Pak Vs Srilanka Word

COMPARISON: PAKISTAN AND SRILANKA
ASSIGNMENT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN

PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA
Submitted to:
Dr. Tayyaba Ikram
Submitted by:
Ambreen Fatima
B.S.Ed(Hons)
Student Identity: 2014-1508
8th semester
Institute of Education and Research .

University of Punjab Quaid-e-Azam Campus lahor
Table of Content
SRI LANKA ……………..……………………………………………………………...……...…1
1. ANCIENT SRI LANKA………………………………………………………….…………...2
2. HISTORY……………………………………………………………………….……….…….3
2.1. Historical records…………………………………………………………..……….……..3
2.2. The Pre-Historic Period Beyond 1000 BC……………………………….…………..……3
2.2.1. Colonial Period…………………………………………………………….....……4
2.2.2. History of ruling………………………………………………………….….……5
2.3. The prehistoric period…………………………………………………………….….……5
2.3.1. Chronological Table Of The Monarchs Of Sri Lanka………………..…...….….…7
2.4. Period of rule of Vijaya 483 – 445 BC…………………………………………...….…….8
2.5. Upatissa 445 To 444 BC…………………………………………………………………...9
2.6. Panduvasdeva 444 – 414 BC……………………………………………………..………10
2.7. Tissa 394 – 377 BC………………………………..….…………………………………..10
2.7.1. The Portuguese Period………………………..…………………………………...10
2.7.2. The Dutch Period………………………………..………………………………...11
2.7.3. The British Period………………………………..………………………………..11
3. GEOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………….13
4. DEMOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………….14
5. RELIGION………………………………………………….………………………..……...15
5.1. Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka………………………….………………………………..15
5.1.1. Buddhism………………………………………….……………………………...16
5.1.2. Hinduism………………………………………….………………………………17
5.1.3. Islam ………………………………………………...…………………....………17
5.1.4. Roman Catholic Christianity……………………….…..…………………………18
5.1.5. Other Forms Of Christianity……………………….………..…………….………18
5.1.6. Atheism In Sri Lanka……………………………….…………….……….………18
5.2. Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka ratio……………………….……………….…….………18
6. LANGUAGES……………………………...………………….……………………………..19
6.1. Foreign Languages of Sri Lanka……………..…………….…………………….………19
7. LIVING CONDITIONS………………………….…………………………….……………..19
8. HEALTH STATUS……………………………….…………………………….…………….20
8.1. Major infectious diseases……………………….………….…….………….…....……….21
9. CULTURE………………………………………………...…………………….…………….21
9.1. Indigenous medicine ( ayuruvedic )……………………………….……….……….……..21
9.2. Sri Lankan Cuisine………………………………………………….…….……….…...….21
9.3. Visual and Performance Arts…………………….………………….…….……….….…..22
9.4. Tea……………………………………………….………………….…….…………...…..22
9.5. Sports…………………………………………….………………….….…………...…….22
9.6. Sri Lankan Martial Arts………………………….……………………..…………....…….22
10. RIVERS OF SRILANKA…………………..………….………………....…………….……..23
11. CLIMATE………………………………………….…….……………....…………….……...24
12. NATURAL VEGETATION…………………………………………….…………...…….…25
12.1. Flora and Fauna……………………………………………………………….……..….…25
12.2. Sinha raja Forest Reserves…………………………………………………….…….….…25
13. SOIL……………………………………………………………………………….………..….25
14. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS …………………………………………………………..26
14.1. Status: ……………………………………………………………………..……......26

14.2. Legislature: ………………………………………………………………….….......26
14.3. Independence………………………………………………………………….…....26
14.4. Politics…………………..………………………………………………………......27
14.5. Parliamentary actions….….………………………………………..……………….28
14.6. Head of government ……….………………………………………..……………..29
15. MILITARY………………………………………………………………………...…………..30
15.1. 2018 Sri Lankan Military strength……….………………………………...……….30
15.2. Military ranking 2018…………………….…………………………………...……31
16. ECONOMY………………………………………………………………………………...….31
17. EDUCATION ………………………………………………………………………………....32
17.1. Educational structure……………………….....…………………………………….33
17.1.1. Primary education…………………….…...………………………………….33
17.1.2. Middle education……………………….…...………………………………..34
17.1.3. Secondary education…………………….…...……………………………….34
17.1.4. Tertiary education……………………….……...…………………………….34
17.1.5. Universities …………………………………………………………………..35
17.1.6. National universities …………………………………………………………36
17.1.7. Vocational and technical schools ……………………………………………37
17.1.8. National colleges of education………….……………………………………37
17.1.9. Vocational training……………………….…………………………………..37
17.1.10. Educational chart of Sri Lanka ………………………………..…….………38
17.2. Grading scales ……………………………………...………………….….………..40
PAKISTAN ………………………………………………………………….…………………….45
1. ANCIENT HISTORY ………………………………………………..………...…………….46
1.1. Introduction to history …………….………………………………………………………47

1.2. Federal republic ……………………………..…………………………………………….47
2. GEOGRAPHY……………………………..………….………………………………………49
3. DEMOGRAPHY…………………………..….…………….…………………………………50
4. RELIGION…………………………………..…………………….…………………………..52
4.1. Islam …………………………………………………………………..…………………..52
4.2. Hinduism ……………………………………...…………………………………………..52
4.3. Christianity…………...……………………………………………………………………53
4.4. Sikhs………………………...……………………………………………………………..53
4.5. Buddhist …………………………..……….………....……………………………………53
5. LANGUAGE………………………………….….…………………………………………….53
6. LIVING CONDITIONS………………………….….……..…………………………………54
6.1. Malaria ………………………………………..……….…....……………………………..55
6.2. Tuberculosis …………………………………...……………….………………………….55
6.3. Dengue fever ……………………………………...………………….……………………55
6.4. Cancer………………………………………………...……………………………………55
6.5. Ischemic Heart disease ………………………………………...………………………….56
6.6. Stroke ……………………….………………………………………….………………….56
6.7. Diabetes ……………………….……………………………………………….………….56
6.8. Hepatitis ………………………………………………………...…………………………56
6.9. HIV/AIDS…………………………………………………………….……………………57
6.10. Maternal and child health ………………………………………..…………………57
6.11. Anti-respiratory infection…………………………………...………………………57
6.12. Hypertensions ……………………….………………………………...……………57
6.13. Asthma ……………..……………………………………….………………...….…57
6.14. Diarrhea ……………..…………………………………………………………...…58

6.15. Mental health …………..…………………………………………………………58
6.16. Top 5 current health issues of Pakistan ..…………………………………………58
7. CULTURE……………………………………………………………………..…….………59
7.1. Islamic values…………………………………..……………………………….………..59
7.2. Mixed culture ………………………………….…….…………………………….……..60
7.3. Rich literature ………………………………….…….…………………………………..60
7.4. Male dominated society…………………………..….…..……………………………….61
7.5. Variety of dresses ……………………………………..…..……………………………..62
7.6. Sports …………………………………………………...……….……………………….61
7.7. Handicraft………………………………………………...………………………………61
8. FESTIVALS …………………………………………………..……………….…………….62
9. RIVERS…………………………………………………………..……………..……………62
10. CLIMATE ……………………………………………………….….……………………….63
11. NATURAL VEGETATION …………………………………….…………………………..63
12. ECONOMY ………………………………………………………..………….....…………..64
12.1. Wheat ……………………….……………………………..….…………………..64
12.2. Rice ………………………………………………………….….…………...……64
12.3. Cotton …………………………………..……….………………..……………….65
12.4. Sugar cane ………………………………………………………...……………….65
12.5. Maize………………………………………………………………..……………..65
12.6. Oil seeds……………………………………………………………..…………….65
12.7. Coarse grains and pulses ……………….……………………………..…………..66
13. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS …………………………………………………………66
13.1. Independence and first domestic era………..…………………………………...…66
13.2. First military period……………………………...…………………………………66

13.3. Second domestic era…………………………………..……………………………67
13.4. Second military period……………………………………...………………………68
13.5. Third domestic era……………………………………………….…………………68
13.6. Third military period ……………………………………………….………………69
13.7. Forth domestic era ……………………………………….…………………………70
13.8. President ……………………………………………………………………………72
13.9. Prime minister …………………………………………………...…………………72
14. MILITARY …………………………………………………………………….…………..,…72
15. EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN ……………………………………………………....…….…73
15.1. Levels of education in Pakistan ……………………………………………………74
15.1.1. Primary education……………………………………..……………………………74
15.1.2. Middle education ……………………………………………..……………………75
15.1.3. Secondary education ……………………………………………….………………75
15.1.4. Vocational education………………………………………………….……………75
15.1.5. Tertiary education…………………………………………………………….…….75
15.2. Grading scales …………………….……………………………………….……….76
15.2.1. School grading……………………………………………………………….……..76
15.2.2. University Level ……………………………………………….…………..……….76
15.3. Top Engineering universities…………………………………………….…………77
15.4. Top Business Universities……………………………………………….….………77
15.5. Top Medical Universities …………………………………………………….….…77
15.6. Education for all ……………………………………………………………..…….78
15.7. Poor monitoring ………………………………………………………...………….81
15.8. Cause and effect of poverty…………………………………………………...……81
15.9. Expensive private institute …………………………………………………………82

15.10. Uncoordinated external health ………………………………………………..…82
15.11. Facts and present conditions ………………………………………………….…82
15.12. Education finance ……………………………………………………………….83
15.13. Teacher qualification………………………………………………….…………84
15.14. Public and private sectors …………………………………………….…………84
15.15. Education chart…………………………………………………………..………86
16. REFERENCES ………………………………………………..…….………....…………..87

1
SRILANKA
The Sri Lanka flag was officially adopted on December 17, 1978. Prior to 1815, the gold
lion was originally the national flag of Ceylon; its four pipul leaves are Buddhist
symbols and the sword is said to represent authority. On this modern version, the green
represents Muslims, while the orange represents Hindus.

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ANCIENT SRI LANKA
About 500 BC when a people called the Sinhalese migrated there from India.
According to legend the first settlers were led by a man named Vijaya.
According to tradition Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in 260 BC by a man
named Mahinda. It soon became an integral part of Sinhalese culture. However at first Sri
Lanka was divided into different states. A man named Dutthagamani (161-137 BC) united
them into a single kingdom. As well as being a powerful ruler Dutthagamani was a great
builder and he erected palaces and temples. The capital of the first Sri Lankan kingdom was
at Anuradhapura.
The staple diet of the Sri Lankan people was rice but to grow rice needs to stand in
water. However in Sri Lanka’s hot climate water soon evaporated. Some water was provided
by rain in the rainy season (October to April) but it was not enough. To gain extra water the
people dammed streams and rivers.
However in time it became the ruler’s responsibility to provide water for farming.
King Mahensa (274-303) built large reservoirs and irrigation canals to take water from one
area to another. The network of reservoirs and canals gradually became bigger and more
complex. In the 2nd 3rd and 4th centuries AD Sri Lanka became a rich kingdom. She traded
with India, China, Persia and Ethiopia. However from the 5th century onward Sri Lanka
suffered from invasions from India. In the 10th century the Chola kingdom became powerful
in southern India.
In 993 the Cholas captured northern Sri Lanka and they made Polonnaruwa the
capital. In 1017 they captured the south. However the Sinhalese continued to resist and in
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1030 the Cholas withdrew from Rohana, in the Southeast. In 1070 the Sinhalese ruler
Vijayabahu recaptured the north. However after his death in 1111 weak rulers succeeded him.
Sri Lanka broke up into independent states. Then in 1153 Parakramabahu the Great became
king of the realm of Dakkinadesa. This great ruler reunited Sri Lanka and he repaired the
irrigation system. He died in 1183.
In the 13th century Sri Lankan power declined. There were repeated invasions from
India and political instability. The irrigation system began to breakdown and the people
drifted to the Southwest. In 1255 the capital Polonnaruwa was abandoned. In the 13th century
the Tamils settled in the north of Sri Lanka and by 1505 Sri Lanka was divided into 3 areas.
In the north lived Tamils. There was a Sinhalese kingdom in the Southwest based in Kotte
and another in the center and east based in Kandy.
HISTORICAL RECORDS
Sri Lanka is a country with a unique and a proud historical record of a great
civilization, a culture of achievements, spanning over a period of several centu-ries before
and after the birth of Christ, which by comparison cannot be second to any contemporary
civilization that existed in the world.
For the purpose of this publication, the History of Sri Lanka, spanning a period of
over twenty five centuries, is divided into the following periods.
1. The Pre-Historic Period Beyond 1000 BC
Pre Anuradhapura Period – Period of Rule from Vijaya 483 BC to Tissa 377 BC (Second
son of Panduvasdeva)
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Anuradhapura Period - Period of Rule from King Pandukhabaya 337 BC to King Kassapa
VII 1055 AD
Polonnaruwa Period - Period of rule from Vijayabahu 1-1055 AD to MaghaKalinga A
Prince of Kalinga 1232 AD
Dambadeniya Period - Period of rule from King Vijayabahu III 1232 AD to Parakrambahu
III 1293 AD
Kurunegala Period - Period of rule from Buvanekabahu II 1293 AD to Vijayabahu V 1341
AD
Gampola Period - Period of rule from BuvanekaBahu IV 1341 AD to BuvanekaBahu V
1408 AD
Kotte Period - Period of Rule from Vijayabahu 1408 AD to Don Juan Dharmapala 1597 AD
Kandy Period - Period of Rule from Senasammatha Viraparakramabahu 1469 AD to Sri
Wickrama Rajasinghe 1815 AD
The Colonial Period
 1506 to 1658 AD -The period during which the Portuguese ruled the
maritime Provinces of Sri Lanka, except the Kandyan Provinces
 1658 to 1796 AD – The period during which the Dutch ruled the maritime Provinces
of Sri Lanka, except the Kandyan Provinces
 1796 to 1815 AD -The period during which the British ruled the maritime Provinces
of Sri Lanka except the Kandyan Provinces

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 1815 to 4th February 1948 – AD The period during which the British ruled the whole
of Sri Lanka after capturing the Kandyan Provinces in 1815
History of Ruling
In addition to the Mahawamsa there are a large number of inscriptions in Sri Lanka;
the total number already discovered exceeds 2500. It is believed that many more lithic
records would be found in the country.
The earliest inscriptions are contemporary with the introduction of Buddhism in the
3rd century B.C. Well over 1000 epigraphs, mostly inscribed on caves, belong to the third,
second and first centuries B.C. and they exist in every part of the dry zone, as well as in the
old cave temples of the Colombo, Kegalla and Kandy districts.
2. The Prehistoric Period
It is intended to provide a detailed account of the prehistoric period of Sri Lanka as the
historical information basedon archaeological research and studies in respect of this period
were not available. Hence not much publicity was given to this Historical period.However,
consequent to the excavations and the research studies undertaken by Dr. S.U. Deraniyagala,
he was able to reveal valuable information in respect of this period.
According to pioneer archaeological investigations of Wilhelm G Solheim II that
commenced in the nineteen seventies and several other archaeologists, much information is
being dug out from South-East Asian countries that shows strong evidence of Pre-historic
cultures that influenced the east as well as the west. Sri Lanka was on the ancient sea route
from east to the west and as such became a subject of serious investigations by those experts
for connections to South East Asian pre historical cultures.

6
According to Dr. Deraniyagala’s findings, thirty feet below the ground in the an¬cient
city of Anuradhapura lie the remnants of Sri Lanka’s ancient civilization dating back to 900-
800 B.C.
Deraniyagala also discovered several specimens of writing dating back at least to the 6th
and 5th centuries before Christ(BC). These writings are in the form of early Brahmi script.
According to Deraniyagala, Stone Age researches cover the period from 700,000 BC to
1000 BC and he has observed the interaction of man and environment during that period.
Sri Lanka’s past climatic fluctuations for about 500,000 years have been delineated on the
basis of those investigations and co-related with the evolution of Sri Lanka’s Stone Age. In
his research, cultures have been studied in terms of stone tool technology, subsistence
practices, settlement patterns, burial practices and physical anthropology. These studies have
pioneered climatologist studies in South Asia and in the Tropics in general. It seems that for
the first time it is securely established that humans of the old Stone Age have inhabited Sri
Lanka as early as 125,000 years ago and possibly 500,000 or more.
Much of the details in Deraniyagala’s findings commence from the excavations in several
caves in the Sabaragamuwa Province which have exhibited stone tools displaying a high
degree of sophistication in their design, which first came into prominence in Sri Lanka as
early as 30,000 years ago. They preceded their first appearance in Europe by some 20,000
years.
Physical anthropology of Sri Lankan humans from 29,000 BC onwards has been studied
in detail in collaboration with specialists from the Cornel University U.S.A. Based on these
7
results Deraniyagala has expressed the view that one group of findings represent the earliest
evidence of anatomically modern man to be discovered in South Asia so far. Moreover, it has
been observed that there has been an unbroken line of descent from humans found at around
14,000 BC right down to the descendants of the Sri Lankan aborigines – the Veddhas.
Several assemblages of human remains from 14,000 BC down to the recent times have
been studied in detail leading up to those conclusions. The methods and technology used for
the researches are considered to be very up to date and in many ways have been applied for
the first time in Asia.
Chronological Table Of The Monarchs Of Sri Lanka
Compiling an accurate chronological table of the monorchs of Sri Lanka spanning a
period of approximately 2500 years, has been a perennial problem that scholars of Sri Lankan
History have faced. The periods that troubled the scholars most were the Pre Anuradhapura
period and the latter part of Kurunegala, Yapahuwa Gampola period and Kotte periods.
After consulting many authoritative sources the author preferred to adopt the
Chronology given in Walpola Rahula’s Book “History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka”, which is
based on Geiger’s List of Kings up to Kassapa V (913-923 AD). From Dappula 111 (923 –
924 AD) the Chronological dates are based on that provided in Vol. I Pa/rt 11 “University of
Ceylon History of Ceylon “, Book pp 843 – 847. The dates up to Sena 1(833 – 853 AD) are
only approximate.
The Traditional history of Sri Lanka begins about the 5th century B.C. with the first
settlement in this land of a people named Simhala an Indo Aryan group who came from
North India. About 70% of the people still inhabiting the island are known by that name.
8
After considering all historical as well as traditional sources available several renowned-
scholars have come to the conclusion that ancestors of the Sinhalese migrated to Sri Lanka
first from the Indus river region in North India, where a group of people called KAMBOJAS
also lived, in close proximity to them. It is also accepted by historians that there was a later
immigration by Indo-Aryans in the Bengal Orissa region of the North East of India.
Mahavamsa the chronicle of the Sinhalese is considered to be one of the oldest in the
world where a continuing history of the nation is being recorded from about the 550 B C. The
original authorships are ascribed to Thera Mahanama (First Part) who was resident at
Dighasandasenapti Pirivena (A Buddhist seat of learning for lay persons and the clergy) at
Anuradhapura and Dharmakitti Thera (Second Part) in Polonnaruwa.
3. Period of rule of Vijaya 483 – 445 BC
The chronicle Mahavamsa has recorded that Vijaya arrived in Sri Lanka by ship with 700
turbulent followers who were banished by the King of Vanga in India. They grasped the soil
on the land with their hands which became copper coloured. Thereupon they named the place
Thambapanni (which later became Taprobane to the Greeks)
Vijaya is said to have landed in Sri Lanka on the very day of Buddha’s Parinirvana
(Passing away). He and his followers learnt that the place at which they have arrived was
called SIRISAVATTHU inhabited by Yaksas (A tribe of local inhabitants said to have been
of a ferocious nature). Later Vijaya and his men came into the power of Kuveni the daughter
of the Yaksa King. At that stage Kuveni offered her hand to Vijaya and he accepted her as his
consort On Kuveni’s advice Vijaya rid the island of Yaksas and built the THAMBAPANNI
NAGARA at the place of his landing.Having established themselves firmly in a new land
9
Vjaya’s followers wished to consecrate their leader as King, but Vijaya declined to do so
until he had a bride from the Ksatriya clan to be his queen.
Envoys were sent to the Pandu King of Madura in India, requesting the hand of his
daughter,to which proposal the Pandu King agreed and sent not only his daughter but seven
hundred maids as well, as brides for his followers.
Thereupon Vijaya forced Kuveni to leave him with her two children by him. Kuveni went
to her people and they slew her probably for bringing shame to the clan by co-habiting with a
man of a foreign country. But the two children were spared.
They grew up and said to have become the ancestors of the Pulindas – the Veddas,
descendants of the ancient inhabitants of today, as the story goes. Vijaya and the Pandu
Princess were married and duly consecrated as the first King and Queen of Sri Lanka.
Vijaya did not have a son and he died without an heir. He was said to have reigned with
perfect justice for thirty eight years.
4. Upatissa 445 To 444 BC
He was the Chief Minister of Vijaya and succeeded the latter as regent as Vijaya died without
an heir. He governed for one year until the arrival of Panduvasdeva the younger son of
Vijaya’s brother Sumitta.
5. Panduvasdeva 444 – 414 BC
Prince Panduvasdeva arrived with 32 noble men. Bhadda Kacchana, daughter of King of
Pandu, also arrived with 32 female attendants. Panduvasadeva and Bhadda Kacchana were
married and duly consecrated as the second King and Queen of Sri Lanka.
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The King had 10 sons and one daughter Unmada Chitta. It was predicted that the son to be
born to Unmada Citta would destroy his uncles and under the King’s orders she was kept in
solitary confinement. She later married Dighamini and gave birth to a baby boy. The boy
was brought up in hiding and was named Pandukabhaya.
King died after a peaceful reign of 30 years. His seat of reign was Vijithapura. The
reservoir Abeya-wewa was built during his reign. This is considered to be the world’s first
man made reservoir. ABHAYA 414 – 394 BC
6. Tissa 394 – 377 BC
ABHAYA the eldest son of King Panduvasdeva succeeded. He was deposed and Tissa
was appointed regent. Tissa was slain in battle by Pandukhabaya who ascended the throne.
 The Portuguese Period
In 1505 the Portuguese, under Lorennco de Almeida established friendly relations
with the king of Kotte and gained, for Portugal, a monopoly in the spice and
cinnamon trade, which soon became of enormous importance in Europe. Attempts
by Kotte to utilize the strength and protection of the Portuguese only resulted in
Portugal taking over and ruling not only their regions, but the rest of the islandas
well, apart form the central highlands around Kandy.
Because the highlands were remote and inaccessible, the kings of Kandy were always able to
defeat the attempts by the Portuguese to annex them, and on a number of occasions drove the
Portuguese right back down to the coast.

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 The Dutch Period
Attempts by Kandy to enlist Dutch help in expelling the Portuguese only resulted in
the substitution of one European power for another. By 1658, 153 years after the first
Portuguese contact, the Dutch took control over the costal areas of the Island.
During their 140-year-rule the Dutch, like Portuguese, were involved in repeated
unsuccessful attempts to bring Kandy under their control. The Dutch were much more
interested in trade and profits than the Portuguese, who spent a lot of efforts spreading their
religion and extending their physical control.
 The British Period
The French revolution resulted in a major shake-up among the European powers and
in 1796 the Dutch were easily supplanted by the British, who in 1815 also won the control of
the kingdom of Kandy, becoming the first European power to rule the whole island. But in
1802, Sri Lanka became a Crown Colony and in 1818 a unified administration for the island
was set up.
Soon the country was dotted with coffee, cinnamon and coconut plantations and a
network of roads and Railways were built to handle this new economic activity. English
became the official language, and is still widely spoken.
Coffee was the main crop and the backbone of the colonial economy, but the
occurence of a leaf blight virtually wiped it out in the 1870s and the plantations quickly
switched over to tea or rubber.

12
Today Sri Lanka is the world’s second largest tea exporter. The British were unable to
persuade the Sinhalese to work cheaply and willingly on the plantations, so they imported
large number of South Indian labourers from South India. Sinhalese peasants in the hill
country lost land to the estates.

13
GEOGRAPHY
Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, separated from
India by a narrow strait. It is about the same size as Tasmania. The northern part of the island
consists of flat and gently rolling plains, while the south central region varies from hilly to
mountainous. The climate is very warm all year round (average about 30°C), except in the
milder highlands. Monsoon rains drench the southwest (in May-August) and the northeast (in
October-January).
Geography of Srilanka
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DEMOGRAPHY
According to the last population census held in 2001 the whole population of the country was
18,797, 252 while being 9,359,148 males and 9,438,109 females. Estimated population for
2010 was 20,653, 000. The main languages are the Sinhala and the Tamil while the English is
widely used. Considering the population by Religions, there are 70% of Buddhists, 15% of
Hindus, 7.5% of Muslims and 7.5% of Christians in the country. The main ethnic group is the
Sinhalese having 73.8% of the whole population. The Tamils are 13.9%, the Moors are 7.2%,
the Indian Tamils are 4.6% and the others are 5% o the total population of the country.
Population 22,409,381 (July 2017 est.)
0-14 years: 24.06% (male 2,750,004/female 2,642,606)
Age structure 15-24 years: 14.63% (male 1,666,859/female 1,611,379)
65 years and over: 9.67% (male 917,014/female 1,249,071)
(2017 est.)
Dependency ratios total dependency ratio: 51.2
youth dependency ratio: 37.2
elderly dependency ratio: 14.1
potential support ratio: 7.1 (2015 est.)
total: 32.8 years
Median age male: 31.5 years
female: 34 years (2017 est.)
Population growth rate 0.76% (2017 est.)

15
Birth rate 15.2 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate 6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Net migration rate -1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Urbanization urban population: 18.5% of total population (2017)
rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major cities – Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) 128,000 (2014);
population COLOMBO (capital) 707,000 (2015)
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
Sex ratio 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Mother's mean age at 25.4 years
first birth note: median age at first birth among women 30-34 (2006/07 est.)
Infant mortality rate total: 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
Life expectancy at total population: 76.9 years
birth male: 73.5 years
female: 80.6 years (2017 est.)
RELIGION
Buddhism has dominated Sri Lanka's religious landscape for millennia, while Hindus,
Muslims, and Christians are raising.

16
Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka
1. Buddhism
Buddhism has been considered the state religion in Sri Lanka as 70.2% of the general
population believe in Buddhism. Buddhism was introduced in this island country in the third
century, and the kings in the country have played a major role in its maintenance, spread, and
revival and in the 19th century a modern revival was held which sought to improve Buddhist
education and learning. In the 16th century, wars erupted with the arrival of missionaries who
tried to convert the population to Christianity which led to the weakening of their monasteries
and monks thus they made contact with Burma for ordained monks to be brought to reinstate
Buddhism. Wars between the Portuguese the Dutch Europeans and the natives of the country
continued, and the missionaries won which resulted in the popularization of Christianity
while Buddhists were discriminated against. In the late 1800s, from 1880 Buddhist schools
17
were established which was aimed at encouraging and promoting Buddhism as well as
publications to increased people’s interest. This led to the rebuilding of the shrines and the
thriving of the religion and culture as well as the development of the center of Western
Buddhist scholarship.
2. Hinduism
Hinduism is the second most populous religion which makes up 12.6% of the entire
population. Statistics show that majorly, the Tamils make up this population and since the
Tamils have migrated the country since independence their numbers have reduced from 25%
to the current 12.6%. These Tamils of Hindu descent are majorly located in the northern
region of the country as well the country’s commercial capital of Colombo. During the
Portuguese rule, several native Tamils were approached to convert to Catholic religion others
even going as far as being threatened with death threats.
3. Islam
Islam in the country started to grow in the 7th century with the arrival of Arab traders who by
the 8th century had taken control of the Indian Ocean and the Middle East trading routes.
Most of the traders settled in the island nation which encouraged their spread. They reduced
by a large number after the arrival of the Portuguese who ruined their settlement as well their
trading routes but during the 18th and 19th century Muslims from India and Malaysia who
came to Sri Lanka enabled their increase. They now form 9.7% of the entire population.
18
4. Roman Catholic Christianity
Christianity forms the least number of inhabitants in the country at 6.1%. The Dutch
people introduced Christianity before the arrival of the Portuguese who consequently left
unforgettable legacy with most of the Christians being Catholics
5. Other Forms Of Christianity
1.3% of the general population in Sri Lanka are Protestants who were mainly converted by
the Dutch after the departure of the Portuguese.
6. Atheism In Sri Lanka
According to the census conducted in 2012, 0.1% of the general population do not believe in
any religion hence could be considered atheists.Thus, only a very small percentage of Sri
Lankans are non-believers. Religion plays an important role in the Sri Lankan society and
heavily influences the culture of the people in the country.
Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka
Rank Beliefs Share of Population of Sri Lanka
1 Buddhism 70.2%
2 Hinduism 12.6%
3 Islam 9.7%
4 Roman Catholic Christianity 6.1%
5 Other Forms of Christianity 1.3%
6 Other Beliefs or No Beliefs 0.1%

19
LANGUAGES
Sinhalese and Tamil are the two languages that enjoy the status of being official
languages in the country. Besides the two official languages in Sri Lanka, several minority
languages are also spoken. Sri Lankan Creole Malay is the native language of around 46,000
speakers. It is considered an Austronesian language and is made up of a mix of Sinhalese,
Tamil, and Malay.
Foreign Languages of Sri Lanka
The principal foreign language spoken on this island nation is English. It is spoken by
around 10% of the population. Its primary use is for business purposes.
LIVING CONDITIONS
Sri Lanka has made impressive progress in reducing child deaths, increasing life
expectancy and achieving high literacy rates. Unfortunately, many families still live in
poverty. Most children are immunised against killer diseases such as measles and polio.
However, many still suffer from malnutrition and from illnesses linked to contaminated water
or poor sanitation. Malaria (spread by mosquitoes) has proved difficult to control.
Meals of rice with curry, vegetables and sometimes fish are cooked over an open fire
or on a clay stove. Poorer urban neighbourhoods are crowded. Entire families may live in a
single room, or several in a subdivided derelict house. The government is supporting slum
upgrading and self-help building programs. The north of Sri Lanka still bears the scars of
nearly three decades of ethnic conflict and much work needs to be done to assist communities
with rebuilding and rehabilitation efforts.

20
HEALTH STATUS
 Trends indicate a demographic transition. With the increase in life expectancy and the
steady decline in fertility (2.0 in 2000), Sri Lanka is aging rapidly. It is projected that by
2020, 20% of Sri Lanka's population will have reached age 60 or over. Mortality rate,
currently at 5.7 per 1,000 population (CDR in 2000), has been declining since
independence.
 In 2002, infant and under-five mortality rates were 17/1,000 and 19/1,000 respectively, the
lowest rates in the WHO South-east Asia Region. Sri Lanka has eradicated smallpox and
achieved Universal Child Immunization. It is now well on the way to polio eradication.
 Sri Lanka is also in an epidemiological transition. Malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, Japanese
encephalitis, diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections are still prevalent, but
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer are also emerging.
Tobacco, substance and alcohol abuse have also increased in magnitude over the past two
decades.
 The disease burden of malaria and diarrhoea are at a premium among IDPs and those
living in the uncleared areas in the North-East.
 An estimated 3,500 adults currently live with AIDS, for a prevalence of 0.1%. Since 1992,
the HIV infections among women have shown an upward trend.
 The nutritional status of children has not significantly improved over the years. Health
Survey 2000 reported that 29.4% of children under five were underweight and 13.5%
stunted. Malnutrition exists among disadvantaged populations of difficult access in parts
of the North and the East.
 In 2000, maternal mortality rate was between 59.6 and 92/100,000 live births. Ninety-
seven percent of pregnant women, 98% of deliveries, and 98% of infants are attended by
21
trained personnel. Accessibility remains a problem for isolated rural families. Over 70%
of women of childbearing age use family planning methods.
 In 2000 the overall percentage of the population with safe drinking water available at
home or in the vicinity was 75.4% (74.6% rural and 96-99% urban). The proportion of the
population with latrine facilities in 2000 was 72.6% (68.3% rural and 87% urban).
Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high , Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis
A Vectorborne disease: dengue fever , Water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2016)
CULTURE
Sri Lankan culture includes a lot of customs and rituals, whish date to more than 2000 years
which were handed down from generation to generation. The most prominent feature of the
Sri Lankan is its colourful festivals , which is one of the main tourist attractions. Religion
plays an important role in molding the Sri Lankan culture and traditions. Sri Lankan culture if
often reflected by the use of art, architecture, sculptures ,and even food. One of the main
features of the culture is its Indian and Europen influence. Since most of the time Sri Lankan
kings married Indian princesses they incorporated Indian culture into ours but still preserving
the unique Sri Lankan identity. Hospitality is also one of the prominent characteristics of the
culture, making Sri Lankans one of the friendly nations in the world.
Indigenous medicine ( ayuruvedic )
Indigenous medicine is also a huge part of the culture which even has said to be able to cure
terminal diseases such as cancer.
Sri Lankan Cuisine

22
The recipes might have abit of Indian influence upon it but still it is very unique in its own
way. Most of vegetable and fruits date are used for cooking are sometimes only found in Sri
Lanka. Sri Lankan food culminates a variety of spices which integrates the exotic taste of the
food.
Visual and Performance Arts
Art, music, drama and even architectire also is a part of the cultural fusion. Art plays an
integral part in the history of Sri Lanka providing a figurative gold mine to archeologists and
anthropologists since art speaks a lot about the Sri Lankan way of life
Tea
Sri Lanka is one of the biggest and best tea producers of tea. Tea is an integral part of the
cultureIt has been said thet the British Royal Family drinks Sri Lankan Tea.
Sports
The national sport is volleyball however Sri Lanka has done extremely well in cricket
bagging the ICC World Cup in 1996. Rugby , aquatic and motor sports follow next in
popularity after the former two sp
Martial Arts
There are two styles of martial arts native to Sri Lanka, these are Cheena di and Angampora.
Chenna Di is more popular of the two whereas Angampora shows a decline in students each
year due to the fact of the length of time to master the art.
23
RIVERS OF SRILANKA
Mahaweli 335 km
Kotmale Trincomalee
River (208 mi) 08°27′34″N81°13′46″E
Malvathu 164 km
Dambulla Vankalai
River (102 mi) 08°48′08″N79°55′40″E
148 km
Kala Oya Dambulla Wilpattu
(92 mi) 08°17′41″N79°50′23″E
145 km
Kelani River Horton Plains Colombo
(90 mi) 06°58′44″N79°52′12″E
142 km
Yan Oya Ritigala Pulmoddai
(88 mi) 08°55′04″N81°00′58″E
142 km
Deduru Oya Kurunegala Chilaw
(88 mi) 07°36′50″N79°48′12″E
138 km
Walawe River Adam's Peak Ambalantota
(86 mi) 06°06′19″N81°00′57″E
135 km
Maduru Oya Maduru Oya Kalkudah
(84 mi) 07°56′24″N81°33′05″E
134 km
Maha Oya Hakurugammana Negombo
(83 mi) 07°16′21″N79°50′34″E
129 km
Kalu Ganga Adam's Peak Kalutara
(80 mi) 06°34′10″N79°57′44″E
24
117 km
Kirindi Oya Bandarawela Bundala
(73 mi) 06°11′39″N81°17′34″E
Kumbukkan 116 km
Dombagahawela Arugam Bay
Oya (72 mi) 06°48′36″N81°49′25″E
114 km
Menik Ganga Namunukula Yala
(71 mi) 06°21′49″N81°31′45″E
113 km
Gin Ganga Sinharaja Galle
(70 mi) 06°03′47″N80°10′27″E
109 km
Mi Oya Saliyagama Puttalam
(68 mi) 08°05′44″N79°48′37″E
108 km
Gal Oya Yalkumbura Oluvil
(67 mi) 07°18′01″N81°51′54″E
CLIMATE
Due to the location of Sri Lanka, within the tropics between 5o 55' to 9o 51' North
latitude and between 79o 42' to 81o 53' East longitude, the climate of the island could be
characterized as tropical. The Climate of Sri Lanka is dominated by the above mentioned
topographical features of the country and the Southwest and Northeast monsoons regional
scale wind regimes. The Climate experienced Figure 2 during 12 months period in Sri Lanka
can be characterized in to 4 climate seasons (Figure 3) as follows.
1. First Intermonsoon Season - March - April
2. Southwest monsoon season - May - September

25
3. Second Intermonsoon season - October - November
4. Northeast Monsoon season - December - February
The rainfall pattern is influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal and is marked by four seasons. The mean annual rainfall varies from under 900mm in
the driest parts (southeastern and northwestern) to over 5000mm in the wettest parts (western
slopes of the central highlands) (Figure 4). Sometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies
and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. The average yearly
temperature for the country, as a whole, ranges from 26° C to 28° C.
NATURAL VEGETATION
Sri Lanka's natural vegetation takes up a third of the islands land area. Most of Sri Lanka's
vegetation has been heavily depleted by deforestation. In the higher regions of the island the
forests are less dense, separated by grasslands.
Flora and Fauna
Inside these forests is filled with over 90 species of mammal, over 80 snake species, and over
435 species of bird. The tropical rainforests covers much of the southwest region of the
island. This is the part of the island where ebony and teak grow.
Sinharaja Forest Reserves
The Sinharaja Forest is the last undisturbed forest in Sri Lanka. It was declared a World
Heritage Site in 1989. Most days of the year this forest is getting rain, replenishing its deep
rich soil. Rain also balances water resources for much of southwest Sri Lanka.
SOIL
Variations of soil within Sri Lanka reflect the effects of climate, lithology, and terrain
on the soil-forming processes. The climatic influences are reflected in the dominance of red-
26
yellow podzolic soils (leached lateritic soils) in the Wet Zone and of reddish brown earths
(nonlateritic loamy soils) in the Dry Zone. In parts of the Central Highlands there are reddish
brown latosolic soils (partially laterized soils) or immature brown loams (clayey loams).
Among the other important soil types are the alluvials that occur along the lower courses of
rivers and the regosols (sandy soils) of the coastal tracts.
Most of the soils of Sri Lanka are potentially suitable for some kind of agricultural
use. However, depletion of the natural fertility of the soil has occurred extensively, especially
on the rugged terrain of the highlands, owing to poor soil conservation.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Status:
Republic with executive president
Legislature:
Parliament
Independence: 4 February 1948
Sri Lanka is a democratic republic with an executive presidency based on the French
model. Under the 1978 constitution, the head of state and government is the President. There
is universal adult suffrage with proportional representation; parliamentary and presidential
elections are held every six years. Parliament has a single chamber with 225 members.
Members are directly elected, but vacant seats occurring during the life of a
Parliament go to nominees of the party holding the seat.

27
Ministers are appointed by the President, who chairs the cabinet and appoints the
independent judiciary. Amendments may be made to the constitution, subject to a two-thirds
majority in Parliament; however, to amend certain entrenched articles of the constitution
approval in a national referendum is also required. The constitution provides for provincial
councils.
The Eighteenth Amendment – enacted in September 2010 – removed the limit on the
number of terms a President may serve, previously set at two.
Independence Square
Politics
After a violent campaign in which at least 70 people died, in the parliamentary
elections of October 2000, the ruling People’s Alliance (PA), led by President Chandrika
Bandaranaike Kumaratunga, won 107 of the 225 parliamentary seats, the United National
28
Party (UNP) 89 and the Marxist Janatha Vimukti Peramuna (JVP) ten. Sirimavo
Bandaranaike was reappointed Prime Minister. However, short of a working majority, the
new government was dependent on the support of the smaller parties, and this diverted its
attention from new peace initiatives and its economic reform programme.
Parliamentary elections
Parliamentary elections were held in December 2001 after the PA lost its majority in
Parliament. The UNP won 109 seats, the PA 77, JVP 16, Tamil United Liberation Front
(TULF) 15 and Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) five. With the support of the TULF and
SLMC, the UNP commanded a majority in Parliament, and the President was obliged to
appoint UNP leader Ranil Wickremasinghe Prime Minister and invite him to form a
government.
In November 2003, the week before the seventh round of peace talks was due to take
place, the President sacked three ministers, suspended Parliament and first declared then
lifted a state of emergency, calling for a government of national reconciliation, and plunging
the country into political crisis.
In the presidential election in November 2005, UPFA leader Mahinda Rajapaksa, with
just over 50 per cent of the votes, defeated UNP leader Ranil Wickremasinghe. Almost two
years before the expiry of his term of office, Rajapaksa called a presidential election in
January 2010, when he faced a challenge from former head of the army General (rtd) Sarath
Fonseka, who had overseen the military victory against the LTTE that had been declared by
the government in May 2009. In a poll with a 75 per cent voter turnout, Rajapaksa was
returned to office with 57.9 per cent of the vote; Fonseka received 40.2 per cent of the vote,
29
but contested the election result in the courts. A Commonwealth expert team was present
during the election period.
In the parliamentary elections of April 2010, the UPFA won 144 of 225 seats,
securing 60.3 per cent of votes cast; the UNP/SLMC electoral coalition took 60 seats (29.3
per cent); ITAK 14; and the Democratic National Alliance seven. Turnout was 61 per cent.
Incumbent President Rajapaksa (with 47.6 per cent of the vote) was defeated by the
New Democratic Front Candidate Maithripala Sirisena (51.3 per cent) in the presidential
election held on 8 January 2015, in a turnout of 82 per cent. A Commonwealth observer
group, led by former President of Guyana Dr
Bharrat Jagdeo, concluded that the election result
reflected the will of the people of Sri Lanka.
Head of government
Maithripala Sirisena is a Sri Lankan
politician and the 7th and current President of

Mr Maithripala
Sri Lanka, in office since January 2015. He was
Sirisena, President
elected as the sixth Executive President of Sri
Lanka. Mr Sirisena is Chair of the United People’s
Freedom Alliance led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. Mr Sirisena became a member of the
Youth Organization of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) in 1967. He became a Member
of Parliament for the first time in 1989, contesting from the Polonnaruwa District. In 1994, he
was appointed Deputy Minister of Irrigation. In 1997, he was elected the Assistant Secretary
of the SLFP and as its Vice Chairman in 2000. He became the General Secretary in 2001, a
post he held until 2014.

30
As the Minister of Health, he introduced the Drug Policy Act, part of the National
Drug Policy Framework for Sri Lanka, and he was also instrumental in introducing the
Pictorial Warnings on cigarette packing to educate the general public on the adverse effects
of smoking. Mr Sirisena received the ‘World No Tobacco Day Award 2013’ and the ‘2013
Harvard Ministerial Leadership in Health Award’ from Harvard School of Public Health and
the John F Kennedy School of Government at Harvard in recognition of his work as the
Minister of Health. He was born in 3 September 1951 in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka.
MILITARY
2018 Sri Lankan Military Strength
Sri Lanka is the one of the Countries in Asian continent, it has dense population. Sri
lanka is an island country in South Asia, located southeast of India and northeast of the
Maldives.
The island is home to many cultures, languages and ethnicities. The majority of the
population is from the Sinhalese ethnicity, while a large minority of Tamils have also played
an influential role in the island's history, Christians in both groups are recent converts who
have kept the traditional culture. Moors, Burghers, Malays, Chinese, and the aboriginal
Vedda are also established groups on the island.
If the military force (including the number of weapons and troops) is officially
publicized, it is certainly easy in calculating the military power.
In principle every country including the Sri Lanka holds two in-house principles in
distributing military information. Some of informations are published, and the remaining are
big secret of its country. In measuring military force people must see from all components of
the military, start from army strength, navy strength, and air power including all weapons. To
31
know that all people need to collect existing military reference information from various
sources to minimize errors in calculations, although this does not guarantee the validity of
the information.
Military ranking 2018
Many sources tells that until 2017 the military power of the Sri Lanka place 84th rank
in the world. This opinion is also strengthened by various experts and military observers in
general. So, it is conclude that the Sri Lanka military power is ranked 84th in the world from
2017 and it will stand until 2018.
ECONOMY
Sri Lanka has emerged as a strong developing economy in South Asia in the first
decade of the 21st century. Sri Lankan stock market was among the world’s best performing
markets with 100% gain in 2009. By November 2009, its official foreign exchange reserves
rose to over $5 billion. A number of reconstruction and development projects are in pipeline
in the northern and eastern provinces. However, high budget deficits and debt interest
payments pose major challenges in the growth of the economy.
Sri Lanka Economic Structure: Division by Sector
The economic structure of Sri Lanka can be divided into the following sectors.
 Primary sectors: Sri Lankan primary agriculture sector can be divided into three
major categories .i.e. farming, fishing and aquaculture. As of 2008, 32.7% of the
labor force was employed in the sector. Some major crops are rice and the staple
cereal. Coconut, tea and rubber plantation is done extensively. Tea is one of the
country’s biggest foreign exchange earners. To promote Sri Lankan Ayurveda,

32
ganja or cannabis is also grown. The fishing sector of Sri Lanka is still recovering
from the throes of 2004 tsunami that damaged 90% of the country’s fishing boats.
 Secondary sectors: The industrial sector provides employment to 26.3% of the
workforce (as of 2008). Around 18% of the GDP comes from manufacturing
which is also the country’s largest industrial subsector. The construction sector
contributes 7% to the GDP followed by mining and quarrying that account for
1.5%. Measured by value addition food, beverage, and tobacco contribute 44%
followed by textiles, garment, and leather that contribute 20%. Some other major
manufacturing industries include petroleum, chemical, plastic rubber and non-
metallic mineral-based products products.
 Tertiary sectors: Sri Lankan services sector is the major employer as 41% of the
country’s labor force is engaged in it (as of 2008). The growth rate in 2006-07 was
7% and dropped to 5.6% in 2008 due to recession. The major contributory sectors
to growth were the financial services, telecom, trading and transport. The
information technology sector is growing steadily in Sri Lanka. Tourism, which
has been one of the major foreign exchange earners for decades, is also taking off
post civil war. The target of the country’s tourism development board is to attract
2.5 million tourists and earn $2 billion by 2016.
The Educational System of Sri Lanka
Today, there are 10,390 government schools. The curriculum offered is approved by
the Ministry of Education.
 Schooling is compulsory for children from 5 + to 13 years of age.

33
 Education is state funded and offered free of charge at all levels, including the
university level.
 The government also provides free textbooks to schoolchildren.
 Literacy rates and educational attainment levels rose steadily after Sri Lanka
became an independent nation in 1948 and today the youth literacy rate stands at
97%.
 The government gives high priority to improving the national education system and
access to education.
 The medium of language could be Sinhala, Tamil or English.
 English is taught as a second language. Students sit the G.C.E O/L at the end of 11
years of formal education and G.C.E. A/L examinations at the end of 13 years.
Education Structure
The education structure is divided into five parts:
1. Primary education
2. Middle education
3. Secondary education
4. Collegiate education
5. Tertiary education
Primary Education
School education in Sri Lanka is compulsory through to age 14, when students may
disengage in favor of an apprenticeship or job. The first 5 years are spent in primary school.
At the end of this there is an optional scholarship examination that may permit access to a
34
superior grade of school. In addition to the Government Schools there are 33 non-fee-levying
Assisted Private Schools and 33 fee- levying autonomous Private Schools. These schools
offer the local syllabus as well as the British system. There is another category of English
medium International Schools approved and registered by the Board of Investment, Sri
Lanka. Some international schools offer the curriculum for the IB Diploma while others
coach students for the Edexcel G.C.E Ordinary Level (O/L) Advanced Subsidiary (A/S) and
Advanced Level (A2) examinations. A few schools offer the curriculum for the Cambridge
Examinations as well.
Middle Education
Four years of middle school follow to complete the compulsory education phase. The
curriculum comprises pre-determined academic subjects with little or no choice allowed.
Secondary Education
Grades 10 and 11 prepare secondary school students who wish to attempt their GCE
O-Levels. However they must continue at collegiate levels for a similar period, and complete
their A- Levels too, if they wish to subsequently enter
university to study further.
Tertiary Education
There are a variety of tertiary academic
institutions where programs may be followed that range
from one-year certificates through to doctorates. The

University of Colombo
most venerable of these is the University of Colombo,
which is also the largest institution on the island and is

35
illustrated here.
It was established in 1921 in affiliation with the University of London. Today its
students study in independent faculties that include medicine, science, law, education, arts,
management & finance, graduate studies, and computing.
Sri Lanka has 15 universities, all of which are public institutions. Other institutions of
higher education include medical schools, engineering schools, schools of law, and technical
and vocational training schools and National Colleges of Education.
Universities : Admission at undergraduate level to these public universities are based solely
on the results of the G.C.E.(A/L) Examination and the Z-score, which considers the difficulty
level of the subjects.. Due to restricted facilities admissions have become extremely
competitive. Only 6% of the students who sit the examination are admitted to the
universities. Combined with the fact that those who take the British examinations are not
permitted to apply for admission, an increasing number of students are looking for
opportunities abroad for continuing their higher studies.
First stage : Certificate, Diploma, and Bachelor’s Degree.
Certificates and diplomas are conferred after one or two years. A Bachelor’s Degree is earned
after three years as a General Degree or after 4 years as a Special Degree. A degree in
Medicine is awarded after 5 years of study with an additional year of internship, which is
compulsory.
Typical degrees : BA/BSc – (General degree) – 3 years, BA/BSc – (Special degree) and
Bachelor of Commerce degrees – 4 years, MBBS 5 years, LLB-3years

36
Second stage : Master’s Degree, M Phil, Postgraduate Diploma.
A Master’s Degree is obtained after two years of study beyond the Bachelor’s Degree and has
a dissertation in addition to papers on theory. The M.Phil /PhD syllabus consists mainly of
research and may go on for 3 years after the Masters degree. Postgraduate Diplomas, unless
stated otherwise, generally require one year of study. Typical degrees: MA/MSc/MBA – 2
years, PhD – 3 years after a Masters degree.
Institutes recognized by the Ministry of Education as degree granting authorities as of April
/07
15 national Universities
1. University of Colombo
2. University of Peradeniya
3. University of Sri Jayewardenepura
4. University of Kelaniya
5. University of Moratuwa
6. University of Jaffna
7. University of Ruhuna
8. Open University of Sri Lanka
9. Eastern University of Sri Lanka
10. Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
11. Wayamba University of Sri Lanka
12. South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
13. Uva Wellassa University
14. University of the Visual & Performing Arts
15. Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

37
7 Post Graduate Institutes
1. Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture
2. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine
3. Postgraduate Institute of Pali & Buddhist Studies
4. Postgraduate Institute of Management
5. Postgraduate Institute of Archeology
6. Postgraduate Institute of Science
7. Postgraduate Institute of English
In addition there are 9 Higher Educational Institutes and 7 Other Degree Awarding Institutes.
Vocational and Technical Schools : These offer one to two year diploma programs and are
under the Technical and Vocational Commission. Admission requirements differs according
to the program.
National Colleges of Education : A 3 year diploma for teacher training is offered at these
schools and the entry requirement is 3 passes at the G.C.E.
Vocational Training : There are also a large number of training institutes run by the
Government as well as the private sector for vocational training, catering to the needs of
those who leave the school system at different levels.

38
EDUCATION CHART OF SRI LANK

39
School/Level Grade Grade Age Age Years Notes

Education From To From To
1 Primary Primary 1 5 6 11 5
2 Middle junior 6 9 12 14 4
secondary
level
3 Secondary Senior 10 11 15 16 2
Secondary
4 Post- G.C.E O/Ls - 12 13 17 18 2 Students who are
secondary General pursuing tertiary
Certificate of education must
Education pass the G.C.E
(G.C.E) O/Ls in order to
Ordinary enter the
Level (O/Ls) collegiate level to
study for another
2 years (grades
12-13) to sit for
the G.C.E
Advanced Level.
On successful
completion of
this exam,
students can
move on to
tertiary
education, there
for the GCE A/Ls
is the university
entrance exam in
Sri Lanka.
5 Vocational Vocational No age limit
6 Tertiary Tertiary After secondry education

40
Grading Scales:
Ordinary Level examination
Grade Scale Grade Description US Grade
A 75.00 - 100.00 Distinction A
B 65.00 - 74.99 Very Good Pass B
C 55.00 - 64.99 Credit Pass C
S 40.00 - 54.99 Ordinary Pass D
W 0.00 - 39.99 Failure F
Advanced Level exam: Qualifying exam for university admission
A 75.00 - 100.00 Distinction A
B 65.00 - 74.99 Very Good Pass B
C 55.00 - 64.99 Credit Pass C
S 40.00 - 54.99 Ordinary Pass D
F 0.00 - 39.99 Failure F

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University Level
Grade Scale Grade Description US Grade Notes
A 90.00 - 100.00 Excellent A
B 80.00 - 89.99 Very Good B+
C 70.00 - 79.99 Average B
D 60.00 - 69.99 Pass C Lowest passing grade
E 0.00 - 59.99 Fail F
This list includes universities, colleges, vocational schools, and other higher education
institutions.
Web Rank University City
Institute for Agro-Technology and

1 Colombo
Rural Sciences
2 University of Colombo Colombo
3 University of Moratuwa Moratuwa
4 University of Peradeniya Peradeniya
5 University of Sri Jayewardenepura Kelaniya
6 Open University of Sri Lanka Nugegoda
7 University of Ruhuna Dondra

42
8 University of Jaffna Jaffna
Sri Lanka Institute of Information

9 Colombo
Technology
10 Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka Balangoda
11 National Institute of Education Colombo
Swamy Vipulananda Institute of

12 Batticaloa
Aesthetic Studies
13 Eastern University, Sri Lanka Batticaloa
National Institute of Business

14 Colombo
Management
15 Wayamba University of Sri Lanka Kuliyapitiya
16 Uva Wellassa University Badulla
17 Rajarata University Mihintale
18 South Eastern University of Sri Lanka Ampara
Australian College of Business and

19 Colombo
Technology
20 Institute of Fundamental Studies Colombo
Sri Lanka Institute of Development

21 Colombo
Administration
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22 Sri Lanka Institute of Architects Colombo
General Sir John Kotelawala Defence

23 Ratmalana
University
University of the Visual & Performing

24 Colombo
Arts
Buddhist and Pali University of Sri

25 Pitipana North, Homagama
Lanka
South Asian Institute of Technology and

26 Malabe
Medicine
International College of Business &

27 Colombo
Technology
28 University of Vocational Technology Ratmalana
29 Aquinas University College Colombo
30 British College of Applied Studies Colombo
31 Royal Institute of Colombo Colombo
32 Institute of Surveying and Mapping Colombo
33 National Institute of Social Development Colombo
34 Ocean University of Sri Lanka Colombo
35 Buddhasravaka Bhiksu University Anuradhapura

44
National Centre for Advanced Studies

36 Colombo
in Humanities & Social Sciences
37 Institute of Chemistry Ceylon Colombo
Institute of Human Resource

38 Colombo
Advancement
Institute of Technological Studies Colombo

45
PAKISTAN
The green represents Islam and the majority Muslims in Pakistan and the white stripe
epresents religious minorities and minority religions. In the centre, the crescent and star
symbolizes progress and light respectively. The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment
to Islam and the rights of religious minorities.

46
ANCIENT HISTORY
The region of Pakistan was one of the cradles of civilisation. Stone-age hunter-
gatherers lived on the Potohar plateau and in the Soan Valley in northern Punjab 300,000 or
more years ago. Excavations on the Balochistan plateau show a more advanced culture which
flourished from 4000 to 2000 BCE. At Kot Diji in the Khairpur district, an early bronze age
culture developed in this period. These early civilisations reached their peak in the Indus
valley cities, of which Harappa is the most notable. These societies had mastered town
planning and pictographic writing.
In 327 BCE Alexander the Great invaded with his Macedonian army. Later, Mauryans
from India ruled the northern Punjab area, to be replaced by Bactrian Greeks from
Afghanistan and central Asian tribes. Different religions prevailed in turn: Buddhism (under
the Mauryans), Hinduism and, with Arab conquest in the eighth century, Islam.
Two main principalities emerged under Arab rule, that of al- Mansurah and that of
Multan. The Ghaznarid sultans gained ascendancy in Punjab in the 11th century. The
subsequent ascendancy of the Moghuls, who originated in Central Asia, lasted from 1536 to
1707; their rule lingered nominally until 1857. They established a sophisticated imperial
administration and left a rich legacy of forts and walled cities, gardens and gateways,
mosques and tombs.
In the early 17th century European traders arrived on the subcontinent. Through the
East India Company, the British became the dominant force. After the unsuccessful uprising
against Britain of 1857, the British took direct control. Slowly a national Muslim identity
emerged, championed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817–89).

47
Introduction to History
The All India Muslim League was founded in 1907. The campaign to establish an
independent Muslim state came to prominence in the 1920s and 30s. It was led by the
philosopher and poet Mohammad Iqbal and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
Pakistan was created, as an Islamic state, out of the partition of the UK’s Indian
Empire, at independence in August 1947. It originally consisted of two parts, West Pakistan
(now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), separated by 1,600 km of Indian
territory.Pakistan became an almost entirely Muslim society. Jinnah, who is honoured as the
Quaid-i-Azam, or great leader, died in 1948.
Federal republic
In 1956, Pakistan became a federal republic. It has been under military rule for long
periods. Its first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated in 1951. In 1958, martial
law was declared and political parties abolished. General (later Field Marshal) Ayub Khan
became President in 1960 and allowed a form of guided ‘basic democracy’. However, failure
to win the 1965 war against India and accusations of nepotism and corruption undermined his
position. In the east, the Awami League of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman voiced the grievances of
the Bengali population. Ayub Khan resigned in 1969 and power was taken over by General
Yahya Khan, who in December 1970 held the first national elections in independent Pakistan.
Mujib and the Awami League won an electoral majority in Pakistan’s general election
on a platform demanding greater autonomy for East Pakistan. At the same time Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) gained a majority in the West.

48
Under a new constitution introduced in 1973, Bhutto became Prime Minister. In July
1977 the army, under General Zia ul-Haq, intervened in the urban unrest. Zia declared martial
law and arrested Bhutto who was convicted, after a controversial trial, of conspiring to
murder a political opponent. Despite international appeals, he was hanged in April 1979.
Martial law and the ban on political parties were lifted in 1985, Bhutto’s daughter Benazir
returned from exile to lead the PPP and Zia died in a plane crash in August 1988.
Elections in November 1988 brought the PPP to power in coalition with the Mohajir
Qaumi Movement (MQM). However, in October 1989 the MQM left the coalition and in
August 1990 Bhutto was dismissed by the President Ghulam Ishaque Khan and charged with
corruption. Nawaz Sharif won a decisive election victory in October 1990.
In November 1996, President Sardar Farooq Khan Leghari, prompted by the army
high command and opposition leaders. New elections were held in February 1997. The
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) – previously the main component of the Islami Jamhoori
Ittehad – won 134 seats in the National Assembly and Sharif became Prime Minister.
Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party retained only 18 seats. In April 1997, Sharif was able to
gain the PPP’s support to achieve the two- thirds majority necessary to repeal the eighth
amendment, ending the President’s ability to dissolve the National Assembly. He also took
over from the President the power to appoint Supreme Court judges and military chiefs-of-
staff.
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Located in the northwestern part of the South Asian subcontinent, Pakistan became a state as
a result of the partition of British India on August 14, 1947. Pakistan annexed Azad (Free)
Kashmir after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. Initially, Pakistan also included the
northeastern sector of the subcontinent, where Muslims are also in the majority. The East
Wing and West Wing of Pakistan were, however, separated by 1,600 kilometers of hostile
Indian territory. The country's East Wing, or East Pakistan, became the independent state of
Bangladesh in December 1971.
GEOGRAPHY
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DEMOGRAPHY
Last collected in the year 2011, the population, at that point, stood at a reported 176,745,364.
This number came from a report that was published by the World Bank in 2012. Back in
2001, the estimated population was around 142.5 million; the country, at that point, became
the seventh most populated country in the entire world. Over the next ten years, the estimated
population grew by about 34 million people. Today, the estimated Pakistan population is
approximately 200.81 million, making it the sixth most populous country.
Population 204,924,861 (July 2017 est.)

note: provisional results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate
the country's total population to be 207,774,000
Age structure 0-14 years: 31.36% (male 33,005,623/female 31,265,463)
65 years and over: 4.48% (male 4,261,917/female 4,910,094) (2017
est.)
Dependency ratios total dependency ratio: 65.3
youth dependency ratio: 57.9
elderly dependency ratio: 7.4
potential support ratio: 13.5 (2015 est.)
Median age total: 23.8 years
male: 23.7 years
female: 23.8 years (2017 est.)
Population growth 1.43% (2017 est.)
rate
Birth rate 21.9 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Death rate 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Net migration rate -1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Urbanization urban population: 39.7% of total population (2017)

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rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major cities – Karachi 16.618 million; Lahore 8.741 million; Faisalabad 3.567
population million; Rawalpindi 2.506 million; Multan 1.921 million;
ISLAMABAD (capital) 1.365 million (2015)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Mother's mean age 23.4 years
at first birth note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)
Infant mortality total: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births
rate male: 55.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
Life expectancy at total population: 68.1 years
birth male: 66.1 years
female: 70.1 years

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RELIGION
Religions in Pakistan
Religions Percent
Islam 96.4%
Hinduism 1.5%
Christianity 1.5%
Others/Non-Religious 0.6%
Islam
It is the largest religion in Pakistan with a population of 96.28 percent. Islam is
practised by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and
legal lives.Among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day - at dawn,
noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening.
Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed.During the holy month of
Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours
per day. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.
Hinduism:
It is the second largest religion in Pakistan with a population of 3,600,000 (3%).
Pakistan had the fifth largest population of Hindu’s in 2010. According to PEW, Pakistan will
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have the fourth largest population of Hindu’s in the world predicts 2050. They are found in
all provinces of Pakistan but 93% are in sindh, 5 % in Punjab and 2 % in Balochistan.
Christianity
The religion Christianity is 2.8 million people out of the total population. This makes
up 1.6 % in nations population. The majority of Christians are converts from Punjab region of
the British Colonial Era.
Sikhs
Around 20,000 Sikhs live in Pakistan. Sikhs originated in Pakistan’s Punjab region
where the founder of Sikhism and the faith disciples came from. The shrine of Guru Nanak
Dev is located in Nankana Sahib which is near Lahore. Many Sikhs come, from all around
the world to make pilgrimage to this and the shrines.
Buddhists
Buddhists have an ancient history in Pakistan. The country has many ancient and
disused stupas along the entire breath of the Indus River which goes through the
country.Many Buddhist empires exist, notably in Gandhara but also in Taxila, Punjab and
Sindh . It is also believed that Tantric Buddish had developed in Swat Valley, Pakistan.
LANGUAGE
Urdu is beautiful, vastly expressive, and the medium of some of the most powerful
literature generated in the Indian sub-continent over the last two or three centuries. It is
spoken by many in Pakistan, especially in the main urban centers. But there is no region in
Pakistan which can be categorized as originally Urdu-speaking. Urdu is the national language
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of Pakistan. It is a mixture of Persian, Arabic and various local languages. It is similar to
Hindi but written in Arabic script
 48% speak Punjabi, mainly in eastern Punjab province
 12% speak Sindhi, mainly in south eastern Sindh province
 10% speak Saraiki, a variant of Punjabi
 8% speak Pashto, in west and north western Pakistan
 8% speak Urdu
 3% speak Balochi, mainly in Balochistan
 English is the most popular and official language among government ministries
There are numerous other languages spoken by minorities in the population, including
Brahui, Burushaski and Hindko.
LIVING CONDITIONS
The increasing rate of health issues in Pakistan is alarming. These health issues are
leading to new kind of diseases that are difficult to treat because of lack of finances and
economic conditions. Pakistan is currently ranking 1t 122 out of 190 countries in terms of
health care according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Pakistan has third highest
rate in the world when it comes to infant mortality.
More than 60 million people are living below the poverty line in Pakistan. These
people cannot even meet their basic needs due to limited finance. The local hospitals, nurses
and doctors are not enough to cater all the underprivileged people in Pakistan. The
government has not made health care in Pakistan a priority. Local hospitals have been
treating poor people for free but they are not able to cater many people at a time due to lack
of resources. Also, if patients need surgical treatment from local hospitals, then they have to
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wait for a long time because of waiting list. By the time their turn comes, the patient either
expires or their health gets worse. There is a backlog of more than 2 million surgeries in
Pakistan and number is increasing with each passing day.
Following is the list of top 15 health issues in Pakistan:
1. Malaria
Majority of people living in slums suffer from Malaria. Malaria can cause death too if left
untreated. It is one of the top health issues in Pakistan.
2. Tuberculosis
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan ranks in one of top 5 countries
that are highly prone to tuberculosis. This disease spreads by sneezing and coughing and can
become deadly if not treated on time.
3. Dengue Fever
Dengue fever has been affecting people since 2010. In Pakistan, it has taken thousands of
lives of people living in rural areas. It causes fever, severe headache and weakness in the
patient.
4. Cancer
The two major cancer types that are widespread in Pakistan are breast cancer and lung cancer.
More than 40,000 women in Pakistan die every year because of breast cancer. On the other
hand, lung cancer is caused mainly because of smoking as Pakistan is the largest consumer of
tobacco in South Asia.

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5. Ischemic Heart Disease
Factors such as pollution, unhealthy food, unclean water and smoking give rise to this heart
disease. In rural and slum areas of Pakistan, people don’t have enough resources to treat
themselves if they suffer from heart disease. This results in causing further health problems
and even deaths.
6. Stroke
Around 350,000 cases of stroke are reported in Pakistan each year. Depressive symptoms in
particular, but also the chronic stress in life, increases the risk of older people having a stroke
or transient ischemic attack.
7. Diabetes
More than 7 million people are suffering from diabetes in Pakistan right now. Lack of
nutritious food and awareness is increasing the number of diabetic patients in the country.
According to the study, by 2030 Pakistan will be among the top 5 countries having largest
diabetic population in the world.
8. Hepatitis
Hepatitis A and E are formed through the consumption of unhealthy food and drinking
unclean water. The symptoms of such hepatitis include diarrhea, jaundice and fever. Hepatitis
E also affect the urinary tract in the body. On the other hand, hepatitis B and C are also very
common all over Pakistan. Hepatitis B and C are formed because of blood transfusions and
sharing equipments such as razors, toothbrushes, and other household articles.

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9. HIV/AIDS
According to the UNAIDS, it is estimated that there are around 100,000 HIV positive cases
in Pakistan. The major cause of this disease in Pakistan is the use of infected syringes among
the drug addicts. Sindh has the highest rate of HIV with more than 50,000 patients.
10. Maternal and Child Health
Mother and child health is a serious issue which is widespread in rural areas than that in
cities. Due to lack of proper food, awareness and treatment, women in rural areas suffer
during their pregnancy resulting in poor health of their babies. In many cases, babies are born
dead or they suffer from minor to major birth defects.
11. Acute Respiratory Infection
The main causes of this infection include malnutrition, lack of vaccines and awareness. In
rural Pakistan, women are unable to provide proper nutrition to their children due to lack of
finance. This results in many health complications in their children.
12. Hypertension
Around 20% of total population in Pakistan is suffering from hypertension making it one of
the top health issues in Pakistan. Due to lack of money, people with hypertension don’t seek
medical treatment. Hypertension, if not treated on time may lead to other serious health issues
including stroke, heart and kidney diseases.
13. Asthma
Around 7% of Pakistan’s population is suffering from asthma and the percentage is expected
to increase in coming years. The main causes of asthma include smoke, dust and pollution.
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There is no permanent cure for asthma but with proper medical treatment, patients can live a
normal life without any issue.
14. Diarrhoea
More than 300,000 children die because of diarrhoea every year in Pakistan. Children in rural
areas mostly suffers from this disease because of unhealthy diet and unhygienic living
conditions. Due to limited finance, the families of these children are unable to provide them
medical treatment.
15. Mental Health
Around 60 million people in Pakistan are suffering from mental disorder. Only a few cases
are reported but they are not treated properly as there are no advance medical facilities
available for mental health patients in Pakistan. Sadly, many patients never seek treatment
and they are shunned by their family members. It is one of the serious health issues in
Pakistan.
Top 5 Current Health Issues of Pakistan
1. Dengue Fever
2. Tuberculosis
3. Hepatitis
4. Cancer
5. Malaria
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CULTURE
Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, customs and all
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society."
Every great nation enjoys its own culture. Similarly, Pakistani culture is very distinct due to
its Islamic nature and rich historical background.
1. Islamic Values
Pakistani culture is actually a part of the contemporary Islamic civilization which
draws its value and traditions from Islam and rich Islamic history. Majority of
population comprises of Muslims and follows teachings of Islam, i-e., belief in one
Allah, Prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad P.B.U.H, brotherhood, equality and social
justice etc. Islam is religion of peace and patience. Pakistani society is very
cooperative. National calendar is marked by religious days which are observed with
great devotion.
Day Month Festival
New Islamic
1 Muharram First day of the Islamic calendar
Year
Rabi' al- Eid-e-Milād-

12 Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad
awwal un-Nabī
Miraj-un-
27 Rajab Muhammad's night journey
Nabi
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Laylat al- The night when first verses of Quran were received by
27 Ramadan
Qadr Muhammad
The last night of Ramadan celebrated on 29th or 30th

30/31 Ramadan Chaand Raat
depending on when the new moon is sighted
The celebration at the end of the fasting month

1 Shawal Eid ul Fitr
(Ramadan)
Dhu al-
10 Eid al-Adha The celebration of Abraham's sacrifice
Hijjah
2. Mixed Culture
Practically speaking Pakistani culture is a beautiful blend of the Punjabi, Sindhi,
Pathan, Baluchi, Barohi, Seraiki and Kashmiri cultures. In addition, the presence of
Hindu community in Sindh gives touches of dance and music in the Sindhi region.
The Hindus sing Bhejas but Pakistani culture has adopted Qawwali which is a praise
of the Holy Propher P.B.U.H.
3. Rich Literature
Pakistani culture is rich in the literatures of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Baruhi,
Baluchi and Kashmiri languages. Urdu literature boasts of the masterpieces of
Maulana Azad, Iqbal, Shibli, Hali, Ghalib, Agha Hashar, Manto and Faiz whereas the
Punjabi literature stands out with great names like Waris Shah, Sultan Bahu, Ghulam
Farid, Bulhay Shah and Shah Hussain etc. Similarly, Sindhi literature glitters with the
masterpieces of Shah Abdul Latif, Sachal Sarmast, Shah Qadir Bakhsh, and Faqir
Nabi Bakhsh. The Pushto literature also boasts of names like Sheikh Saleh, Raghoon
Khan, Akhund dardeeza, Khushal Khan Khattak and Rahman Baba. The Baluchi
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literature comprises of masterpieces of Jam Durk, Muhammad Ali, Zahoor Shah
Hashmi, Ghani Parvez, Hasrat Baluch, Abbas Ali Zemi and Aziz Bugti etc.
4. Male Dominated Society
Pakistani society is dominated by male members. Each family is headed by the senior
most male member who is responsible for arranging the bread and butter of the
family.
5. Variety of Dresses
Pakistani culture is rich in variety of dresses: The people of Punjab, the Pathans of
NWFP, the Baluchi people and the Sindhis wear their own distinct dresses. These
dresses are very colourful and prominent and give attractive look during national fairs
and festivals.
6. Sports
Pakistani people are great lovers of sports and games. Modern games like hockey,
cricket, football, badminton, squash, table tennis and lawn tennis are played
throughout the coutnry. In addition wrestling, boxing, and athletics are also very
popular among masses. Pakistan has produced great sportsmen in the past. These
include Bholu in Wrestling, Hanif, Miandad, Imran, Wasim Akram, and Inzamam in
cricket, Shehnaz sheikh, Islahuddin, KHalid mahmood, Akhtar Rasool, and Munir
Dar in hockey and Jahangir, Jansher in squash.
7. Handicrafts
Pakistan enjoys great distinction in handicrafts at international level. Wooden
furniture of Chiniot, sports goods of Sialkot and embroidery of Multan and
Hyderabad is world famous.

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FESTIVALS
 23rd March (Pakistan Day), 1st May (May Day), August 14th (Independence Day), 6th
September (Defence of Pakistan Day), 11th September (Death of Ali Jinnah) and 15th
December (Birthday of Ali Jinnah)
 The most famous festival in Pakistan is undoubtedly the seasonal kite flying festival
of ‘Basant’ which marks the beginning of Spring and falls late January or early February.
Unfortunately however, this festival has been banned in many areas for the immediate future
due to accidents and deaths associated with the festival. It is hoped that the implementation of
relevant safety measures will enable this much loved festival to resume.
 Another much loved festival is the annual ‘Utchal’ festival which is held on the 15th – 16th
July to celebrate the harvesting of wheat and barley.
 The national Horse and Cattle Show is a five day festival held in Lahore during the third
week of November. This is an exciting pageant of Pakistani culture and involves activities
such as folk dancing, music, folk games and activities, cattle racing and cattle dancing. With
lots to do for children and adults alike, it is a much adored festival.
RIVER
The major rivers of Pakistan are as follow
1. Indus River also known as Daryai Sindh – the loin river
2. River Jhelum
3. Beas River
4. Chenab River
5. River Ravi
6. Sutlej River
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7. Gilgit River
8. Hub River
9. Gomal River
10.Swat River
CLIMATE
Majorly Pakistan have 4 seasons Summer, Winter , Spring , Autumn.Pakistan's
climate is dry and hot near the coast, becoming progressively cooler toward the northeastern
uplands. The winter season is generally cold and dry. The hot season begins in March, and by
the end of June the temperature may reach 49° C (120° F ). Between June and September,
the monsoon provides an average rainfall of about 38 cm (15 in) in the river basins and up to
about 150 cm (60 in) in the northern areas. Rainfall can vary radically from year to year, and
successive patterns of flooding and drought are not uncommon.
NATURAL VEGETATION
Natural vegetation comprises forests, shrubs and grasses, and is determined by
climatic conditions and soil types. The climate of Pakistan is too dry for forests, except in the
northern hilly and sub-montane belts.
Soil formation on the hill slopes is a prerequisite for forest growth, but human
practices in these areas have contributed to erosion, rather than to soil formation. Ruthless
wood-cutting, over-grazing, and the annual removal of grass cover from the slopes are all
processes which handicap soil formation and the development of forests. As a result, there is
a marked deficiency of tree-cover in Pakistan.
It is generally accepted that, for a balanced economy, with an agrarian base, 20-25
percent of the land should be under forest. In Pakistan, only about 3 percent of the total area
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is forested. Afforestation programmes increased the acreage under forest from 3.4 million in
1947/8 to 6.41 million by 1971/2. Additional large areas have been reserved for afforestation
in Thal, Ghulam Mohammad Barrage, and Gudu Barrage, and this is likely to improve future
acreage to some extent. Of the 6.41 million acres classified as forest in 1971/2, Sind had 1.22
million, Baluchistan, 2.65, the Punjab 1.05 and N.W.F.P. 1.49.
Much of the acreage in Sind and Baluchistan is not true forest and, indeed, two-thirds
of the “forested” area is scrub-land.
Slightly over two-thirds of the forest land is under public ownership, the remainder
being privately owned. Forests are classified as Reserved, Protected, or ‘Unclassified’.
Reserved and Protected forests are publicly owned. Tree-felling in Reserved forests is done
only under the strict supervision of the Forest Department.
In Protected forests the local population has some traditionally acquired rights of use
for example, grazing and collection of dried branches for firewood. This makes the scientific
management of such forests difficult. Unclassified forests are under private or communal
ownership, and depleted so badly that large areas of such-so called ‘forests’
ECONOMY
Wheat
Self-sufficiency in wheat can be achieved and sustained only if wheat yields are
increased beyond past levels. This can be done by bringing more area under certified wheat
seed. At present, only 10 percent of the wheat-growing area is being sown with certified
wheat seed as against the minimally desired 20 percent.
Rice
Rice is the second most important economic crop in Pakistan. Pakistan appears to
have a comparative advantage in producing the highly-valued, aromatic basmati rice. Basmati
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has been’ a major export of Pakistan, and generates substantial revenues for the government
from export duties.
Cotton
After wheat, cotton occupies the largest area of all the crops in
Pakistan. Economically, it earns the largest export revenues. In addition to the lint, cottonseed
for oil and meal accounts for 80 percent of the national oilseed production.In 1991-92, cotton
was grown over about 2.836 million ha, with gl percent of this area in Punjab. Since 1975-76,
the area under cotton has increased by 53 percent.
Sugarcane
Sugarcane is an important cash crop of Pakistan, occupying about 896,100 ha in
1991-92: 536,200 ha in Punjab;255,300 ha in Sindh; and 104,000 ha in NWFP.
Maize
Maize occupied 847,500 ha during 1991-92, increasing from 620,000 in 1975-76. The
major maize-growing areas are in NWFP (514,100 ha in 1991-92), and Punjab (311,300 ha in
1991-92).
Oilseeds
Rape and mustard are the major oilseeds of Pakistan. Their area has declined from
470,100 ha in 1975-76 to 286,500 ha in 1991-92. When technology and inputs are
available, non-traditiohal oilseeds like sunflower and saftlower can profitably replace late
wheat in cotton and basmati rice zones. Oilseeds can also be grown profitably on fallow lands
after wheat, especially in barani areas.

66
Coarse grains and pulses
Coarse grains like ‘sorghum, millet, and barley constitute a major feed and fodder
source, and their importance will increase further as the poultry sector continues to expand.
Gram (chickpea), which occupies about two- thirds of the total acreage under pulses, is a
major crop in the farming system of Pakistan. Punjab is the major pulse-growing area
followed by
Sindh, NWFP, and Balochistan
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Independence and first democratic era
1947 :The Indian subcontinent is partitioned into mainly Muslim Pakistan and mainly
Hindu India. The government is headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General, with
Liaquat Ali Khan serving as Prime Minister. A constituent assembly is formed to act as both
parliament and to draft a constitution.In 1948
Long suffering from Tuberculosis, Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies. He is replaced by
Khwaja Nazimuddin. In 1951 Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, who drafted the Objectives
Resolution which today is the preamble to Pakistan's constitution, is assassinated in
Rawalpindi. In 1956 Pakistan gets its first constitution, turning the country from an
autonomous dominion into an "Islamic Republic".
First military period
In 1958 President Iskander Mirza carries out a coup d'etat, suspending the
constitution. Shortly afterwards, Army chief General Ayub Khan deposes Mirza and declares
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himself president. He appoints a commission to formulate a new system of government for
the country.
In 1962 the second constitution outlines a presidential form of government, with a
156-member National Assembly and a Presidential electoral college of 80,000 "Basic
Democrats". Members of both bodies are equally divided between West Pakistan and East
Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh)
.In 1965 Ayub Khan defeats Fatima Jinnah in a controversial and closely fought poll.
In 1969 Amid protests, Ayub Khan resigns as president, handing over power to Army Chief
General Yahya Khan. Martial Law is proclaimed and all assemblies are dissolved.
In 1970 General elections are held, with East Pakistani leader Sheikh Mujib-ur-
Rehman's party emerging as the overall winner. The results of the poll are contested.
In 1971 the controversy over the general election leads to a war, also involving India,
that results in the independence of Bangladesh after a brutal Pakistani army action in East
Pakistan.
Second democratic era
In 1972 Martial Law is lifted. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is elected as president. He also
launches Pakistan's nuclear programme.In 1973 a new constitution is enacted, declaring
Pakistan a parliamentary democracy, with a prime minister as head of state, leading a bi-
cameral legislature. Bhutto goes from president to prime minister.
In 1976 Bhutto appoints General Zia-ul-Haq as his chief of army staff. In 1977
General elections are held, with the Bhutto's party winning the majority of seats in the
national assembly. Amid unrest following allegations of vote-rigging from the opposition,
68
General Zia-ul-Haq steps in, removing Bhutto in a coup, suspending the constitution and
declaring martial law.
Second military period
In 1978 Zia-ul-Haq is sworn in as president. He retains the office of army chief.In
1979 after having been found guilty of "conspiracy to murder" in a trial heavily criticised for
having been influenced by Zia, Bhutto is executed. Zia enacts the controversial Hudood
Ordinance, a law brought in as part of Zia's 'Islamisation' policy that prescribed punishments
considered more in line with the Quran
.In 1982 having put off polls indefinitely and banned political activity, Zia forms a
federal council of 'technocrats' he has nominated. In 1984 Zia-ul-Haq holds a referendum on
his Islamisation policies. His government claims that more than 95 per cent of votes cast were
in support of Zia.
In 1985 general elections are held (on a non-party basis). Martial law is lifted and the
newly elected national assembly ratifies Zia's actions over the last eight years, and elects him
as President. Muhammad Khan Junejo is elected as prime minister. In 1988 amid widening
rifts, Zia dissolves parliament, dismissing Junejo's government under Article 58-2(b) of the
constitution. He promises elections within 90 days. On August 17, however, he is killed,
along with 31 others, in a plane crash.
Third democratic era
In 1988 general elections are held, with the PPP (led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's
daughter, Benazir) winning a majority of seats. Bhutto is sworn in as prime minister. In 1990
president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolves the National Assembly, dismissing Bhutto's
69
government on charges of alleged corruption and incompetence. Fresh elections are held, and
Nawaz Sharif, groomed under Zia as the head of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), is elected
prime minister. In 1991 The National Assembly adopts the Shariat bill, codifying elements of
Islamic law into Pakistan's legal system.
In 1992 Nawaz's government initiates a military operation against violence in
Karachi, the country's largest city. The operation is largely seen to target members of the
Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), a political party with its base in the city.
In 1993 president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Sharif's government for alleged
corruption and incompetence. He himself resigns later in the year. General elections are held,
with Benazir Bhutto elected prime minister for her second term. Farooq Leghari, a member of
the PPP, is elected as the country's president. In 1996 President Farooq Leghari dissolves the
National Assembly, dismissing Benazir Bhutto's government, which was operating under a
cloud of corruption allegations.
In 1997 General elections are held, the fourth time such polls have taken place since
1988. Nawaz Sharif's PML-N party wins in a landslide, and he is elected prime minister for
the second time. Rafiq Tarar is sworn in as President the next year.
In 1998 Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in the Chaghai Hills of Balochistan, in
response to similar Indian tests days earlier. The international community imposes strict
economic sanctions on the country in response.
Third military period
In 1999 After the Kargil War, Nawaz Sharif attempts to replace General Pervez
Musharraf, his army chief. Musharraf takes power in a coup, placing Nawaz Sharif and other
70
political leaders under house arrest. In 2000 The Supreme Court validates Musharraf's coup
and gives him executive and legislative authority for a period of three years. Nawaz Sharif
and his family flee to exile in Saudi Arabia.
In 2001 General Pervez Musharraf assumes the office of president, while remaining
chief of army staff. In 2002 Musharraf wins a referendum on his presidency, granting him
five more years in the job. The government claims he wins the poll by more than 95 per cent.
A general election is also held, with the PML-Q, a party created by Musharraf and loyal to
the president, winning most seats. The PML-Q's Zafarullah Khan Jamali is elected prime
minister. Musharraf, meanwhile, institutes a raft of amendments to the 1973 constitution. In
2004 Zafaraullah Khan Jamali is replaced by Shaukat Aziz, then the finance minister, as
prime minister of Pakistan.
In 2007 President Musharraf dismisses Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Iftikhar
Muhammad Chaudhry, prompting a nationwide protest movement for his reinstatement.
Chaudhry is eventually restored, but Musharraf imposes a state of emergency later in the year
ahead of a key apex court ruling on the legality of his rule. The National Assembly,
meanwhile, completes its five-year term for the first time in Pakistan's history. Benazir
Bhutto, who returned to the country to campaign in the general elections after the passage of
a controversial blanket corruption amnesty deal, is killed in a bomb attack in Rawalpindi.
Fourth democratic era
In 2008 General elections are held, with the PPP winning the majority of seats in the
national assembly. Yousuf Raza Gilani is elected prime minister, with Asif Ali Zardari,
Bhutto's widower and now co-chairman of the PPP, replacing Musharraf as president. In
2009 after heightening tensions over the issue, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and his
71
colleagues in the judiciary are restored to their positions, having been dismissed by Pervez
Musharraf after his 2007 state of emergency. In 2010 Pakistan's parliament passes the 18th
amendment to the 1973 consitution, which, among other things, reverses some of the changes
brought about by Musharraf and also removes the President's power to dissolve the
parliament unilaterally under Article 58-2(b).
In 2011 caught amidst scandals involving both corruption probes and the so-called
"Memogate" affair, the PPP government comes under increasing pressure from the opposition
to hold early elections.In 2012 after being found guilty of having committed contempt of
court for not implementing a Supreme Court order to reopen a corruption case involving
President Asif Ali Zardari, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani is deemed to be ineligible to
hold public office. He loses his seat in parliament, but not before he becomes the longest
serving prime minister in Pakistan's history. He is succeeded as PM by Raja Pervez Ashraf,
another leading PPP member and Zardari loyalist.
In 2013 the PPP-led coalition government becomes Pakistan's first democratically
elected civilian-led government to complete its five-year term in office. A caretaker
government is appointed and a general election is set for May 11.

72
President
Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi is a Pakistani politician
who is the 13th and current President of Pakistan, in
office since September 9, 2018. He was a member
of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June
2013 to May 2018 and again from August to
September 2018.
Prime minister Arif Alvi
Imran Khan’s 22 year long struggle in politics
has earned him success in General Elections 2018.
His PTI stands first in the National Assembly by
winning 115 seats according to the Election
Commission of Pakistan. This massive change is
evident throughout the country where more than 16
million people have voted in favor of Pakistan
Tehrik-e-Insaaf. Imran khan
MILITARY
Pakistan military has been ranked as the 11th strongest military in the world, as per a Credit
Suisse report on globalisation.
Ranked seven spots after India’s military, the report gives Pakistan a final military
strength score of 0.41. Further, the report reveals that Pakistan’s active personnel number
stands at 710,000 and has it more weaponry than Germany, Australia, and Canada. The
report ranks the strength of 20 countries according to weaponry, including tanks, aircraft,
helicopters and submarines, each country represents.

73
EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
Grade Grade Age Age

Education School/Level From To From To Years Notes
Primary Primary 1 8 6 14
Secondary Secondary 9 12 14 18 4
Being phased
out for
Tertiary Bachelors Pass 2
Honours
program only.
Bachelor's
Tertiary degree 2
(Pass/Honours)
engineering,
medicine,
Professional vetrinary
Tertiary Bachelor's 13 16 4 medicine, law,
degreee agriculture,
architecture,
nursing
students must
first earn a
Bachelor of Diploma of
Tertiary 4
Technology Associate
Engineer (a 3-
year course)
Tertiary 1 Arts, science,

Master's
commerce,
74
Grade Grade Age Age

Education School/Level From To From To Years Notes
degree business,
public
administration,
management,
fine arts,
education, etc
requiring 2-
year
Bachelor's
(Pass) degree
for admission
Business,
engineering,
computer
science, IT,
Master's fine arts, etc
Tertiary Degree Post- 1 requiring 4-
honours year
Bachelor's
(Honours)
degree for
admission
Doctoral
Tertiary 19 24 3
Degree
Primary Education
In Pakistan, the education system adopted from colonial authorities has been
described as one of the most underdeveloped in the world. Barely 60% of children complete
grades 1 to 5 at primary school, despite three years of play group, nursery and kindergarten
pre-school to prepare them.

75
Middle Education
Middle school follows with grades 6 to 8. Single-sex education is still preferred in
rural areas. Subjects include Urdu, English, arts, Islamic studies, maths, science, social
studies, and computer science where equipment is available.
Secondary Education
Senior school covers grades 9 to 12 with annual examinations. On completion of
grade 10, pupils may qualify for a secondary school certificate. If they wish to, they may
proceed further to grade 12, following which they sit a final examination for their higher
secondary school certificate. During this time, they opt for one of several streams that include
pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities / social sciences and commerce.
Vocational Education
Vocational education is controlled by the Pakistani Technical Education and
Vocational Training Authority. This body strives to re-engineer the process in line with
national priorities, while raising tutoring and examination standards too.
Tertiary Education
Around 8% of Pakistanis have tertiary qualifications although the government would
like to increase this to 20% by 2020. Entry is via a higher secondary school certificate that
provides access to bachelor degrees in disciplines such as architecture, engineering, dentistry,
medicine, pharmacy and nursing.
A pass requires just 2 years of study, and an honors degree 4. For the initial period the
curriculum is a mixture of compulsory subjects and specializations. After that, students
specialize completely. Thereafter, they may continue with more advanced study as they wish.
Some institutions like Lahore Pakistan University are ancient. Others are modern.
76
Grading Scales:
School grading
A1 80.00 - 100.00 Outstanding A+
A+ 80.00 - 100.00 Outstanding A+
A 70.00 - 79.99 Excellent A
B 60.00 - 69.99 Very Good A-
C 50.00 - 59.99 Good B
D 40.00 - 49.99 Fair C
E 33.00 - 39.99 Satisfactory D
University Level
Scale Grade Description US Grade
85.00 - 100.00 Distinction A+
70.00 - 84.99 High Pass A
60.00 - 69.99 Pass B
50.00 - 59.99 Marginal Pass C
0.00 - 49.99 Fail F

77
Top Engineering Universities
University Location
NUST( National University of Sciences and Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Risalpur, Karachi
Technology)
PIEAS (Pakistan Institute of Engineering Islamabad

and Applied Sciences (PIEAS))
GIKI (Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Topi

Engineering Sciences and Technology)
UET, Lahore (University of Engineering Lahore, Kala Shah Kaku, Narowal,

and Technology) Faisalabad, Rachna
NUCES-FAST (National University of Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Faisalabad,

Computer and Emerging Sciences – FAST) Pehawar
Top Business Universities
University Location
LUMS(Lahore University of Management Lahore
Sciences)
IBA(Institute of Business Administration) Karachi
Iqra University() Karachi, Islamabad
LSE(Lahore School of Economics) Lahore
NBS(NUST Business School) Islamabad
Top Medical Universities
University Location
AKU(Aga khan University) Karachi, Kenya, Tanzania, UK, Uganda,
Afghanistan, Egypt, Syria
UHS(University of Health Sciences) Lahore
Dow(Dow University of Health Sciences) Karachi
KMU(Khyber Medical University) Peshawar
KEMU(King Edward Medical Lahore
78
University)
Education for all.
No nation can claim to be sovereign and independent in the true sense unless its
population is educated and literate. An uneducated populace can neither understand national
interest nor can play an active role in nation building. The only way to gain success and glory
is to get education both at individual and national level.
Pakistan came into being on 14 August, 1947 and since that day, our successive
governments focused on defence needs of the country as their first priority because our
eastern border was quite vulnerable to Indian aggression. So, it was the need of the hour to
raise a strong defence force to counter the nefarious designs of the enemy against dear
motherland. For this, every government allocated huge funds from the budget to meet the
defence requirements of the country. As a result, from day one, the government was
compelled to shift its focus on the defence of the country neglecting the foremost need of the
country to adequately educate the people of the country.
Article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free and
compulsory quality education to children from 5 to 16 years of age. “The State shall provide
free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a
manner as may be determined by law”.
In Pakistan, there are three education systems that run parallel to one another. First is
government-run education system where children from middle or lower middle class are
educated. Second is private education system also known as English medium institutions
where children from elite class are educated.
Third one is madressa education system where children from marginalized or poor
classes are educated. These three disparate education systems are producing students with
79
different thinking and ideologies which are to a great extent in clash with one another. For
example, those who are educated from elite or English medium institutions are labelled as
liberal and agents of the west while those who are educated from madressas are dubbed as
fundamentalists and extremists.
A country which has not a uniformed education polices and system will take the
consequences in shape of rising tides of anarchy, chaos, fanaticism, sectarianism and
extremism as is witnessed in Pakistan on daily basis.
The government of Pakistan has failed to implement uniformed education system all
through the country and as a result, we see mushrooming growth of educational institutions
beyond the purview of the state policies. It is sad and tragic to note that our education system
is creating divides, injustice and inequality in the society instead of acting as a catalyst for
unification of the society.
Our successive governments have failed to realize the importance and power of an
educated society which will automatically reach the pinnacle of glory and success. One the
one hand, our state education is very miserable and pathetic and on the other hand, the state
could not enforce a uniform education system which has resulted in the feelings of ethnicity,
provincialism and racism.
Our education system could not cultivate the feelings of unity and harmony in the
society. Today, we are at each others' throats at the drop of a hat. We have subordinated
national interest to racial, ethnic, provincial or individual interest. Our federating units are at
dagger's drawn over small and petty maters. Sadly speaking, our nation stands directionless
and aimless. We are victimised by vested interests. Our precious national resources are
plundered by foreign powers and we have turned a blind eye towards them. All this happens
only because our masses are largely illiterate and ignorant.

80
Unless and until we reform our education system and policies, Pakistan will keep
lagging behind in the comity of advanced and developed nations. We will have to enforce
uniformed education system for the whole country. We will have to promote our national
language as a tool for change. The government should declare education emergency and
allocate maximum resources for educating the nation. Once we achieve 100 percent literacy
rate, our economy and defence will automatically be strengthened.
The real situation of education in Pakistan is very different in context to the laws in
Constitution of Pakistan. The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five
levels: primary (Grades 1 through 5), middle (Grades 6 through 8), high (Grades 9 and 10,
leading to the secondary school certificate [SSC]), intermediate (Grades 11 and 12, leading
to a higher secondary (school) certificate [HSC]), and university programs (leading to
undergraduate and graduate degrees). The government launched a nationwide initiative in
National Education Policy (NEP) 1998-2010, with the aim of eradicating illiteracy
andproviding a basic
education to all children.
A new NEP 2009 has been launched one year before finishing the last NEP. Through
various educational reforms, by 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100%
enrollment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of 86% among
people aged over 10. Existing Problems and ApproachesThe major causes of neglect and
poor performance of primary education programs were as follows. Inappropriate
Importance
Every year, government provides large sums to finance scholarship programs and grants to
higher learning institutions, while the running of primary education is left to the local
districts, provinces, and federal government authorities.

81
Due to scarcity of funds, public sector primary schools are far less than the
requirement and become non-functioning, and there is a wide spread corruption in the
administration of public sector schools. Higher education has received greater attention,
while primary education has been left unattended.
There is Higher Education Commission (HEC) to plan and execute policies to enlarge
preferably foreign qualified Ph.D. in Pakistan, whereas for education at grass root level, no
serious effort has been made to execute policies to ensure quality primary education. Due to
lack of management and competence to run public primary school network, the quality of
education and course curricula is poor. Students’ dropout rate is very high (in the range of
30%-45%). The non-availability of adequate number of teachers and their unsatisfactory
qualification and training made it difficult for primary school to qualify students to get
admission in good secondary schools or jobs.
Poor Monitoring
There is a serious contradiction between the policies declared on paper by the
government and the actual steps taken to achieve the objectives of the commitments made in
those policies. In the education policy of the government, the importance of giving full
attention to compulsory primary education to all at no charge is strongly emphasized and
targets of achieving literacy and 100% enrollment of students at primary school level are
prescribed, but no appreciable results are achieved. Whereas, all the attention is devoted to
speed up higher education and all those programs are highly subsidized. The higher
education program is largely for the rich and those who can afford, while the primary
education program is largely for the welfare of the common person. This is a case of
misallocation of resources and the poor man is the victim.
Cause and Effect of Poverty

82
Poverty certainly affects children and their ability to gain knowledge. Children in a
poor family are at a disadvantage position, because of their home environment and
unfriendly attitude of the family towards education. Their body resistance to various
diseases is much lower than that of the children of rich families. This is why these children
from poor families are much more likely to suffer from illnesses, such as fatigue, headaches,
flu, and cold. These diseases often restrict a child’s ability to concentrate.
Expensive Private Institutions
The private sector enrollment at primary schools is estimated to be close to 40% of
the total enrollment under primary schools. Due to shortage of public sector primary
schools, and because many existing public sector primary schools are non-functional, on
account of shortage of primary school teachers and/or lack of funds to pay for running the
school expenses, some parents are forced to send their children to private schools. Private
primary schools are expensive but offer better knowledge to children. With the technical
cooperation of
the private sector, the government has introduced public-private partnership programs, but
due to piecemeal attempt, not much has been achieved so far.
Uncoordinated External Help
Looking at the state of affairs in Pakistan, a large number of donors are funding
primary school education through non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Most donor
agencies operate in isolation. Therefore, their efforts in improving the course curricula and
quality of education at primary school level have not contributed much in helping the
children of the poor families a better life.
Facts and Present Conditions
Education provides the bedrock for reducing poverty and enhancing social
development. An educational system of poor quality may be one of the most important
83
reasons why poor countries do not grow. Pakistan needs to educate its masses up to a level
where they can understand their own responsibilities, as well as that of the governing bodies.
They must be able to earn their own living and contribute to promoting the welfare of the
society. This is most urgent and must be accomplished without further delay, and calls for a
sincere and dedicated effort to implement a carefully designed course curricula of
compulsory education for all.All education policies of Pakistan since 1947s laid exclusive
emphasis on achieving high literacy and compulsory primary education for all.
The NEP 2009 prescription included the following:
1. Education for all (EFA) goals and millennium development goals relating to
education enrollment at the primary level will be enhaced to 100% by 2015;
2. The literacy rate will be enhanced to 86% by 2015;
3. The allocation for education would be 7% of the national gross domestic product
(GDP) by 2015;
4. A bachelor degree in education shall be the minimum requirement for teaching at
the elementary level. A Master degree with a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) for
the secondary and higher secondary shall be ensured by 2018;
5. A common curricular framework in general as well as professional education
shall be applied to educational institutions in both the public and private sector.
Governments shall take steps to bring the public and private sectors in harmony
through common standards, quality, and regulatory regimes. The actual
performance to achieve the desired goals so far, reiterated in the NEP of Pakistan
2009, reveals the following performances.
Education Finance
84
Pakistan’s education expenditure as percentage of GDP has varied between 1.7% and
2.5%. Even with these small amounts, the utilization rates have remained at an average of
90%. Education Expenditure as Percentage (%) of GDP
 1984-1985 =1.7%
 2003-2004 =2.2%
 2005-2006 =2.4%
 2006-2007 =2.42%
 2007-2008 =2.49%
 2008-2009 =2.1%
 2009-2010 =2.05%
 2010-2011 =1.8%
 2011-2012 =2.0%
Teachers Qualification
Under the existing system, a primary school teacher in Pakistan requires only 10
years of schooling plus an 11-month teacher-training certificate to be employed in a public
sector school. There are less than 300 teachers education/training institutions in Pakistan, out
of which nearly 80% of these institutions are owned and run by the government.
In addition, a large number of donors have made arrangement to train the teachers
through NGOs. However, in spite of all these efforts, the quality of teachers employed in the
public sector schools is very low. All this seems to result in high levels of grade repetition
and the increase in dropout rates from schools (about 50%). The success to achieve targets
as given in NEP 2009 cannot be made, even in the years to come.
Public and Private Schools

85
Private schools have grown very fast in past two decades, which share about 40% of all
institutions in Pakistan. At primary level, 34% children (of the age of 5-9 years old) of total
net enrollment are enrolled in private schools, among whom 34% are boys and 33% are
girls. Private sector enrollment is increasing because of overall better quality of education,
as compared to public sector. Public schools are lacking far behind the quality of education,
and it is one of the reasons of low survival rate in primary school.
Despite of better quality, private education is expensive and it is beyond the reach of
many people because of unavailability of resources. The old expired curriculum has also
decreased the quality of education, as there is shortage of teachers, and poorly equipped
laboratories are the result of less concentration shown by the government by lesser resources
allocation. Most of the public schools are currently dysfunctional and of very poor quality
across the country. It is underfunded and mismanaged, and has poor standards, have neither
proper monitoring and evaluation systems, nor proper human resource systems.
The teachers working the system have low morale, provision of infrastructure is patchy
and on average poor, provision of software (books, furniture, and so on) is also poor, and
there is a general lack of direction and motivation in the education departments at all levels.
It is no wonder that any comparison with the private schools shows that private schools are
better, and that, given the choice and resources, people choose to send their children to
private schools.
The net enrollment at primary level has remained below 60% until 2011-2012, although
it has improved marginally over time. The target of achieving literacy by 2015 required an
increase of almost 40% in the next four years (2011 to 2015, as data is only available until
year 2011) compared to the 22% achieved in the last 10 years.

86
EDUCATION CHART
87
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Report Issuu”,Retrieved from:
issuu.com/worldvisionaustralia/docs/worldvision_annualreport_2010.
Country report(2010). Retrieved from
http://www.treasury.gov.lk/FPPFM/fpd/pdfdocs/annualReport2010/AnnualReport2010-
eng.pdf
Dr. S.U. Deraniyagala. “History of Sri Lanka.” Retrieved from :Https://Lanka.com,
2016, lanka.com/about/history/.
“Education system of Sri Lanka” (12 AUG 2012),Retrieved from: www.ugc.ac.lk
Lambert, T. “A BRIEF HISTORY OF SRI LANKA.” A Brief History of Paris, France,
(11 AUG 2018) Retrieved from: www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html.
Srilanka General Information .Retrieved from:
http://www.dmc.gov.lk/attchments/Corporate%20Plan/document.pdf 2.
Kimutai, K.“Religious Beliefs in Sri Lanka.”WorldAtlas, (3 JAN.
2017),Retrieved,www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-sri-lanka.html.
Pariona, A.“What Languages Are Spoken In Sri Lanka?” WorldAtlas,(25 OCT 2016),
Retrieved from , www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-sri
lanka.html.
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“Sri Lanka.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, Retrieved April 13,
2012, www.who.int/hac/donorinfo/lka/en/index1.html.
Mmsvision, SriLanka_Travel. “Culture - Sri Lanka.” Culture of Sri Lanka Festivals-
Heritage Religions-History-Hospitality-Photo,
Alichin, Bridget, and Alichin, Raymond.The Rise of Civilization in India and
Pakistan,1982.
http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Pakistan.html#ixzz5O2LUE2sT
Education system of Pakistan 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012, www.ugc.ac.lk
SHAHJAN MUNEER (3 FEB 2017) EDUCATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN , Retrived
from: https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2017/education-system-in-pakistan (Accessed: ).
(January 30, 2008) Characteristics of Pakistani culture, Retrieved from
: http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-affairs/15791-
characteristics-pakistani-culture-important-traditions-customs.html
Khadim,M. health issues in Pakistan, Available
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2nd nov 2017).
(October 5, 2015) Pakistan military ranked 11th strongest in world. Retrieved from:
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Asad Hashim (30 APR 2013) Pakistan: a political timeline.

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COMPARISON: PAKISTAN AND SRILANKA

ASSIGNMENT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN

Institute of Education and Research .

SRI LANKA ……………..……………………………………………………………...……...…1

1. ANCIENT SRI LANKA………………………………………………………….…………...2

2.1. Historical records…………………………………………………………..……….……..3

2.2. The Pre-Historic Period Beyond 1000 BC……………………………….…………..……3

2.2.1. Colonial Period…………………………………………………………….....……4

2.2.2. History of ruling………………………………………………………….….……5

2.3. The prehistoric period…………………………………………………………….….……5

2.3.1. Chronological Table Of The Monarchs Of Sri Lanka………………..…...….….…7

2.4. Period of rule of Vijaya 483 – 445 BC…………………………………………...….…….8

2.5. Upatissa 445 To 444 BC…………………………………………………………………...9

2.6. Panduvasdeva 444 – 414 BC……………………………………………………..………10

2.7. Tissa 394 – 377 BC………………………………..….…………………………………..10

2.7.1. The Portuguese Period………………………..…………………………………...10

2.7.2. The Dutch Period………………………………..………………………………...11

2.7.3. The British Period………………………………..………………………………..11

5.1. Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka………………………….………………………………..15

5.1.3. Islam ………………………………………………...…………………....………17

5.1.4. Roman Catholic Christianity……………………….…..…………………………18

5.1.5. Other Forms Of Christianity……………………….………..…………….………18

5.1.6. Atheism In Sri Lanka……………………………….…………….……….………18

5.2. Religious Beliefs In Sri Lanka ratio……………………….……………….…….………18

6.1. Foreign Languages of Sri Lanka……………..…………….…………………….………19

8.1. Major infectious diseases……………………….………….…….………….…....……….21

9.1. Indigenous medicine ( ayuruvedic )……………………………….……….……….……..21

9.2. Sri Lankan Cuisine………………………………………………….…….……….…...….21

9.3. Visual and Performance Arts…………………….………………….…….……….….…..22

9.6. Sri Lankan Martial Arts………………………….……………………..…………....…….22

10. RIVERS OF SRILANKA…………………..………….………………....…………….……..23

12. NATURAL VEGETATION…………………………………………….…………...…….…25

12.1. Flora and Fauna……………………………………………………………….……..….…25

12.2. Sinha raja Forest Reserves…………………………………………………….…….….…25

14. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS …………………………………………………………..26

14.1. Status: ……………………………………………………………………..……......26

14.2. Legislature: ………………………………………………………………….….......26

14.5. Parliamentary actions….….………………………………………..……………….28

14.6. Head of government ……….………………………………………..……………..29

15.1. 2018 Sri Lankan Military strength……….………………………………...……….30

15.2. Military ranking 2018…………………….…………………………………...……31

17. EDUCATION ………………………………………………………………………………....32

17.1. Educational structure……………………….....…………………………………….33

17.1.1. Primary education…………………….…...………………………………….33

17.1.2. Middle education……………………….…...………………………………..34

17.1.3. Secondary education…………………….…...……………………………….34

17.1.4. Tertiary education……………………….……...…………………………….34

17.1.5. Universities …………………………………………………………………..35

17.1.6. National universities …………………………………………………………36

17.1.7. Vocational and technical schools ……………………………………………37

17.1.8. National colleges of education………….……………………………………37

17.1.9. Vocational training……………………….…………………………………..37

17.1.10. Educational chart of Sri Lanka ………………………………..…….………38

17.2. Grading scales ……………………………………...………………….….………..40

1. ANCIENT HISTORY ………………………………………………..………...…………….46

1.1. Introduction to history …………….………………………………………………………47

1.2. Federal republic ……………………………..…………………………………………….47

4.1. Islam …………………………………………………………………..…………………..52

4.2. Hinduism ……………………………………...…………………………………………..52

4.5. Buddhist …………………………..……….………....……………………………………53

6.1. Malaria ………………………………………..……….…....……………………………..55

6.2. Tuberculosis …………………………………...……………….………………………….55