SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Task 1 Read the following text

Software engineering is a systematic and disciplined approach to developing

software. It applies both computer science and engineering principles and practices to
the creation, operation, and maintenance of software systems.

Once upon a time, software development consisted of a programmer writing code

to solve a problem or automate a procedure. Nowadays, systems are so big and complex
that teams of architects, analysts, programmers, testers and users must work together
to create the millions of lines of custom-written code that drive our enterprises.

To manage this, a number of system development life cycle (SDLC) models have been
created. The oldest of these, and the best known, is the waterfall: a sequence of stages
in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be
characterized and divided up in different ways, including the following:

Project planning, feasibility study: Establishes a high-level view of the intended

project and determines its goals.

Systems analysis, requirements definition: Refines project goals into defined

functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information
needs.

Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen
layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation.

Implementation: The real code is written here.

Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing
environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability.

Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where

the software is put into production and runs actual business.

Maintenance: What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction,
additions, moving to a different computing platform and more. This, the least glamorous
and perhaps most important step of all, goes on seemingly forever.

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 Figure 1. Software Development Life Cycle

The purpose of the software development life cycle is to minimize the cost of the
software over its lifespan. System features must be identified as early as possible in the
life-cycle. Without project management, software projects can easily be delivered late or
over budget. With large numbers of software projects not meeting their expectations in
terms of functionality, cost, or delivery schedule, effective project management is
proving difficult.

Waterfall processes
As already mentioned, the best-known and oldest process is the waterfall model, where
developers (roughly) follow the above listed steps in order. They state requirements,
analyze them, design a solution approach, architect a software framework for that
solution, develop code, test (unit tests then system tests), deploy, and maintain. After
each step is finished, the process proceeds to the next step, just as builders don't revise
the foundation of a house after the framing has been erected. If iteration is not
included in the planning, the process has no provision for correcting errors in early steps
(for example, in the requirements), so the entire (expensive) engineering process may
be executed to the end, resulting in unusable or unneeded software features.
In old style processes, architecture and design preceded coding, usually by separate
people in a separate process step.

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 Figure 2. Waterfall process

Iterative processes
Iterative development prescribes the construction of initially small but ever larger
portions of a software project to help all those involved to uncover important issues early
before problems or faulty assumptions can lead to disaster. Iterative processes are
preferred by commercial developers because it allows a potential of reaching the design
goals of a customer who does not know how to define what he wants.

Agile software development processes are built on the foundation of iterative

development. To that foundation they add a lighter, more people-centric viewpoint than
traditional approaches. Agile processes use feedback, rather than planning, as their
primary control mechanism. The feedback is driven by regular tests and releases of the
evolving software.
Agile processes seem to be more efficient than older methodologies, using less
programmer time to produce more functional, higher quality software, but have the
drawback from a business perspective that they do not provide long-term planning
capability.

Extreme Programming, XP, is the best-known agile process. In XP, the phases are
carried out in extremely small (or "continuous") steps. The first pass through the steps
might take a day or a week, rather than the months or years of each complete step in
the Waterfall model. First, one writes automated tests, to provide concrete goals for
development. Next is coding (by a pair of programmers), which is complete when all
the tests pass, and the programmers can't think of any more tests that are needed.
Design and architecture emerge out of refactoring, and come after coding. Design is done
by the same people who do the coding. The incomplete but functional system is
deployed or demonstrated for the users (at least one of which is on the development
team). At this point, the practitioners start again on writing tests for the next most
important part of the system.

(taken from Software Engineering, A Practitioner's Approach by Roger S. Pressman,

ComputerWorld, issue November 2005 and Wikipedia)

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Task 2 Answer the following questions in a written form:

1. What is software engineering?

2. What are the stages of the software development process?
3. Describe waterfall process.
4. What is specific about agile software development processes?
5. What is extreme programming?

Task 3 Translate the paragraph about „waterfall processes“.

(you can send your translations to iris@fit.ba for checking)

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 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Task 1 Present Simple or Continuous?

Underline the correct verb form in the following sentences.

1. He speaks/is speaking French and German.

2. I don't understand/am not understanding what you are saying.
3. What sports do you like/are you liking?
4. Hurry up! I wait/am waiting.
5. 'What do you do/are you doing?'
'I write/am writing a postcard.'
6. Do Americans drive/Are Americans driving on the left?
7. Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying the film?
'Yes, I do/am.'
8. 'Does she need/Is she needing any help?'
'No, she doesn't/isn't.'

Task 2 Would you like or do you like?

Complete the following questions using would you like or do you like.

1. walking?
2. to go to the cinema?
3. going to the cinema?
4. What to drink?
5. What drinks _?

Task 3 Making positive and negative sentences

Complete the following sentences using have to, has to, don't have to,
should or shouldn't.

1. 'I'm tired.' 'You should go to bed.'

2. 'I haven't done my homework'
'Don't worry. You do it today.'
3. 'What time do we be at the airport?'
'12.30 – I think we call a taxi now.'
4. 'Jane work on Saturdays.'
5. 'That's terrible. She get a new job.'

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Task 4

Opposites: adjectives

What’s the opposite of each word on the left? Choose from the words on the right.

1 strong weak attractive

2 generous boring
3 exciting calm
4 simple careless
5 hard-working complicated
6 careful depressed
7 deep lazy
8 quiet mean
9 happy noisy
10 ugly old-fashioned
11 tidy ordinary
12 unusual sensible
13 modern shallow
14 nervous untidy
15 silly weak

Task 5 Phrasal verbs

Fill in the sentences with the following phrasal verbs: look after, get on, try
on, believe in, turn down, put out, throw away, fill in, switch on, look for,
take off.

1. Quick! the bus. It's ready to leave.

2. I don't know where my book is. I have to it.
3. It's dark inside. Can you the light, please?
4. I need some new clothes. Why don't you the jeans?
5. the form, please.
6. It's warm inside. your coat.
7. This pencil is really old. You can _ it .
8. It's so loud here. Can you the radio, please?
9. The firemen were able to the fire in Church Street.
10. Does your little brother ghosts?

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Task 6 Complete the sentence with the time expressions.

for ago during while

since after between until

1. She graduated three years .

2. My grandfather was born the great depression in the 1930s.
3. I lived in Italy 1985 and 1990.
4. I first met my wife we were at school.
5. He kept taking his driving test he passed.
6. She went to work abroad the divorce.
7. I've been working for the same company 10 years.

Task 7 Write one word to make three compound nouns.

test
pressure
donor

cover
case
shelf

fall
melon
skiing

house
grocer
salad

club
mare
time

bow
coat
drop

shine
rise
set

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 works
sign
map

line
port
mail

light
break
dream

shake
writing
bag

cube
berg
rink

scape
lady
slide

shop
centre
car

note
address
visitors’

brief
suit
book

tea
plastic
shopping

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Task 8 house and home idioms

Choose the correct definition for each idiom.

1. They get like a house on fire.

a. They have a very good relationship.

b. They are always having arguments.

2. Help yourself to tea or coffee – make yourself at home.

a. Make your own drinks.

b. Please behave in my house as if were yours.

3. Lloyd Webber’s new musical brought the house down.

a. The musical was a success.

b. The musical wasn’t a success.

4. The news report really brought home to me the horrors of the famine.

a. The report made me realize fully the horrors of the famine.

b. The report clearly showed the horrors of famine.

5. His sarcastic comments really hit home.

a. He was sarcastic about my house.

b. His comments really hurt my feelings.

6. This shaky old bridge is actually (as) safe as houses.

a. Don’t worry. The bridge is very safe.

b. Be careful. The bridge isn’t safe at all.

Task 9 Complete the conversations with the idioms from Task 8 in the
correct form

1. I was so sorry to hear that your cat had died.

Thank you. When I saw her empty bowl, it really ________________ the fact that I’d
never see her again.

2. How did the meeting with Andy’s parents go?

It was great. We all ________________________ .

3. Hello! Sorry we’re late, our plane was delayed.

Don’t worry. Just sit down and relax, and __________________ ! I’ll put the kettle on.

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4. Did you read these excellent reviews in the local paper about the school play?
Yes, I did. Apparently, it ______________________!

5. I’m not going up there. It looks a bit dangerous!

Oh, come on! It’s _______________________, and the view from the top is fantastic!

6. Why is Terence always so horrible to poor Janine?

I don’t know. But I could see in her face that his criticism really ______________.
Perhaps she’ll finally leave him this time.

Task 10 Complete the conversations with make or do in the correct form.

1. How many party invitations do we need?

Let me see. Fifty. That’ll _____________ fine.

2. Can’t you ______________ more of an effort with your schoolwork, Joe?

Well, I’m _______________ my best, Dad!

3. What have you bought all that furniture for?

I’m going to ________________ it up and sell it! I think I’ll _______ a nice profit on it.
Is this what you are going to __________ for a living now?
What happened to your job as a bank manager?
It was boring. And they asked me to ___________ overtime!
But it was a good job. You could have ____________ well there.
Well, I didn’t like the manager much. I don’t think I __________ a very good
impression on him.
Well I’m not surprised! You never _____________ it to work on time.
Anyway, you should have seen his face when I told him I was leaving. It ___________
my day!
Oh, that __________ it! I can ____________ without all your get-rich-quick schemes!
I’m going to look for another boyfriend.

Task 11 Complete the sentences with these expressions in the correct

form.

make up for sth make off with sth

make the big time make sth of sb
do without sb could do with sth
make sth in time

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1. Wow! Look at your name in light outside theatre! You’ve really ________________!
2. Thank you so much for helping me! I couldn’t _________________.
3. What happened to my ham sandwich?
I’m afraid the dog grabbed it and ____________ with it!
4. Flowers and chocolates? I know you are trying to _______________ forgetting my
birthday.
5. I’m really hungry. I ______________ a big steak and chips right now.
6. Cathy behaves really strangely sometimes. I don’t know what to ______________.
7. I’m late! I’ll never ________________ the station ________________!

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KEY TO GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Task 1

1. He speaks/is speaking French and German.

2. I don't understand/am not understanding what you are saying.
3. What sports do you like/are you liking?
4. Hurry up! I wait/am waiting.
5. 'What do you do/are you doing?'
a. 'I write/am writing a postcard.'
6. Do Americans drive/Are Americans driving on the left?
7. Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying the film?
a. 'Yes, I do/am.'
8. 'Does she need/Is she needing any help?'
a. 'No, she doesn't/isn't.'

Task 2

1. Do you like
2. Would you like
3. Do you like
4. would you like
5. do you like

Task 3

1. don’t have to
2. have to
3. should
4. has to
5. should

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Task 4

2. mean
3. boring
4. complicated
5. lazy
6. careless
7. shallow
8. noisy
9. depressed
10. attractive
11. untidy
12. ordinary
13. old-fashioned
14. calm
15. sensible

Task 5

1. get on
2. look for
3. turn on
4. try on
5. fill in
6. take off
7. throw away
8. turn down
9. put out
10. believe in

Task 6

1. ago
2. during
3. between
4. while
5. until
6. after
7. for

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Task 7

test
blood pressure
donor

cover
book case
shelf

fall
water melon
skiing

house
green grocer
salad

club
night mare
time

bow
rain coat
drop

shine
sun rise
set

works
road sign
map

line
air port
mail

light
day break
dream

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 shake
hand writing
bag

cube
ice berg
rink

scape
land lady
slide

shop
sports centre
car

note
address book
visitors’

brief
suit case
book

tea
plastic bag
shopping

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Task 8

1. They get like a house on fire.

a. They have a very good relationship.

2. Help yourself to tea or coffee – make yourself at home.

a. Please behave in my house as if were yours.

3. Lloyd Webber’s new musical brought the house down.

a. The musical was a success.

4. The news report really brought home to me the horrors of the famine.

a. The report made me realize fully the horrors of the famine.

5. His sarcastic comments really hit home.

a. His comments really hurt my feelings.

6. This shaky old bridge is actually (as) safe as houses.

a. Be careful. The bridge isn’t safe at all.

Task 9

1. I was so sorry to hear that your cat had died.

Thank you. When I saw her empty bowl, it really brought home to me the fact that I’d
never see her again.

2. How did the meeting with Andy’s parents go?

It was great. We all get like house on fire.

3. Hello! Sorry we’re late, our plane was delayed.

Don’t worry. Just sit down and relax, and make yourself at home! I’ll put the kettle on.

4. Did you read these excellent reviews in the local paper about the school play?
Yes, I did. Apparently, it brought the house down.

5. I’m not going up there. It looks a bit dangerous!

Oh, come on! It’s as safe as houses and the view from the top is fantastic!

6. Why is Terence always so horrible to poor Janine?

I don’t know. But I could see in her face that his criticism really hit home.
Perhaps she’ll finally leave him this time.

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Task 10

1. How many party invitations do we need?

Let me see. Fifty. That’ll do fine.

2. Can’t you make more of an effort with your schoolwork, Joe?

Well, I’m doing my best, Dad!

3. What have you bought all that furniture for?

I’m going to do it up and sell it! I think I’ll make a nice profit on it.
Is this what you are going to do for a living now?
What happened to your job as a bank manager?
It was boring. And they asked me to do overtime!
But it was a good job. You could have done well there.
Well, I didn’t like the manager much. I don’t think I made a very good impression on
him.
Well I’m not surprised! You never make it to work on time.
Anyway, you should have seen his face when I told him I was leaving. It made my day!
Oh, that does it! I can do without all your get-rich-quick schemes! I’m going to look for
another boyfriend.

Task 11

1. Wow! Look at your name in light outside theatre! You’ve really made the big time!
2. Thank you so much for helping me! I couldn’t do it without you.
3. What happened to my ham sandwich?
I’m afraid the dog grabbed it and made off with it!
4. Flowers and chocolates? I know you are trying to make up for forgetting my birthday.
5. I’m really hungry. I could do with a big steak and chips right now.
6. Cathy behaves really strangely sometimes. I don’t know what to make of her.
7. I’m late! I’ll never make the station in time.

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