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ICT - PPTX (Repaired)
ICT - PPTX (Repaired)
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COURSE OUT LINE
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
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Topic: 01
Introduction
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Computers
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Major Parts of Computer
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What is a Computer?
The definition of Computer varies from one
person to another. However, a few definitions
are given heremake the concepts of Computer
clear.
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Computer is a machine/tool or device which
accepts data or information in one form and
process it to produce data or information in another
form
Computer is an electronic device/machine that
takes in data, Processes them according to the
given instructions and produces Information that is
useful to the people (user).
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What a computer do?
First
Accepts data such as raw facts, figures,
numbers, letters and symbol
Then
Processes data into information (Data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful )
Finally
Produces and stores results
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Answer the questions at the top of the screen. 7
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What can a computer
do?
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Input Keyboard
Process Processor
Output Speaker
Storage Flash
memory card
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What is Data?
Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and statistics
related to an object. Data can be processed to create
useful information.
What is information ?
Information is the processed data. It has meaning than
data. It is used for decision making.
Example of data and information
Data
Johnson, 55,Salome,Mary,34,Sabrina,
5,20,178,100,189,151.
When these data are processed it gives information as
the Meaningful product as shown on the following
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table CNAMS-2015/2016 7
Example of data and information
Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100,
data
Sabrina,4,5,189,151,
Process
Johnson 4 20
Salome 34 178
Mary 20 189
Sabrina 5 100
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Example of Information
Data collected from census is used to generate
different type of information. The government
can use it to determine the literacy rate in the
country. Government can use the information in
important decision to improve literacy rate.
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Differences between data and information
DATA INFORMATION
Is the collection of facts, Is a processed data
figures and statistics related to
an object
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Data Processing Cycle
The data processing activities can be grouped in
four functional activities:
1. Data input
2. Data Processing
3. Information Output
4. Storage
Thus constituting what is known as a Data
Processing cycle
NOTE: The above functions are performed in a
logical sequence.
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Diagram of Data processing Cycle
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The Components of a Computer
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Uses of computer
Playing games.
Creating various documents.
Doing homework.
Watching movies.
Listening music
Browsing on Internet &
E-mailing.
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Characteristic ofa computer
Any computer has the following characteristics;
1. Speed: A powerful computer is capable of performing about
3-4 million simple instructions per second.
2. Automatic: Once activated, very minimum human being
intervention, Given a job, computer can work on it automatically
without human interventions
3. Accuracy: free from errors, In addition to being fast,
computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can
almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data,
poorly designed system or faulty instructions/programs
written by the programmer)
4. Diligence: Ability to repeat the same activity at the same
speed and accuracy. Computer is free tiredness, It can work
continuously for hours without creating any error .
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Cont…
5. Versatility:
6. able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or
activities, Computer is capable of performing almost any task,
if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps
7. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and Recall any
amount of information because of its secondary storage
capability. It forgets or loses certain information only when it is
asked to do so
8. No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
Judgment is based on the instructions given to them in The
form of programs that are written by us (human Beings)
9. Storage-bulky data and information can be storage in very
small devices
10. Electronic-very minimum number of moving parts of
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the computer system CNAMS-2015/2016
Basic Functions ofthe Computer
A computer is a device that performs four basic
functions:
1. Inputs data: getting data into the machine
2. Stores data: holding the information before and
after processing.
3. Processes data: Manipulate data at high speed.
4. Output information: Sending the results out to
the user via some display method.
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Diagram of Computer Process Cycle
Input data Store data into Output
By using input RAM before information
devices eg. and after (User gets result
Keyboard process. After by using output
saving that devices.eg
data shift into monitor.
HDD.
Process data
by using
CPU
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.
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What is Computer System?
A computer system comprises the hardware,
software, Data/information, People and
Procedures.
By itself, a computer has no intelligence and is
referred to as hardware, which means simply
the physical equipment. Thehardware cannot
be used until it is connected to other elements,
all of which constitute the 5 components of the
computer based information systems.
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Major components of Computer
System
1. Hardware Hardwar
e
2. Software
1. Human ware (user/ People)
Use
2. Data/Information r
3. Procedures
softwar
e
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Major Parts of Computer
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Roles of People in computer system?
1. People are designer.
2. Manufacturers .
3. Users of computer systems.
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Relationship between Parts of a Computer
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Computer Hardware
A computers hardware is an electronic devices
such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse,
Printer, etc that you can see, touch and feel it.
1. Peripheral devices: are devices outside the
central processing unit but under its control,
they may be input devices, output devices, such
as printers, or storage devices, such as disk
drives
2. Accessories devices: Are the device that
support the proper handling of an electronic
device, such as computer. Example, Computer
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3
bag, computer stand etc.
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Computer Hardware
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Example of Computer Hardware
1. Monitor
2. System Unit
3. Mouse
4. CPU
5. RAM
6. HDD
7. Speaker
8. NIC
9. Keyboard
10. VGA Cable
11. Power Cable 38
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Categories ofComputer Hardware
Computer hardware can be categorized into five
parts namely,
1. Input device
2. Processing device
3. Output device
4. Storage device
5. Communication devices
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1. Input Devices
Is a Computer component which used to enter data
into a Computer system.
Examples; Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Digital
Camera, Microphone, Touch pads, Joystick, Webcam,
Light pen e.t.c
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Keyboard
Keyboard is an important device that allows a
user to enter text or symbols like letters and
numbers into a computer. It is the main input
device for most computers
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Keyboard Cap
ES s
C Lock
Diagram Shift Backspac Enter
Tab keys e
key
{
Windows button CTRL- Simulates
The numeric
ALT- clicking the
Equivalent to key pad. Press
right hand
clicking
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DEL mouse
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Num Lock fo4r49
numbers 2
or clicking Ctrl-ESC
The keys are following
No. Keys Description
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which
1 Typing Keys generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are
arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key
3 Function Keys has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
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Cont…
5. SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital
letters and to type the upper character on keys with
two characters on them
6. CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types
capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on)
7. TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right
(number of spaces are usually adjustable).
8. ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box
9. ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around
document without changing text
10. FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS - Access commands
by themselves or in combination with the three
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command keys; CTRL,
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The Mouse
Mouse: Mouse is the pointing device which used to
select different object. It has two buttons (left & Right)
that control the movement of the cursor.
Left button - used to select menu options or
commands by pointing & pressing the button once.
Right button - used to access shortcut menu within
windows and windows application.
Scroll wheel- Used to show the hidden part of the
document in different applications, example In Ms-
Word, Ms-Excel.
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The Mouse
Diagram Scroll
wheel
Right
button
Left
button
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Using the Mouse
1. Left click: Use your first finger to click the left button
once.
2. Right click :Use your second finger to click the right
button once
3. Double click :Use your first finger to click the left
mouse button twice quickly
4. Drag :Click and hold the left mouse button, move the
mouse as necessary then release the left mouse button
5. Scroll wheel :Helps to move up and down a document
in some applications
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Mouse Actions/Operations
1. Point: To point an item means to move the mouse
pointer so that it's touching the item.
2. Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release)
the left mouse button.
3. Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse
button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as
you can.
4. Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse
button on the right.
5. Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse
button as you move the mouse. To drop the item,
release the left mouse button.
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Scanners
Scanners: Allow user to copy or transfer photos,
pictures, even some objects to a file on your computer.
It transfers the information to the computer as a
bitmap.
It will also allow you to scan a page of text using the
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software to be
able to later edit that text in your word processor.
Twain software makes the scanner
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Touch Screen
Touch screen :Is a special kind of screen which
is sensitive to touch. Touching with their finger
the desired icon or menu item displayed on the
screen
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Bar Code Reader (BCR)
A barcode is simply a numeric code represented
as a series of lines. These lines can be read by a
barcode reader/scanner. convert the data into
electrical signal and send them to computer for
processing.
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Joysticks
Joystick: Used mainly for playing games
Small joysticks can also be found on some mobile
phones.
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Joysticks, Head Phone & Microphone
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Light Pen
. A light pen is a device used as a pointing device to
‗write‘ on the screen of a computer.
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Touchpad / Track pad
A pointing device found on most laptops
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Digital Camera
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Video Camera
Like a digital camera, most video cameras do
not directly input data into a computer – the
captured movies are stored on video-tape or
memory cards and later transferred to a
computer.
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Web Cam
This is a very basic video camera used to feed
live video into a computer. The video data from
a web cam is low quality compared to a full
video camera.
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9
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Microphone
An input device that converts sound into a
signal that can be fed into a computer.
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Other Input Devices
Tracker ball
Touch sensitive pad
Graphics tablets (Digitizers)
Optical Character Readers
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
Optical Mark Readers and Optical Mark
Recognition (OMR)
Punched Card
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Other Input Devices
Kimball tag
Voice Recognition e.g. Microphone
Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)
Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of sale
(EFTPOS)
Video digitizer
Digital Camera
Touch tone Telephones
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2. Processing Devices
These are devices used to process (Convert) raw data
into information. In computer system this device is
known as Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU: Is a main component of the computer, used to
process the data fed into the computer to get
information that is understood by human.
Processing data may include the following ;
Calculating
Sorting
Searching
Storing
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Drawing CNAMS-2015/2016 4
The Central Processing Unit (C P U)
Is a brain of the computer that process data.
This component is located on the computer
motherboard
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The Brain Of The Computer
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Parts of the CPU
REGISTERS
(IMMEDIATE ACCESS STORE)
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Components / Elements of CPU
1. Control unit (CU)
Responsible for the following functions;
1. Coordinating the input and output devices.
2. It directs the flow of data from the CPU and input and
output devices.
3. Tell the rest of the computer system how to carry out
a program instructions.
4. Directs the movements of electronic signals between
main memory and logic units.
5. Directs electronic signals between main memory and
the input/output devices.
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2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
ALU is responsible for the following functions;
1. The ALU performs all calculations and logical
decisions in the computer system. E.g. +, -, /, *
etc and what if analysis in Excel.
2. Control operations of those operations.
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3. Registers
Immediate Access storage(Register): Is a very small
amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU
(central processing unit) in order to speed up its
operations by providing quick access to commonly
used values Registers are used to store data during the
execution of a program.
Register is contained in CPU-in arithmetic logic unit.
They are temporary memory that store data
temporarily during processing
Provides working area for computation
Hold programs instructions and data from main
memory into registers just before processing. 70
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The CPU Speed
The speed of CPU is measured in HERTZ (Hz),
i.e., number of operations can be done per
second. Nowadays, we usually use KHz, MHz,
GHz (e.g.700 KHz, 300 MHz, 3.0 GHz)
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Functions of CPU
1. Control the sequence of operation
2. Give commands to all parts of the computer
system, Like keyboard, mouse, Printer. etc
3. Interpret and execute program instructions
(software)
4. Communicate with the input device and storage
device
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3. Output devices
These are devices that translate information
processed by the computer into a form that
humans can understand.ie are the devices which
enables user of computer to get the result of the
processed data.
Display the information to the user
Example:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speakers
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4. Projector etc.
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Categories of Output
1. Softcopy:-Is the data that is shown on a display
screen or is in audio or voice e g:-Monitor,
Speakers etcSoft copy:
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Output devices
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Monitor
This is the display device for a personal
computer. It display result in a form of
text, graphs, images, video etc.
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Types of Monitor
There are two types of monitor:
1. Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT)
2. Flat Panel/LCD (Liquid crystal display)
monitor.
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CRT Monitors
Is Just like a television set. CRT monitors are
heavy and use more electrical power than flat
panel displays, but they are preferred by some
graphic artists for their accurate color rendition,
and preferred by some gamers for faster
response to rapidly changing graphics
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LCD Monitors
Flat-screen monitors are light in weight and
.they take up very little desk space.
Have little energy consumption and have liquid
that reduce the intensity of contacted rays.
Monitor screen size is measured diagonally
across the screen, in inches.
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Printer
This is the output device which produces the
hardcopy (printed) output.
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Types of Printer
1. Dot matrix printers
2. Ink Jet Printer
3. Laser Printer
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1. Dot Matrix Printers
Quality is poor, the printers are noisy
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2. Ink Jet Printer
Its Cheap, high-quality, full-color printing. Also
it is perfect for photographs. Ink-jet printers are
very quiet in use.
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3. Laser Printer
Laser printers are very complex devices, and
thus expensive to buy. However they are very
cheap to use. It is very fast in printing
compared to other printers (just a few seconds
per page).
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Speakers
This is the output device which produces the
output in a form of sound.
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Projector
Projector: This is the hardware device that
enables an image to be projected onto a flat
surface. These devices are commonly used in
meetings and presentations as they allow for a
large image that everyone in a room can see.
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4. Storage Devices
Are devices used to saves data and programs.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
Temporary(Primary) storage devices
Permanent (Secondary) Storage Devices
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Permanent(secondary)Storage devices
Is used to hold data and programs permanently
regardless whether power supply to computer is
on/off, it holds/store information permanently for
future use.
A computer commonly has two types of storage:
Internal and External storage devices.
1. An Internal Storage e.g. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
2. An external / Removable Storage e.g. Floppy
disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD,
Flash disk etc.
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Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Hard disk Drive (HDD): This stores all
programs and files, as well as the operating
system. In general, all data, information you
have save in your computer are stored in HDD.
The capacity of the HDD is a measure of how
much information it can store. There are HDD
which have 10GB, 20GB, and 30GB ,200 GB,
320GB, 500GB,1000GB etc.
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HDD
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Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
Floppy disk drive (FDD): This magnetically reads
and writes information onto floppy diskettes, which are
in form of removable storage media.
The capacity of the floppy diskette is that it only holds
1.44 MB of information, although most PCs still have a
floppy drive.
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Optical Disks
Optical disk: Is a removable disk on which
data is written and read through the use of laser
beam
Most of optical disk are used in music industry.
Examples of optical disks are;
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There are two types of CDs
(Compact disk).
1. CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable).There is
no possibility of rewriting data
.
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CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable)
2. CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable).There is
possibility of rewriting data.
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DVD ROM
DVD ROM: The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
looks like a CD, but the storage capacity is
significantly higher than CDs. DVDs can hold
about 4.7GB of data up to 18 GB of data.
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Flash Drive
Flash Drive. A USB Flash Drive is a portable
solid state memory device that plugs into a
USB port on your computer. They have
many other names (such as key drive, pocket
drive, thumb drive, pen drive).
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5. Communication Devices
Communication devices used for the purpose of
linking/connecting computers together .It includes
Network cards, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, twisted
pair ,modem, satellites, switch etc.
Modem
Network card
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Computer Memory
Computer Memory: Is a device which store
information that is currently being utilized/used
by the operating system, Application software ,
Hardware devices etc.
Types of Computer Memory
There are two types of computer
memory
i. Primary Memory/Main Memory
ii. Secondary Memory
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1. Primary Memory/Main Memory
The Primary storage unit (main memory) holds
data and instructions between processing steps
and supplies them to the CU and ALU during
processing. All data and programs must be
placed into main memory before they can be
processed. The primary storage unit consists of
microelectronic semiconductor memory chips.
This includes RAM (random access memory)
for loading programs and data before execution,
and ROM (read only memory) for permanent
programs that are supplied with the computer
hardware.
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1
0
1
Cont…
Main memory is where programs and data are
kept when the processor is actively using them.
It hold data temporary. Main memory is closely
connected to the processor, so moving
instructions and data into and out of the
processor is very fast. Workable example of
main memory is RAM(Random Access
Memory)
RAM is considered as temporary or volatile
memory; this means that the contents of RAM
are lost when the computer power is turned off.102
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(i)Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM: Is the main memory space of your
computer which is considered as temporary or
volatile memory, this means that the contents of
RAM are lost when the Computer power is turned
off.
The RAM is the workspace of your computer. If
your computer has more RAM, it can open more
and larger programs and documents
simultaneously. The documents you are currently
editing, typing, formatting, and the programs your
computer is using are stored in the RAM. Note:
RAM capacity is expressed in ―Megabytes‖ (MB) 103
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RAM
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Characteristics of RAM
1. It is located near the CPU and hence store data
immediately after CPU process them.
2. RAM is a Primary storage.
3. RAM is Volatile storage.
4. RAM has little storage capacity.
5. RAM is a temporarily storage.
6. RAM has high speed compared to ROM
7. It is electrically dependent.
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(ii)Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM: Is non- volatile memory; this means that
the contents of ROM are not lost when the
computer power is turned off. So ROM stores
data permanently. Data stored in ROM cannot
be altered easily; since it was created by the
manufacture of the computer.ROM has low
speed compared to RAM.
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ROM
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128
7
Characteristics of ROM
1. ROM stores data permanently
2. ROM is non-volatile storage.
3. ROM has low speed compared to RAM
4. Data stored in ROM cannot be altered easily
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Differences between Main memory and
Differences between Main memory and secondary
memory secondary memory
Primary memory Secondary memory
1. Fast 1. Slow
2. Low capacity 2. Large capacity
3. Works directly with the 3. Not connected directly
processor to the processor
4. Store data temporary 4. Store data permanent
5. It is electrically 5. It is NOT electrically
dependent.
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0
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2. Secondary Memory
Secondary storage is used for long term (permanent)
storage of data and programs. The use of secondary
storage devices such as magnetic disks and optical
disks greatly enlarge the storage capacities of
computer systems. Before the contents of secondary
storage can be processed, they must be brought into
the primary (main) storage unit.
Secondary memory is where programs and data are
kept on a long-term basis. Examples of secondary
memory are HDD,CD‘s, Flash disk.
When you save your work does not go into ROM. Go
to other storage devices like HDD.
1
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0
Standard unit of measuring computer storage
capacity
This includes the unit of measuring Computer
Storage Capacity and size of file or folder.
Bit: Is a smallest unit of measuring computer
storage capacity and size of information. The
computer stores information as a string of zeros
(0) and ones (1)
Byte: A byte consists of eight bits. A byte is
equals to one character .A character is a letter,
number, or symbol - it is about anything that
can be typed on aCNAMS-2015/2016
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keyboard. 132
1
1
1
Cont…
Kilobyte (KB): A kilobyte (KB) consists of
1024 bytes, approx 1,000 bytes.
1KB is about 140 words
Megabyte (MB): A megabyte (MB) consists of
1024 kilobytes.
One megabyte equals about 1000 KB
One megabyte equals about 1,000,000 bytes
One megabyte equals about 500 pages of text,
or one large book
Gigabyte (GB): A gigabyte (GB) consists of
1024 megabytes CNAMS-2015/2016
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approx 1,000,000,000 bytes. 112
Cont…
One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB
One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB
One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes
One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text
Storage Capacity Measurement
1. 1 Byte = 8Bits
2. 1 Character = 1Byte
3. 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
4. 1Kilobyte = 1024 Character
5. 1Megabytes (MB) = 1024KB
6. 1Gigabytes (GB) = 1024MB
7. 1Terabytes (TB) = 1024GB
8. 1Petabytes (PB) = 1024 Terabytes
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VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PC
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2. Tower case Model
The tower model stands upright in a vertical
position that allows easy placement on the floor.
Mini-tower, mid-tower, and full tower cases are
available.
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Components inside the computer case
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8
CD Power
Drive supply
Floppy
Drive Motherbo
RA ard,
M including
ROM
Fan
Proces
sor
Hard PCI
disk slots
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Power
Supply
External
device
connections
to
motherboard
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Hard drive
and empty
slot
Fan
CD
Driv
e
Flopp
y
Drive 79
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Connections to the CPU for Peripherals
Monitor
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Motherboard
Motherboard is the largest printed circuit board which
is used to connect all of the computer's essential
components. Motherboard also known as system board,
main board or logic board
Components of the Motherboard
The CPU
The RAM
Memory sockets
The expansion slots for additional boards
The ports for external devices
The Read Only memory (ROM)
Adapter cards( Network, modem , Video and Sound Cards
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MOTHERBOARD/SYSTEM
BOARD
adapter cards
processor chip
memory chip
memory slots
Expansion
slots for motherboard
adapter cards
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Computer Software
What is Computer software?
Software is a set of instructions that control computer
hardware operations. Basically it direct the computer
how to perform tasks. Also called Programs.
Software: drives hardware to perform certain
functions. Without software the computer is useless.
The software consists of the programs and associated
data (information) stored in the computer. A program
is a set of instructions that the computer follows to
manipulate data. Without programs, a computer is just
a lot of high-tech hardware that doesn‘t do anything.
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Examples of Software's
.
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Types of Computer Software
Software can be divided into two groups:
1. System Software
Operating System
Utility Programs
Language translator
2. Application Software
Word processor e.g. Ms Word
Spreadsheet e.g. Ms Excel
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System software
System Software is the software that controls
the overall operation of the computer system.
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Types of system software.
1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
3. Language Translator
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Operating System
OS: This is the principal component of system soft
ware in any computer system. It manages the basic
operation of computer system. The Examples of
OS are DOS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX etc.
OS: This is type of Software that manages all
other programs in a computer system. Also it
manages the flow of information through the
computer system.
Generally the OS acts as an interface or a
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system software
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The OS act as a “Shell” around the hardware
For program to work, they need an OS, For users to get useful
work out of the computer they have to use applications programs
and the OS to communicate with the hardware
User
HARDWARE Application
Software
Operating System
Application
software
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File and folder management
when a file is saved, the operating system saves it, attaches a name to
it, and remembers where it put the file for future use.
Resource Management.
Installing drivers required for input, output, memory, power,
communication devices. Coordinating among peripherals.
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Communication Management.
User – Application S/W – Hardware.
One computer to other computer in LAN/WAN.
Command interpretation
Memory Management.
Primary RAM-ROM.
Secondary – Hard Disc, CD, DVD, Pen etc.
Security Management.
Virus management.
Alert messages.
Dialogue boxes.
Firewall. 1
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Access protection 3
6
Utility Programs
Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs
supplied by the manufacturer for maintaining day to
day activities of computer system.
Examples of utility programs are:
Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management)
Windows Media Player
Anti-Virus Utilities
Disk Defragmentation
Disk Clean
Backup
WinZip
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Some tasks carried out by utility programs
Renaming files
Sending files to the Printer
Deleting files
Backing up files
Copying files
Sorting data
Repairing damaged files
Listing files on the a disk
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Language Translator
A language translator is a soft ware that
translates a program written by a programmer in
a language such as C, HTML into machine
language (0, 1) which the computer
understands.
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2. Application Software
Applications software: Is the software developed to solve
particular problem or task.
Types of Application Software's
1. Application packages (e.g. Word processing
software, Spreadsheet software and database software)
2. Integrated Software: This is the collection of
application software which share common set of
commands e.g. word processor, Spreadsheet and
graphics package all in one.
3. Tailor-made Software (Specific Software)
4. General Purpose packages e.g. a word processing
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Application software
Suite: Popular software applications bundled together
as a single unit
Word
Processing Spreadsheet
Presentation
Database
Graphics
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Application Software's
Word processing
Microsoft Word
Spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel
Database
Microsoft Access
Web browsing
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Accounting
Sage
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Examples of Application Software's
1. Opera (Web Browser
2. Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3. Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
4. MySQL (Database Software)
5. Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software)
6. iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
7. VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
8. World of War craft (Game Software)
9. Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
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Types of Computer
Computers come in a variety of different types
designed for different purposes, with different
capabilities and costs. Computers can be
generally classified by size and power as
follows:
1. Microcomputers
2. Mainframe Computers
3. Mini Computer
4. Super Computers
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1. Microcomputers/Personal computers
A microcomputer is a small single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. They are often called
personal computers because they are designed to
be used by one person at a time.
Personal computers are typically used at home, at
school, or at a business.
Popular uses for microcomputers include word
processing, surfing the web, sending and
receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations,
database management, editing photographs,
creating graphics, and playing music or games.
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Types of Microcomputers
1. Personal digital assistant (PDAs)
2. Desktop computers
3. Laptops
4. Palmtop Computers
5. Notebook Computers
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Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal
computers?
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Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
Designed so all of the components fit on or under a
desk or table
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Handheld Computers
What is a tablet PC?
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Handheld Computers
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
Provides personal organizer functions
Calendar
Appointment book
Address book
Calculator
Notepad
0
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0
2. Mainframe Computers
A mainframe is a computer which allows
multi-user and capability of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users at a time.
This computer has more powerful than
Microcomputers.
Mainframe computers can be used in Banks,
Large insurance companies, Building societies,
utility companies etc
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Mainframe Computer
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3. Minicomputer Computers
Minicomputers are computers small than
mainframe computers in terms of speed and
size but larger than microcomputer
Minicomputers are characterized with following
features
Support multi-user access
Small in size usually took up to the size of a
large refrigerator or two
Can process few millions of program
instructions per second
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4. Super Computer
The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers
are used for weather forecasting, animated
graphics (movie films), nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.
Allows Multi-user and Capability of supporting
hundreds of millions users at a time. This
computer is most powerful and very expensive
compared to all types of computers
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Super Computer
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5
Summary ontypes of computer
No. Type Specifications
PC (Personal
1 Computer) Single user computer system. Moderately powerful microprocessor.
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Classification of Computers
1.In terms of manufacturer
Dell computers
IBM computers
Hitachi computers
Compaq computers
HP computers etc
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2.In terms of power and speed
1. Supercomputers: used in military missile speed
weapons (2000 MIPS)
2. Mainframe computers: Most normal computers in
business companies (20-50 MIPS)
3. Mini Computers: Medium size computer (5-10
MIPS)-useful for accounting, payroll/scientific
computation
4. Workstations: used by mainly by engineers and
scientist for sophisticated purposes
5. Microcomputer or personal computers: Small
computer that can fit next o a desk or on desktop. They
are available in desktop, tower, notebook, palm top.
6. Microcontrollers- tiny computers installed in pocket
calculators and microwave
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3.In terms of data type/construction
(technology)
1. Digital computer: display output in
discrete wave form
2. Analog computer: display results ina
continuous wave forms
3. Hybrid computer: combines features of
digital and analog computers
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4. Interms of Purpose/Application
1. Special purpose/specific purpose
computer
Personal/Digital Assistants
Network Computers
2. General purpose computer
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5.Classification according to Size
Handheld
Notebook
Laptop
Portable
Desktop
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6.Classification-by Use
Home
Personal
Professional
Workstation
Multi-user
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7.In terms of Generation/History of the
Computers
1st Generation(1940-1958): they include
ENIAC,IBM 360.701,704
2nd Generation(1959-1963): Transistors
invented and put into use
3rd Generation(1964-1970):IC chips
technology employed
4th Generation (1971-to date):Larger scales
integrated (LSI) and Very large scale (VLSI)
were developed.
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Advantages of Using Computer
1. Computers are very Accurate. (GIGO)
2. Computer Simplify Communication
3. Entertainment through Games and Music
4. Computer creates employment to the people e.g.
Secretaries
5. Improve training e.g. in School, Universities
6. Computers are extremely fast
7. Computers can keep large amounts of information in a
small space
8. Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a day
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Cont…
9. Diligence-can work continuously for 24 hours
10.Consistency/diligent-always give the same result
without changes
11. Versatility-able to adapt or to be adopted to different
functions or activities
12. Automation-working by itself with little ornor direct
human control.
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Disadvantages/Limitations of Computers
1. Loss of data. When you use a computer, it is
possible that data can be lost because of hardware
or software damage.
2. Health problems . Eye sight defect and killing of
reproductive cells especially for males
3. Staff needs training to use it.
4. It depends on electricity
5. Destruction of culture/moral decay .adoption of
wearing style and watching pornographic movies
6. Computers can replace people and hence cause
unemployment
7. Computer are not always secure, and 167
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confidential information can be misused
Application of Computer in Different Area
1. Workplace: Many people use computers to keep
records, analyze data, do research, and manage
projects.
2. Military: for security purpose
3. Hospital: for disease detection and record keeping
4. Learning institution: like colleges, universities,
primary and secondary school for registration and
learning tools.
5. Bank: all transaction in bank done by using computer
6. Industry: for production, order and supply
7. Home: find information, store pictures and music,
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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?
• Web access
• Entertainment
• Communications
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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a small
office/home office (SOHO) user?
Local area network (LAN)
Productivity software
Specialty software
Web usage
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Examples of Computer Usage
Notebook
What is available for computers
a mobile user?
Hardware
Software
Productivity
Presentation Handheld computers
Personal
information
manager
Web-enabled
cellular phones
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Examples of Computer Usage
Web access
Public kiosk
Telecommuting
Network
Productivity software
Scheduling
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Examples of Computer Usage
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Computer Applications in Society
What are some examples
of computer applications
in society?
Education
Finance
Government
Healthcare
Science
Publishing
Travel
Industry
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Questions
1. Briefly explain how computer works
2. Briefly explain importance of using computer in
your study
3. What are the characteristics of computer?
4. Give short explanation about types of computer
5. What is computer software? Explain two types of
computer software.
6. Define computer user. Mention five types of
computer user
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Questions
1. What is the difference between registry and RAM?
2. Write differences between Primary memory and
secondary memory
3. Critically discuss the impact of using computer in our
life
4. With examples, briefly explain categories of computer
hardware
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Question
1. Define the following as applied in computer;
i. Data
ii. Information
iii. Computer literacy
iv. Peripheral device
v. Utility program
2. Why RAM is volatile memory and ROM is non-volatile
memory?
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Question
Suppose your friend Mr. Johnson gave you the movie
file into flash disk. The size of the file was 2GB.But
when you send it into your computer the message
appeared as ―the disk space is full‖ .Mr. Johnson
advice you to delete some folders from your computer
in order to have enough space. You deleted the folder
which has 3GB but when you send again the movie
still it showed the same message.
From the above scenario,
Briefly explain why the file failed to be transferred
from the flash disk into your computer?
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Turning ON & Shutting
down the Computer
System
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Switching ON the Computer System
1. Make sure all cable is well connected.
2. Switch on electric/power supply/ Switch Socket
3. Switch ON UPS if is connected to your
computer
4. Press on button of the system unit
5. Press ON button of monitor
6. Wait until Booting process complete its task
then you can start to use computer.
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Switching OFF the Computer System
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Computer Booting Skills Techniques
What is Booting?
Booting is the process of turning ON the computer System.
This process includes initializing all your hardware
components in your computer and get them to work
together and to load your default operating system which
will make your computer operational. The Operating
system begins to operate as soon as you turn on or boot the
computer.
Computer booting is the process of turning on a computer
and starting the operating system. The computer term boot
is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load. Booting is the
process that occurs when you press the power button to
turn your computer on. During this process (which may
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During Booting the computer
performs the following:
1. It runs tests to make sure everything
is working correctly.
2. It checks for new hardware.
3. It then starts up the operating system.
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Key terminologies
1. A boot loader is a computer program that loads
the main operating system or runtime
environment for the computer after completion
of self-tests.
Sometimes you'll see an instruction to "reboot"
the operating system.
2. Reboot: Is the process to restarting a computer
so as to reload the operating system
(The most familiar way to do these on PCs is
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Types of Booting
There are two types of computer booting:
1. Cold booting
2. Warm booting.
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1. Cold Booting
Cold booting is the kind of computer booting
where by a user turn on a computer that has
been powered off.If the computer is in off state
and we boot the Computer by pressing the
power switch ‗ON‘ from the system case then it
is called as cold booting.
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2. Warm Booting
This is the kind of computer booting where by a
user restart the computer that has been powered
on. If the computer is already ‗ON‘ and we
restart it by pressing the ‗RESET‘ button from
the system box or CTRL, ALT and DEL key
simultaneously from the keyboard then it is
called warm booting.
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Shutting Down the Computer
Shut down is the process of turning off the computer. It is
important to properly shut down Windows when turning off
your computer—as opposed to just hitting the power switch.
Use the Shut Down command on the Start menu when rebooting
or turning off your computer. This allows Windows to save your
work and make sure that no data is lost.
The following steps should be taken when exiting a Windows
session.
1. Close any program you are running. In most cases, use the Exit
command from the File menu.
2. Click the Start button and click Shut Down.
3. Select from the list of options. The number of options varies
depending on whether you are connected to a network or not.
4. Wait until you receive a message telling you it is ―safe to turn
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The Shut down windows dialog box
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Note
Sometimes you want to log off without
turning your PC off. In this case, do not
choose to ―ShutDown‖ the computer, but
instead choose ―Log off‖.
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Microsoft Windows
Features
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Windows
Windows-is a graphical user interface (GUI)
kind of operating system.
It is more user friendly than other operating
systems in the market like Ms Dos, Macintosh,
Linux, Unix etc. Windows allow user to do
more with computer than other operating systems
Is an interface you see when you turn on the
computer system.
It consist of the cursors, icons, menus etc which allow
the user to interact with the computer and get
.
something done easily.
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Basically Windows provideUser interfaces
which may be:
1. Command – driven
2. Menu- driven
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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Windows
File
Icons
Desktop
Notification
area
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Icons
Icon: is a small image that represents a file, folder or
program.
Icons are symbols or pictures that represent items
stored on your computer. Some icons represent folders
(directories or groups), documents, programs, and even
computer hardware.
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Types of Icons
1. Document icons: represent the files that you
create using software. Generally, document icons
resemble the program icon that created the file. For
example, a Word document has part of the same logo
as the Word application in which it was created.
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2. Original icons/Special icons
The icons that typically display when you first access
your Windows desktop are My Computer, My
Network Places, the Recycle Bin, and Internet
Explorer.
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3. Application icons
Icons that have a small white arrow in the lower left
corner are Shortcuts. The arrow indicates that the icon
is a shortcut that points to a program, folder, or other
item. A shortcut is a quick way to open a program or
file. Application (program) icons represent the
executable programs (software) available on your
computer. For example: Microsoft Word, Microsoft
PowerPoint, Microsoft Photoshop, and Microsoft
Excel.
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Cont…
Shortcut icon
Icons with an arrow in the lower left corner are
shortcut icons. Click the icon for quick access
to the object they represent (program,
document, printer, and so on).
Program, folder, and document icons
Program, folder, and document icons do not
have an arrow in the lower left corner. They
represent the actual object and provide direct
access to the object.
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4. Folder icons
A folder is a tool used to collect related files or folders.
OR folder is a "container" in which you can store
documents. It allows user to organize information and
also it simplify the accessibility of information.
Folders can hold both files and other folders
(subfolders
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Cont…
4. Recycle Bin holds deleted files, until you Empty
Recycle.
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Taskbar
Taskbar: Is a bar commonly located at the
bottom of the desktop that displays the
programs that are currently running (opened
task). This bar also displays the time, volume,
and in later revisions of the Windows operating
system, the Quick Launch Below is an example
of what the taskbar may look like.
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Folder, File & Directory
1. File: Is the item which contains information.
File can be text, image, video, audio or
program.
Definition:A file is a collection of
information, with a unique name, stored in
your computer or on a removable disk.
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Window Control Buttons
The title bar also displays three small buttons
on the right of the title bar, which change the
display of the window:
minimize,
maximize
restore, and
close buttons.
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Window Control buttons
1. Minimize button
This puts the current window temporarily in the taskbar located at
the bottom of the desktop. You can return to where you left off
by clicking the program‘s name on the task bar.
2. Maximize button
This makes the current window to fill the whole screen. The window
cannot be resized and it gives you a maximum working area.
3. Restore button
When you maximize a window, the restore button replaces the
maximize button. Clicking the restore button displays the
window in its previous size and location.
4. Close button
The close button (on the right) closes the window. Click the close
button once to completely close the document, application, or
folder window.
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1
Status Bar
A status bar is a small area at the bottom of a
window. It is used by some applications to
display helpful information for the user. For
example, an open folder window on the desktop
may display the number of items in the folder
and how many items are selected.
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Examples of Status Bar
1. The status bar of a file manager
2. The status bar of a web browser
3. The status bar of a graphics editor.
4. The status bar of word processor.
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Toolbar
A toolbar often provides quick access to
functions that are commonly performed within
the program. For example, a formatting toolbar
in a program such as Microsoft Excel
Row of boxes, often at the top of an application
window that control various functions of the
software
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Restart, Hibernate & Stand by the Computer
Restart/reboot: Is the process of restarting the
computer or electronic device. Rebooting is
sometimes necessary to recover from an error,
re-initialize drivers, or hardware devices.
Types of Reboot
Hard reboot: is when you turn the computer
completely off and then turn it back on.
Soft reboot is when the desktop just goes away
and then you get the reboot without having to
turn the computer all the way off.
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Stand by
Sleep mode or Stand by Is a mode the
computer, monitor, or other device enters when
idle for too long. This mode helps conserve
power when a computer or computer device is
not in use without having to sacrifice the time it
would take to turn off and on the computer.
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Hibernation (computing)
Is a Power management mode that conserves
power by powering down the system. In
hibernate mode the current state of the system is
saved to the hard drive, and the system will
power down.
When a user turns the system power back on,
the saved information is read from the hard
disk, restoring the last used settings.
Hibernate mode is similar to sleep mode,
however in sleep mode the power cannot be
shut off.
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7
TOPIC TWO
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BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK
COMPUTER NETWORK
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NETWORK -TYPES
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
A network situated in one geographic location
(a office / school / factory
2
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Network topology
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Bus (continued)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus
Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
Works well for small networks
Relatively inexpensive to implement
Easy to add to it
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is bad connection to the cable can bring
down the entire network
Management costs can be high
Potential for congestion with network traffic
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Ring Topology
Ring topology
Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network
forms a circle
One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
Active topology
Each workstation transmits data
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Advantages and Disadvantages
of Ring Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
Handles high-volume network traffic
Enables reliable communication
Disadvantages
Expensive
Requires more cable and network equipment at the start
Not used as widely as bus topology
•Fewer equipment options
•Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication 2
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Star topology
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Star topology
Star topology
Every node on the network is connected through a
central device
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Star (continued)
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Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
of Star Topology
Good option for modern networks
Low startup costs
Easy to manage
Offers opportunities for expansion
Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment available
Disadvantages
Hub is a single point of failure
The communications in the network will stop if the host computer stops
functioning
Requires more cable than the bus
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A Hub/Tree Network
Hub
End node
Hub
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Tree Network
In hub or tree network, the wires that are used to connect different nodes are
collapsed into a central unit, called hub.
Hub does not perform switching function.
It consists of repeaters that retransmitted all the signals from nodes to all other nodes
in the same way.
The multipoint nature of tree topology gives rise to several problems.
1. The access control is fairly difficult to determine the time slot for each node.
2. Another problem with multipoint is signal balancing.
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5
Internet
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What is Internet?
Is the Worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of computers. OR
Is a global network in which million of computers are connected
together worldwide to facilitate communication among users. E.g.
sending and receiving e-mails, online talking, instant message,
teleconferencing, video conferencing etc. OR
Is the network of the networks that connect government, people,
business etc all over the world
Internet can also be defined as World wide network of computer
making information available to everyone.
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These Computers are connected through
1. Telephone lines: telephone lines internet
signals from one place to another and the
signals are translated by modems.
2. Cables in the ground: the use of optical cables
which are laid in the ground then they connect
different devices. optical cables transmit signals
with a speed of light.(3x108m/s)
3. Satellite in space: satellite dishes capture signals
from satellites in space and transmits them to
their required destinations.
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Modem
A modem is used to translate information transferred
through telephone lines or cable and from satellite
dishes.
The term stands for modulate and demodulate which
changes the signal from digital, which computers use,
to analog, which telephones use and then back again.
A high speed connection also requires a modem but
because the information is transferred digitally it isn't
required to change the signal from digital to analog but
is used to create the connection between your
computer and the computer you are connecting with.
Protocol
Set of rules that determine how data are exchanged
between different computers.
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Example of Internet
State
10 Downing
house, Sydney
Street,
Tanzania House,
London,
England Australia
The Internet
Jim’s
Patel’s Fine Skateboa d 263
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Silks, India r s USA, 0
Advantages ofusing Internet
1. Sharing files
2. Improving customer service
3. Communication
Exchange e-mail
Chat
4. Shopping
5. Learning
6. Entertainment
7. Sharing other devices (printers)
8. Central administration of all devices
9. Supporting network applications like:E-
mail,Database services 264
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1
Disadvantages ofusing Internet
1. Viruses threat
Today, Internet is the most popular source of spreading
viruses. Most of the viruses transfer from one
computer to another through e-mail or when
information is downloaded on the Internet. These
viruses create different problems in your computer.
For example, they can affect the performance of your
computer and damage valuable data and software
stored in your computer.
2. Security Problems
The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and
your valuable data may be deleted. Similarly,
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persons. 2
Cont…
3. Immorality
Some websites contains immoral materials in the
form of text, pictures or movies etc. These
websites damage the character of new
generation.
4. Filtration of Information
When a keyword is given to a search engine to
search information of a specific topic, a large
number of related links a displayed. In this case,
it becomes difficult to filter out the required
information. 266
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3
Cont…
5. Accuracy of Information
A lot of information about a particular topic is stored
on the websites. Some information may be incorrect or
not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the
correct information. Sometimes you may be confused.
6. Wastage of times
A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the
Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or
to play games. At home and offices, most of the people
use Internet without any positive purpose.
7. English language problems
Most of the information on the Internet is available in
English language. So, some people cannot avail the 2672
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facility of Internet. CNAMS-2015/2016 4
4
Make sure you understand each
terminology!
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to create
documents for use on the World Wide Web.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files (text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Http is termed as the protocol that facilitate exchanges of electronic files in the
World Wide Web
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a URL
indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently
depending on the Internet resource you are seeking.
Examples. http.www.google.com , www.tpsc.ac.tz
Webpage –A web page is a document created with HTML that is part of a group of
hypertext documents or resources available on the World Wide Web.
Collectively, these documents and resources form a web site. Every Web page is
identified by a unique URL.
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5
Website –A Web site is a related collection of related Webpages files (World Wide
Web (WWW) files) that includes a beginning file called a home page.
For Example https://www.udom.ac.tz
http - stands for the hypertext transport protocol
www- world wide web
udom- website name
ac- academic( this means, com- commercial, mil-military etc.)(organization name)
tz- Tanzania(country name, so for Kenya .ke, Uganda .ug etc.)
World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext
to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. The World Wide Web has
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own protocol called HypertextCNAMS-2015/2016
Transfer Protocol (HTTP). 2
4
6
www
WWW: is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view
web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
A Web site is
a collection of
related Web pages
A Web page contains
text, graphics, sound,
video, and links to You can share
other Web pages information by
creating Web pages
or posting photos on
a photo community
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Internet resources
Apart from the www, the internet ca be used to send
electronic mail ( e-mail) and to transfer files between
computers.
File transfer Protocol( FTP) is a program the allow you
to transfer files between computers on the internet as
distinct from transferring files for immediate
viewing
Download--To copy data from a remote computer (internet) to a
local computer. Or
Transferring a file from a remote computer to your own computer
Upload—To send data from a local computer to a remote computer
(internet).or Sending a file to a remote computer
Other facilities available on the internet include NEWS
GROUPS for the dissemination of information to interested
groups, and Internet Relay Chat which allows people to
communicate with each other instantly by typing text keyboard-
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rather than by talking on the telephone.
Web Browser
is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
A web browser is a software that allows you to view,
navigate and interact with the World Wide Web.
A Browser is a program that allows a person to view pages
over the Internet and to navigate/move from one page to
another by the use of links found in the WebPages
Examples of browsers are such as:
1. Mozilla Firefox
2. Opera
3. Safari
4. Netscape Navigator
5. Microsoft Internet Explorer
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Google chrome, etc. CNAMS-2015/2016
Opening Internet Explorer
There are several ways which you can use to Start
Microsoft Internet Explorer
1st Option
Click Start Button
Select All Programs
Select Microsoft Office
Click Microsoft Internet Explorer
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Opening Internet Explorer
2nd Option
If there is a shortcut to Microsoft Internet
Explorer at the Desktop:
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Internet explorer window
. Title bar Help menu
Standard
buttons
Address
(URL)
Web
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Status bar
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2
5
2
What is a web address? Uniform Resource
Locators (URLS)
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Addresses or Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs)
These are addresses of website that you are visiting .The URL or
address is often shown beginning with http; this stands for Hypertext
transfer protocol which is assumed, so it is not necessary to type it,
i.e. http://www.esb.co.tz
The URL/address is usually made up of the following parts;
i)WWW (World Wide Web)
ii) Some letters or characters which indicate
the organization e.g. www.tpsc.ac.tz
iii)Some letters which describe the type of the organization eg.
www.udom.ac.tz(ac stands for academic)
www.ucc.co.tz(co and com stands for commercial Organization
www.elct.org, www.mwakasege.org (org stands for non profit - making
organization)
iv) Some letters which describes the country e.g. www.bbc.co.uk
NOTE: The parts are separated by full stops and never include space.
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Web address cont.
Most modern browsers have ‗http://‘ stored so
you can start at ‗www‘. Some URLs include:
http://www.bbc.co.uk
http://www.bargainholdays.com
http://www.nhm.ac.uk
http://www.isvgroup.co/ittest
The text after the www shows the domain name,
the organization's name- e.g. BBC,
bargainholdays and nhm (Natural History
Museum) the type of site, - e.g. .co and .com are
commercial companies; ac is an academic
community, and the country, - e.g.uk is United
Kingdom. 255
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Structure of aWeb Address
http://www.microsoft.com
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Searching Engine
is a software system that is designed to search for information
on the World Wide Web.
The information searched may be a mix of web pages, images,
and other types of files.
Is a means of searching for information that can be found on the
internet.
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7
Examples of search engines:
1. www.google.com
2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.ask.co.uk
4. www.altavista.com
5. www.cycons.com
6. www.mamma.com
7. www.hotbot.com
8. www.excite.co.uk
9. http://www.Infoseek.com
10. www.baidu.com
11. www.bing.com
12. www.msn.com
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8
Internet Services
1. Internet Banking
2. E-government
3. E-Learning
4. E- commerce/E- business
5. E-marketing
6. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
7. E-mail
8. Instant Messaging
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9. Video conferencing
Internet Banking
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0
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Internet Banking
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Theft of money due
It is fast to hacking etc.
It simplify banking Expensive to run and
Activities because users difficult to manage
can have access to their
money anywhere in the
world.
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1
E-Governance
E-Governance is the application of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering
government services, exchange of information
communication transactions, integration various stand-one
systems and services between Government-to-Citizens
(G2C), Government-to-Business(G2B),Government-to-
Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and
interactions within the entire government frame work.
Through the e-Governance, the government services will be
made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and
transparent manner.
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2
Advantages and Disadvantages of
E-Governance
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
It promote transparency It is expensive to run
to the government sector and manage
and encourages
democratization
Difficult to
It enforce accountability implement
Speed, efficiency, and
convenience It help to
improve public services
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3
E-learning
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8
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Voice Over Internet Protocol
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cheaper to make Not all VoIP services
international calls than connect directly to
emergency services
the traditional phone. through 9-1-1.
VoIP providers may or
may not offer directory
assistance/white page
listings
Some VoIP services don't
work during power outages
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9
E-mail
Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is
a method of exchanging digital messages from an author
to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across
the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email
systems required that the author and the recipient both be
online at the same time, in common with instant
messaging.
Email is a messaging system which can be used to
transmit text messages and file attachments,
attachments can be word processing documents,
graphics, video and sound.
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E-mail Address
E-mail addresses are made up of certain
components that help to route it to the proper
recipient, just like postal address on the
envelope. E.g. salama@udom.ac.tz
1. salama is the user name
2. @ is at sign which serves as a divider between
e-mail sections.
3. ac.tz is the domain name which is the name of
the user‘semail system or location
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The Advantages of E-mail
1. It's fast - Messages can be sent anywhere
around the world in an instant
2. It's cheap - Transmission usually costs nothing,
or at the most, very little
3. It's simple - Easy to use, after initial set-up
4. It's efficient - Sending to a group can be done
in one step
5. It's versatile - Pictures, power points or other
files can be sent too
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The Disadvantages
1. Email can become time consuming for answering
complicated questions and misunderstandings can arise
because cultural differences in the interpretation of
certain words. The telephone is much better for
providing detailed answers or if you feel that the
question is not absolutely clear.
2. Email can compromise the security of an organization
because sensitive information can be easily distributed
accidentally or deliberately. Email should be entrusted
to well trained and trusted staff members.
3. Email can become impersonal or misunderstood.
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Application of E-Mail in Daily life
1. Using email for business
Email is a powerful, low-cost communications tool that businesses are using
to market their goods, provide better customer service and work more
efficiently.
2. Marketing by email
Email can provide a cost-effective way of marketing. Customers can be
targeted cheaply and instantly and, unlike other forms of marketing, emails
can be easily and quickly forwarded to colleagues or friends. Encouraging the
recipients of marketing emails to forward them on is known as viral
marketing.
3. Improving customer service
Email can be used to improve customer service. Encouraging customers to
contact you by email can benefit both parties - they do not have to hang on the
phone or make contact in working hours and you do not have to respond
immediately, which can free up staff from answering the phone.
4. Communication with shareholders
Companies can send information to shareholders using email and other kinds
of electronic communication, although they have to send information on pa3p2e02r
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if shareholders ask for it. 4
Videoconferencing
Videoconferencing is a set of
telecommunication technologies which allow
two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously.
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Social Websites/Networks
There are websites called social websites where people can
share their views as well as exchange ideas. examples of
these social networks are:
1. Face book
2. Twitter
3. What sup
4. Instagram.com
5. Marafiki.com
6. hi5,etc
Joining in these social network you need to sign up by
giving your email address and choosing a user name and
password which you will be using for logging in.
After logging in you can find your friends and upload your
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pictures.. 7
6
Review Questions
1. What do you understand by computer hardware as used in ICT?
2. There are four broad categories of computer hardware in terms
of functions
A.Describe the four categories
B.List down at least two components from each hardware
category
C. Describe how the listed components function
3. Data, information and instructions (programs or software) are
stored into computer memories
A.Compare and contrast primary memory and secondary memory
B.What is the difference between magnetic disk storage devices
and magnetic tape storage devices
C. What is the difference between CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW
D. What is the difference between RAM and ROM
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Review Questions
4. In ICT, in order for computer-related devices to
communicate with one another, telecommunication devices
are necessary
A. What do you understand by telecommunication system?
B. List and describe any telecommunication devices you have
seen or just heard of them
C. These days a good number of organizations have their
computer networks connected to the internet. The connection
to the internet can be via VSAT or leased TTCL line. What is
the difference between the two types of connection to the
internet? Which one is more expensive than the other? Which
one is more reliable?
D. Local area network can be wired or wireless. What is
the difference between the two?
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Review Questions
5. What is computer software?
6. What is the difference between computer hardware and
computer software?
7. Computer hardware without software is useless
WHILE computer software without computer
hardware is meaningless. Discuss!
8. What are the main roles of computer system software
or operating like Microsoft Windows or Linux/Unix?
9. What is the difference between operating
system software and applications software?
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Review Questions
10. We have discussed Microsoft Windows 7 in our subject. What
are the main features of the desktop operating system?
11. Using MSWXP
How do you set and change desktop/display properties of your
computer screen?
How do you change point device properties of a conventional
mouse?
How do you set screen saver? What is it anyway?
When you attempt to rearrange icons on your desktop they go
back to their previous positions, what might be the problem?
How do you rectify it?
11. There are various versions of Microsoft Windows like XP, NT,
2003, 2000, 7, etc. is there anything in common? Any
significance difference(s)? 327
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0
Review Questions
13. What is a web browser?
14. Every web page has a unique address. This is known as………
15. What http://www stands for?
16. Write two examples of a domain name
17. There are many ways that you can find information on the web:
mention 2 ofthem
18. Write 5 advantages of network
19. Mention types of network
20. Mention types of server
21. What are network hardware?
22. What are network-devices?
23. What are tools used as network connection devices?
24. What are transmission devices?
25. Give at least 5 network topologies
26. What does a typical URL look like
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Review Questions
Qn: Define the term bellow(20 marks)
1. Operating system
2. System software
3. Utility program
4. Internet
5. Recycle bin
6. File directory
7. Folder directory
8. Application software
9. Cold booting
10. Warm booting
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Review Questions
28.In briefly explain five types of computer.
29. In briefly explain the advantages of using internet
30. Mention at least any five examples of Application and
System software's.
31. What are the advantages of using computer in daily
life?
32. What are the bottlenecks of using a computer system?
33. Explain the basic functions of a computer system
34. Mention the functions of a CPU
35. What are the components of any system?
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Review Questions
36. If you press a delete button after selecting a file , then the file
will move to
a) Recycle Bin
b) Dust Bin
c) Waste Bin
d) My Documents
37. Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from
a) CD
b) Floppy
c) Flash
d) External hard disk
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Review Questions
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Review Questions
39. Outline any seven(7) advantages of using computer in
our daily life.
40. Name the devices labeled.
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8
6
Review Questions
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0