period was marked by the composition of the Vedas, large collections of hymns of some of the Aryan

tribes, whose involves the transition from climate change. propagated their Śramaṇic philosophies
during the fifth and sixth centuries BCEperiod was marked by the composition of the Vedas, large
collections of hymns of some of the Aryan tribes, whose involves the transition from climate change.
propagated their Śramaṇic philosophies during the fifth and sixth centuries BCEAsia around 7,000 BCE;
during this period, domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and
cattle occurred.[2] By 4,500 BCE, settled In the beginning of the second millennium BCE climate change,
with persistent drought, led to the abandonment of the urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Its
population resettled in smaller villages, and, in the north-west, mixed with Indo-Aryan tribes, who
moved into the area in several waves of Aryan migration, also driven by the effects of this The
postulated religious culture, through synthesis with the preexisting religious cultures of the
subcontinent, gave rise to Hinduism. The era saw the eventual emergence of Janapadas (monarchical,
state-level polities), and social stratification based on caste, which created a hierarchy of priests
(Brahmins), warriors (Kshatriyas), merchants (Vaishyas) and laborers (Shudras). The Later Vedic
Civilisation extended over the Indo-Gangetic plain and much of the Indian subcontinent, as well as
witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas (large, urbanised states). In one of
these kingdoms, Magadha, Gautama Buddha and Mahavira humans are thought to have arrived on the
Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.[1] Settled life, which foraging to farming and
pastoralism, began in South Vedic. Anatomically modern humans are thought to have arrived on the
Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.[1] Settled life, which involves the transition
from foraging to farming and pastoralism, began in South Asia around 7,000 BCE; during this period,
domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and cattle occurred.[2] By
4,500 BCE, settled life had become more widely prevalent,[2] and eventually evolved into the Indus
Valley Civilization. Considered a cradle of civilisation,[3] the Indus Valley civilisation, which spread and
flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1300 BCE, was the first
major civilisation in South Asia.[4] A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture
developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.[5] Indus Valley Civilisation was
noted for developing new techniques in handicraft, carnelian products, seal carving, metallurgy, urban
planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems and clusters of large
non-residential buildings.[6] This civilisation collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was
later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilisation.