Three Phase Systems:

Three-phase systems may be balanced or unbalanced. If a system is

balanced, it can be
analyzed by considering just one of its phases. (This is because, once
you know the solution for
one phase, you can write down the solutions to the other two phases
with no further computation
other than the addition or subtraction of an angle.) This is significant
because it makes the
analysis of balanced systems only slightly more complex than the
analysis of single-phase systems.
Since most systems operate close to balance, many practical
problems can be dealt with
by assuming balance. This is the approach used in practice.

The Drawings are very important to ponder over as:

Three-phase power systems possess economic and operating
advantages over single-phase
power systems. For example, for the same power output, three-phase
generators cost less than
single-phase generators, produce uniform power rather than pulsating
power, and operate with
less vibration and noise.

If two more windings are added as in Figure 24–2, two additional voltages
are generated. Since these windings are identical with AA_ (except for their
position on the rotor), they produce identical voltages. However, since coil BB_
is placed 120_ behind coil AA_, voltage eBB_ lags eAA_ by 120_; similarly, coil
CC_, which is placed ahead of coil AA_ by 120_, produces voltage eCC_ that
leads by 120_. Waveforms are shown in (b) and phasors in (c). As indicated, the
generated voltages are equal in magnitude and phase displaced by 120_. Thus,
if EAA_ is at 0_, then EBB_ will be at _120_ and ECC_ will be at _120_
If two more windings are added as in Figure 24–2, two additional voltages
are generated. Since these windings are identical with AA_ (except for their
position on the rotor), they produce identical voltages. However, since coil BB_
is placed 120_ behind coil AA_, voltage eBB_ lags eAA_ by 120_; similarly, coil
CC_, which is placed ahead of coil AA_ by 120_, produces voltage eCC_ that
leads by 120_. Waveforms are shown in (b) and phasors in (c). As indicated, the
generated voltages are equal in magnitude and phase displaced by 120_. Thus,
if EAA_ is at 0_, then EBB_ will be at _120_ and ECC_ will be at _120_.
Assuming
an rms value of 120 V and a reference position of 0_ for phasor EAA_ for example,
yields EAA_ _ 120 V 0_, EBB_ _ 120 V _120_, and ECC_ _ 120 V 120_.
Such a set of voltages is said to be balanced. Because of this fixed relationship
between balanced voltages, you can, if you know one voltage, easily determine

Four-Wire and Three-Wire Systems

Each load in Figure 24–3(a) has its own return wire. What if you replace them
with a single wire as in (c)? By Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), the current in
this wire (which we call the neutral) is the phasor sum of IA, IB, and IC. For
the balanced 12-ohm load,
IN _ IA _ IB _ IC _ 10 A 0_ _ 10 A _120_ _ 10 A 120_
_ (10 A _ j0) _ (_5 A _ j8.66 A) _ (_5 A _ j8.66 A) _ 0 amps
Thus, the return wire carries no current at all! (This result is always true
regardless of load impedance, provided the load is balanced, i.e., all phase
impedances are the same.) In practice, power systems are normally operated
close to balance. Thus, the return current, while not necessarily zero,