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ECE467: Final Exam Formula Sheet

This is provided as a guideline only. The Exam Formula Sheet will be a subset of this, as
appropriate. All usual notations are used.

Economic Load Dispatch:

dC1 (P1 ) dC 2 (P2 ) dC N (PN )
= = .... = =λ
1. Kuhn-Tucker’s condition of optimum dP1 dP2 dPN
P1 + P2 + ....PN = PD

dCi
=λ PiMin < Pi < PiMax
dPi
dCi
<λ Pi = PiMax
dPi
dCi
>λ Pi = PiMin
dPi

Incremental Loss and Penalty Factor:

∂PLoss
Incremental Loss = ;
∂Pi
1
Penalty Factor =
∂PLoss
1-
∂Pi

Power Flow Equations:

* N
Si = V i ⋅ I i ; I i = ∑ Y ij ⋅ V j
j =1
1. The basic complex power flow relations:
* N
S i = V i ⋅ ∑ Y ij ⋅ V j
j =1
2. Load Flow equations in polar form:
N
(
PiINJ = PGi − PDi = ∑ Vi ⋅ V j ⋅ Yij cos θ ij + δ j − δ i )
j =1
N
(
QiINJ = QGi − QDi = − ∑ Vi ⋅ V j ⋅ Yij cos θ ij + δ j − δ i )
j =1

3. Load Flow equations in Mixed Form:

N
(
PiINJ = PGi − PDi = ∑ Vi ⋅ V j ⋅ Gij cos δ ij + Bij sin δ ij )
j =1
N
(
QiINJ = QGi − QDi = ∑ Vi ⋅ V j ⋅ Gij sin δ ij − Bij cos δ ij )
j =1
ECE 493 (3), Power System Operation & Markets, Final Exam, 13th April 2007, ID_______________
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4. Decoupled Power Flow:

[∆ P] = [∂P ∂δ ]⋅ [∆δ ] = [J ] ⋅ [∆δ ]; [∆Q] = ∂Q ∂ V  ⋅ [∆ V ]= [J ] ⋅ [∆ V ]

11 22
 

After further assumptions,

 
[ ] [ ]
∆ P "  = [V ]−1 ⋅ ∆ P = −[B ] ⋅ ∆δ ; [ ] [ ]
∆Q "  = [V ]−1 ⋅ ∆ P = −[B ] ⋅ ∆ V
 

Energy Brokerage:
1
(
ρT = C B, j + C S , i
2
)
( )
Savings = C B, j − C S , i ⋅ Ti , j

ρ is the transaction price, Ti,j is the amount of power transacted, in MWh between a
selling utility i and a buying utility j.

Power System Reliability:

To determine the Cumulative Probability of X-MW or more on outage, using the convolution
algorithm:
CPROB New ( X ) = CPROB Old ( X ) × (1 − FOR ) + CPROB Old ( X − C ) × FOR

FOR: Forced Outage Rate of the “New” unit convolved to the system
C: Capacity, in MW, of the “new” unit convolved

Power System Control:

Composite Frequency Response Characteristic of the system:
1
β= +D
R
And the steady-state frequency deviation can be determined as follows:
− ∆PL
∆f ss =
β