A H M 531 Hardness By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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A H M 531 Hardness By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Objective :
To find the Mount of hardness for the sample .

Introduction:
Hardness is the ability of water to neutralize soap and it is a natural
characteristic of water. Total calcium and magnesium content of the water is
considered to constitute the total hardness expressed as CaCO3.

Theory : there are three methods to classify the hardness :

1. Temporary & permanent :
We find them by measure the total hardness of the sample then
measuring it for same boiling sample (permanent hardness )
So , the temporary hardness ( remove with boiling ) = Total Hardness –
permanent hardness .
2. Calcium hardness & Magnesium hardness : we will do it .
3. Carbonate hardness (CaCo3 )& non-carbonate hardness ( CaSO4 ) :
a. calculate Ca hardness & mg hardness by second method .
b. calculate the total alkalinity in the sample then :

Note : 0 , 10 , 15 , 12 : assuming numbers have same units .

Apparatus :

we use many solution and material :

Ca++ hardness test Total hardness test

Titrant EDTA EDTA
Indicator Murxide EBT
Buffer solution NaOH [ 1 N ] Ammonia
12 -13 9.5 – 10
PH required to remove all Mg++ to do indicator
amount

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A H M 531 Hardness By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Explain equations :
If we assume Ca ++ & Mg++ are μ++ symbol:
EBT →(in distal water )→ Blue solution
μ++ + EBT → μ++ EBT ( Pink ) Indicator stage
EDTA + μ++ → μ++EDTA + EBT ( blue ) Titrant stage

Procedure :

A ) The total hardness in Tap water :

1. fill 100 mL of tap water .

2. to rise the PH reading (9.5 – 10 ) , we need to put amount of
ammonia
3. add EBT indicator which will give you pink color .
4. add EDTA titrant until the color changes to blue & record
volume of EDTA that use .

B) Ca hardness in Tap water :

1. fill 100 mL tap water .

2. to rise PH reading ( 12 – 13 ) ,use amount of NaOH with [ 1 N ]
buffer
3. add murxide indicator which will give you pink color .
4. add EDTA titrant until the color changes to purple & record
volume of EDTA that use .

Results & Calculation :

Hardness = A x B x 1000
Vol. of sample
Where : A : vol. of EDTA that use .
B : mg CaCO3 equivilant to 1.0 mL EDTA = 1.0 mg CaCO3 for this
experiment .

Tap water :

1. The Total Hardness Calculations :-

A = 26 ml .
Total Hardness = 26 × 1.0 × 1000 = 260 mg/L CaCO3
100

2. Calcium (Ca++ ) Hardness :-

A = 18.4 ml .
Calcium Hardness = 18.4 × 1.0 × 1000 = 184 mg/l CaCO3
100
Manganese ( Mg++ ) Hardness = 260 - 184 = 76 mg/l CaCO3

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A H M 531 Hardness By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Discussion :
The hardness of the water is the capacity of it to destroy the lather
of soap. The cause of the hardness is the presence of divalent cations
Ca++, Mg++, Sr++, Fe++ & Mn++ but we select the most effective and major
causes Ca++ & Mg++ which form the total hardness of the water.
The unit of measure is (mg / l CaCO3) .

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