five columns.
10. Columns rule – the vertical line that divides the page into columns. Most pages of a
newspaper are divided into columns by a space usually one em wide. This space is called the
sunken rule.
11. Fold – the imaginary horizontal line that divides the newspaper equally into two parts.
12. Byline*– the signature of a reporter preceding a news feature as By Warren Cruz.
13. Box*– the materials enclosed by line rules.
14. Cut – a metal place bearing a newspaper’s illustration, also known as cliché
15. Cutline – the text accompanying photos and other artwork, better known as caption. If
written above the photos just like a slugline, it is called overline.
16. Kicker – a tagline placed above buy smaller than a headline, also known as teaser. If it is
bigger than the headline, it is called hammer.
17. Credit line – a line giving the source of the story or illustrate as reprinted from the “Manila
Times” of Photo by MPI.
B. Editorial Page
1. Folio – consist of the page number, date of publication, and name of the newspaper usually
written on top of the page. This is also found in the other pages.
2. Masthead – the editorial box containing the logo, names of the staff members and position in
the staff, subscription rate, the publisher and other pertinent date about the newspaper. A logo
(a shorter word for logotype) is a cut which contains an identifying word or words, such as the
name of the newspaper or of a section
3. Editorial paper – a commentary written by any of the editors who comments or given the
opinion of the staff or the whole paper on various subjects. It is the stand of the paper,
sometimes called Top editorial or Lead editorial.
4. Editorial columns – a personal opinion written by the columnist himself. Like the editorial
proper, it may attack, teach, entertain, or appeal depending upon its purpose.
5. Editorial cartoon – usually a caricature emphasizing a simple point. Usually humorous, it has
the function of the editorial. Standing by itself, it is not a complement of the editorial proper.
6. Editorial liner – a short statement or quoted sayings placed at the end of editorial columns or
editorials to drive home some messages.
17
7. Letter to the editor – a letter sent in by the reader giving his personal views on certain
aspects.
C. Sports Page – Sports stories are classified as news stories; therefore, what may be found in
the news page may also be found in the sports section. Other things that may be found in the
sports section are the sports commentaries and sports features.
D. Special Features – The modern newspaper has some special features and eliminated some
which have become irrelevant to the needs of the times. An example of this was the society
page.
Sections/Parts of a Campus Paper
1. News Section
2. Editorial Section
3. Special Features/Literary Sections
4. Columns: Sports, Fashion, etc.
18
Activity 2
A. Label the parts of the front page of a newspaper. Write you answers on the blanks
provided.
1. Nameplate 4. Ears
5. Columns
2. Headline
6. Deck
3. Lead
7. Index
8. News story
19
B. Label the parts of the editorial page. Write you answers on the blanks provided.
1. Folio
2. Masthead
4. Editorial cartoon
5. Editorial columns
3. Editorial paper
When finished, proceed to check your answers and compare them with mine.
Responsibilities/Qualities of a Good Journalist
1. Resourcefulness - a good journalist is resourceful in order to gain credible sources of

information and to gain access to all important events
2. Critical- to be able to separate truth from propaganda and dogmas that may distort the
truth
3. Objective- a good journalist puts aside personal biases and should not let his emotion
cloud his judgment
4. Conscientious- a good journalist does not use his influence in order to meet personal
objectives and should be well aware of the consequences that may result from his
actions
Journalism’s Do’s
1. Accuracy: Make sure the facts are right and the right facts are there
2. Fairness: Make sure to present all sides, arguments and options
3. Context: Tell the whole story. Flame it in the proper background
4. Truth: Keep reporting, one piece at a time. Let the facts fall where they may and give the
readers and viewers a chance to begin to find the truth
20
Journalism’s Don’ts
1. Plagiarism: Never use the words and ideas of another without giving credit to the source
2. Sloppy reporting: Don’t fail to check the facts. Don’t forget to check all sides of the story
3. Bias: Don’t allow your news reports to be influenced by your own opinions. Even if you
think you’re right, let others make their case
4. Conflict of interest: Don’t report a story if you are not completely independent of that
story
5. Poor news judgment: Don’t offer news to readers and viewers that is irrelevant to their
lives and their interests
6. Deception: Never, never invent characters, quotations or any part of a story. The
moment you make things up, or deliberately lie, you are no longer a journalist.
Activity 3
A. Identify what responsibility or quality of good journalist is being referred to in each item.
Objective 1.Aira accepts the beat (assigned news to cover) of writing an article about the
winning team for the Cheer Dance competition even though she has a friend who was part of
the losing team.
Conscentious 2. Vita is careful in writing her opinion about the incident of cheating in one
examination. She thinks first of the possible effect of her writings to the public.
Critical 3. There were rumors about one of the Student Council officers who already
allegedly violated a school policy. Lionel has to give his opinion for his column. He decided
carefully analyze what really happened before giving his opinion.
Resourcefulness 4. Since Chino was not available during the basketball championship game of
his school, he decided to get information from different reliable sources such as the coach of the
team and the varsity players who played.
21
When finished, proceed in the checking and compare your answers with mine.
22
Journalist’s Creed
Every one of us has the right to have our own opinion and beliefs things. This is what makes
us different from others. It manifests our own unique identity and establishes our personality in a
society. It also makes us belong to a certain group of people who also have the same belief as ours.
According to Merriam Webster dictionary, creed is an idea or set of beliefs that guides the
actions of a person or group. Every engagements of a person should manifest what is dictated on
the creed that he believes in.
As a campus journalist, I want you to read each idea stated in this creed. Understand the
beliefs of a journalist and realize its importance.
Journalist’s Creed
I believe in the profession of Journalism.
I believe that the public journal is a public trust; that all connected with it are, to the full
measure of responsibility, trustees for the public; that all acceptance of lesser service than the
public services is a betrayal of this trust.
I believe that clear thinks, clear statement, accuracy and fairness are fundamental to good
journalism.
I believe that a journalist should write only what he holds in his heart to be true.
I believe that suppression of the news, for any consideration other than the welfare of society,
is indefensible
I believe that no one should write as a journalist that he would not say as a gentleman; that
bribery by one’s own pocketbook is as much to be avoided as bribery by the pocketbook of
another; that individual responsibility may not be escaped by pleading another’s instructions or
another’s dividends.
23
I believe that advertising, news and editorial columns should alike serve the best interests of
readers; that a single standard of helpful truth and cleanness should prevail for all; that
supreme test of good journalism is the measure of its public service.
I believe that the journalism which succeeds the best-and best deserves success-fears God
and honors man; is stoutly independent; unmoved by pride of opinion or greed of power;
constructive, tolerant but never careless, self-controlled, patient, always respectful of its
readers but always unafraid, is quickly indignant at injustice; is unswayed by the appeal of the
privilege or the clamor of the mob; seeks to give every man a chance, and as far as the law,
an honest wage and recognition of human brotherhood can make it so, an equal; is profoundly
patriotic while sincerely promoting international goodwill and cementing world-comradeship,
isa journalist of humanity, of and for today’s world.
Activity 1
Rules are everywhere. We follow rules in everything that we do to make sure that it is in
accordance with what is expected and asked from us. Now, I would like you to write your own
version of rules that a journalist should follow. Create 10 rules that will compose the code of
ethics for a modern journalist. Enumerate your own rules on the space provided.
Journalist’ Code of Ethics

Written by: Avie Valencia
 A journalist should be honest.

 A journalist should write with credibility.
 A journalist should not give false information.
 A journalist should not plagiarize.
 A journalist should be respectful.
 A journalist should talk and write with significance.
 A journalist should never ever publish something without verification.
 A journalist should make sure should know the values of humanity.
 A journalist should value fairness and equality.
 A journalist should have dedication and loyalty.
24
After we discuss what are expected from you as a journalist, we can now begin your
journey of becoming one.
There is a saying, “picture paints a thousand words”. A photo is enough to tell stories
and even express opinions. It shows us different perspective of point of view. Nowadays, we are
fond of taking pictures or photos. We easily update other people about our lives by posting
these photos in social media.
In campus journalism, photos also play an integral role. It enhances the news that we
are trying to give our readers. It places the readers in the exact situation of our beat using the
senses presented in every detail. In the next lesson, you will learn the basic things to consider in
photojournalism and how will connect the art it represents with the words of facts.
Photojournalism
PICTURES, ILLUSTRATIONS, and IF NEEDED GRAPHS, are very important in
newspaper work. Good pictures aid in the effective presentation of the news. They present the
pictorial side of the event, enliven the makeup or layout and give color and variety to a poorly
laid out paper.
Even an illiterate can read a photograph.
Photojournalism is the use of pictures or photos and illustrations for publication, the art
and science of photography combined with the written words. The mere taking of pictures is
photography not photojournalism.
The main purpose of pictures in newspaper and magazines are to expand and clarify
written communication, and act as a bait to lure the reader into the body type.
Picture Selection
There are two things to remember and consider when selecting pictures for publications:
1. Technical value – A picture has technical value when it is clear, free from smudges, clear and
not blurred.
2. Editorial value – It has editorial value when it tells a story at a glance, when it shows life
happening, moment of truth and significance – meaning it has news value.
There are five main functions of photos and other images, namely: (1) to attract attention; (2) to
illustrate a point in the story; (3) to tell a story itself through the aid of captions; (4) to tell a story
in sequence with other illustrations; and (5) to give visual relief to the layout.
25
Characteristics of a Good Photographer
A good cameraman:
1. Should have a working knowledge of his outfit – camera, lens, and film;
2. Should know a little of art and be possess a notion of contrast, composition, angle and shape;
3. Must have a nose for drama, oddity, rarity, action and for human interest stories;
4. Must be acquainted with the important as well as with the notorious people who break into the
news often;
5. Must have diplomacy and tact when covering risky assignment like fires, riots, rallies, and
demonstrations; and
6. Must be acquitted with the libel laws, since libel suit can also proceed from pictures.
Reminders as Regards the Selection, Scaling, and Captioning of Pictures
1. Photo should be cropped tightly to eliminate unnecessary details and to focus attention to its
message.
2. Photo should not lie right next to a heavily shaded advertisement. It will lose its impact if it is
overshadowed by neighboring material.
3. Multicolumn photos as a rule should be in the upper left-hand corner of the page and should
be displayed without over lines.
4. The crowded, posed photograph should be avoided, unless it has to get in. If you decide to
use it, crop it tightly and blow it up.
5. Retouch whenever necessary.
6. Keep caption short.
Reminders as Regards the Proper Use of Photos and Graphs
1. Action pictures are better than posed pictures.
2. Don’t put pictures back to back, meaning two pictures facing opposite directions.
3. Avoid firing line of firing squad or posed pictures. They are dead. Prefer candid shots. Life is
not posed. It is active.
26
4. If you have to use group pictures, use it big to allow recognition of people in it, unless it is a
crowd scene where the crowd is more important than the expression of the faces.
5. Even a crash scene looks dead with only the plane shown or the train wreck pictured.
6. Small pictures area ineffective. Details and impact are lost.
7. Cropping would improve the picture. Cropping means cutting off all that are unnecessary,
those that have nothing to do with the story. Focus the eyes on important details and eliminate
irrelevant ones. For instance, eliminating the body and the other arms of the speaker to show a
clench fist in gesture.
8. But beware of too much cropping. One needs an overhanging branch in the foreground a
picture showing the vastness of the desert.
9. You don’t have to include the whole face in a portrait. You can take off the ear as long the
attention is focused on the eyes, the window of the soul.
10. Reverse the negative if you meet the problem of facing in. Facing in means that the person
is looking out of the page. Don’t allow this to happen. However, beware of flop which means that
when you reverse the picture, errors will be created. There will be a change in the position of the
parting of the hair, position of moles, breast handkerchiefs and words in the picture at the
background.
Caption Writing
A caption is the text of body type, accompanying photos or art work or any pictorial illustration. It
is sometimes called cutline or underline. The title or explanatory matter above the illustration is
called overline.
Caption should be closely related to the picture so that the reader may be able to take in picture
and caption at a glance. This explains why the caption should be underneath the pictures when
there are other materials on the page.
The caption can be at the side when caption and picture are isolated.
Things to Remember
1. All rules in newsprinting apply to caption writing.
2. Caption should be written in short pithy sentences, say an average of 15 words for a
sentence.
3. The basic question every caption must tell of its pictures are: Who, What, Where, When, and
Why. Who are in the picture? When are they doing it?
27
4. Give the full Christian name or first name to identify everyone in the picture and be accurate.
This is important, but which of course cannot be done for crowd scenes. When you name
people in the caption, make it clear who is who.
5. A gay (happy) picture should have a gay caption. A somber (series or sad) picture should not
make weak jokes. Match the caption with the mood of the picture. This is a question of
judgement.
6. A caption is conversational. It should exploit the picture potential interest. e.g., President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Filipiniana dress while Vice President Noli De Castro in military
attire. These should be mentioned in the caption.
7. Caption should supplement what is seen. They are not captions if they merely tell the reader
what he can see. A person of a picture showing President Arroyo speaking should not sat,
“President Arroyo Speaking.” See to it that the caption supplements the pictorial information
briefly.
8. The caption should not contradict the photo, e.g., Boy Scout planting tree seedlings but the
boys scouts are looking at the camera smiling and not planting.
9. Don’t begin a caption with “Photo shows” especially if it really doesn’t or “In the Photo are..”
This merely wastes space.
10. Don’t rewrite the news story as a caption. This merely wastes space.
11. The caption should be intended, say an em or en at each side. Choose a type or font
different from the normal body type, either bold or italics, buy be consistent.
The Picture Story
A picture story is the use of a series of pictures with a minimum of words called caption story.
Picture stories are often used in the feature section and in magazines.
The pictures story is also used to illustrate a “how to” article. How to play basketball, for
example, can be best illustrated with the use of visuals. When the primary goal of the story is to
“show” the reader something and not just “tell” him, then the role of pictures become dominant
and words only secondary. In all cases, however, a skillful merging of the two is necessary.
The Caption Story
Most pictures in the features section and in magazines are explained with a caption story in
essay from. Unlike in news photos wherein the caption is written in short pithy sentences merely
answering the 5W’s, caption, aside answering the important W’s, are descriptive, narrative or
expository.
However, there are pictures that tell a story by themselves. Only a minimum of caption is
needed or even a caption may by superfluous. Editorial cartoons usually don’t have captions,
but they tell stories or make a point.
28
Activity 1
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct words to complete the statements.
1. Action pictures are better than posed ones.
2. A picture should be so placed that the person’s does not look

out of page.
3. A good picture should be placed the fold.
4. All persons in the photo should be . See that all names are
.
5. Captions or cutlines of news pictures should answer the ,

, and the .
B. Enumeration
1. Give three uses of pictures and illustrations.

a.
b.
c.
2. Give five qualities or characteristics of good pictures.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Give two expressions that should not begin a caption.
a.
b.
29
Activity 2
Compose a caption that matches each photo presented. Write your answer inside
the box.
1.
- Ernie Penaredondo Philsar.com
2.
28
3.
4.
29
5.
After answering, please proceed in the checking area and compare your answers
with mine.
SUMMARY
 The constitution mandates the freedom of speech according to Article III Section 4 of Bill
of Rights as it states, No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble the petition
the government for redress of grievances”.
 Journalism plays a huge role in Philippines’ history. From the years of revolution against
Spaniards, colonization of American, Occupation of Japanese, Martial Law of Marcos to
the current year, journalism became the instrument of liberation.
 The Golden Age of Philippine journalism was during the post-war era to pre-martial law
period (1945-1972).
 Journalism can be in 3 forms: written, oral and visual.
 Campus paper can be an aid to students, school and community in different ways. It
also serves different functions such as for information, opinion, education, watchdog,
laboratory, documentation, entertainment and documentation.
30
 Similar with newspapers, a campus paper also has its parts.
 A journalist must know his responsibilities to the public as he extends his services. He,
just like his writing, could affect his readers. Therefore, truth and fairness should be
practice. The journalist’s creed states all of these responsibilities.
 Photojournalism is the use of pictures or photos and illustrations for publication, the art
and science of photography combined with the written words. The mere taking of pictures
is photography not photojournalism.
 A good photographer knows how to use what he has in order to produce a good photo.
What he has are not only his materials but also his perspective, connection and influence.
 Photos are used to supplement the articles and headlines on the newspaper. Therefore, a
good photojournalist must learn to see what is news in a certain event.
 Aside from capturing photos, a photojournalist also must know how to tell story using his
photos. Therefore, a caption must be matched with what is on the photo
/
POSTTEST
Answer the cross word puzzle by referring to the clues given below.
Across Down
1. Thomas Pinpin came up with Hojas 1. first Philippine newsletter
Volantes or in 1799.
2. newspaper that pioneered 2 edition dailies 2. El Catolico Filipino was published by
3. He put up el HeraldodelaRevolucion to unify
his armies. 3. Ramon Roces put up a magazine called
4. press defied the .
government during Martial Law. 4. Manila’s first afternoon newspaper
5. news takes place outside 5. the little boxes on either side of the
the country. nameplate
6. title of the news story 6. banner
7. principal headline 7. value of the picture is
8. caption when it is clear and free from smudges.
31
1 5 4
8 4
7 2
1 3 6
Let’s see if you were able to understand the concepts. Please proceed to the checking
area.
Were you able to get the answers right?
If you got 15 – Excellent job! You may take the mastery test
32
13-14 – Very good!

9-12 – Good!
8 and below – Review
SOURCES
All the pictures used in this module are from the internet source. Thus, the school does not own
or have any rights for these photos.
Chan, R.Republic Act No. 7079 "Campus Journalism Act of 1991" (n.d) Retrieved February
16,2015 from http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7079.htm#.VSnTnvmUexU
Cruz, C. J. (1997). Basic campus journalism. Quezon City:Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Cruz, C. J. (2010). Campus journalism and school paper advising. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore,
Inc.,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/creed
Sumulong, S. (2002) History of journalism in the Philippines. Retrieved January 14, 2015 from
http://www.oocities.org/rocesphils/journalism.htm
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article III Retrieved July 10, 2014
from http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-
philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/
Tuazon, R. The print media: a tradition of freedom (n.d). Retrieved December 23, 2014 from
http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-
a/article.php?igm=3&i=221
33

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ANGELICUM COLLEGE, QUEZON CITY A.Y.

Learning Facilitator English Coordinator Member, Team Principal Academic Director

Webster defines journalism as the occupation of writing for publication in newspapers

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

a. SuccessosFelices c. Diario de Manila

2. Who was the first Asian to win a Pulitzer prize in Journalism?

a. Alejandro Roces c. Jose Rizal

a. Jose Rizal c. Marcelo Del Pilar

4. What was considered as the deadliest assault to Philippine journalism history?

a. 2009 Maguindanao Massacre

b. Bias d. Sloppy Reporting

6. How do we call the name title of any news story?

a. Headline c. Running head

7. How do we call the name of the writer on the newspaper?

a. credit line c. cutline

a. Campus journalism c. Sport writing

History of Journalism in the

In 1799, following Pinpin's debut in printing, he again

Surprisingly, it took a gap of a little more than a

From the reformists' newspapers, the secret society of

American Colonial Period

After the Spaniards' defeat from the Americans,

Post Liberation: The Golden Age of Philippine Journalism

Aquino, Jr. and others were detained at Camp Crame.

Women journalists proved to be equally if not more

Campus Journalism in General

Functions of the Campus Paper

A. Aids for the students

1. To provide an opportunity for interesting writing

B. Aids for the school and community

1. To inform the community as to the work of the school

The modern campus paper has evolved other functions.

Answer the following questions in 5-10 sentences.

1. What is the difference between a newspaper and a magazine?

2. Name and describe the different areas of journalism.

3. How does Campus Journalism become an aid to the student/s?

Functions/Parts of a Campus Paper

Traditionally, these are

a. Local news – news that takes place within the country.

2. Ears – the little boxes on either side of the name place.

4. Running head – a head made up of two or more lines.

13. Box*– the materials enclosed by line rules.

Sections/Parts of a Campus Paper

Responsibilities/Qualities of a Good Journalist

1. Resourcefulness - a good journalist is resourceful in order to gain credible sources of

I believe in the profession of Journalism.

Journalist’ Code of Ethics

 A journalist should be honest.

Even an illiterate can read a photograph.

Characteristics of a Good Photographer

Reminders as Regards the Selection, Scaling, and Captioning of Pictures

5. Retouch whenever necessary.

6. Keep caption short.

Reminders as Regards the Proper Use of Photos and Graphs

1. Action pictures are better than posed pictures.

6. Small pictures area ineffective. Details and impact are lost.

1. All rules in newsprinting apply to caption writing.

The Picture Story