MD-2021 | Manila Central University S.Y.

2018-2019

MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIOPHAGE
- Viruses that infect bacteria
- Obligate intracellular or should go inside the
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
bacteria to reproduce
From Doctor Gironella’s Lecture 08/09/18
- VIRULENT bacteriophage > destruction of the
bacteria or lysis
Microbes
VIROLOGY – study of viruses
VIROPHAGE
BACTERIOLOGY – study of bacteria
- Virus that infects another virus
MYCOLOGY – fungi (molds and yeast)
- Double stranded DNA
PARASITOLOGY
Protozoa (single-cell)
BACTERIA
Nematodes (roundworms)
- Single-celled organisms that reproduce by
Cestodes (tapeworms)
binary fission
Trematodes (flukes)
- Most are free-living and obtain genetic
information and energy producing and
Immunology - focuses on the human immune system
biosynthetic systems necessary for growth and
and its responses to pathogenic infections
reproduction
- EXCEPT:
TYPES of CELLS
o Chlamydia and Rickettssiae
1. Prokarytoes – similar to true cell; primitive
▪ Do not contain 80s ribosome or
(e.g. bacteria)
membrane-bound organelles
2. Eukaryotes – true cell (e.g. fungi and parasite)
▪ Contain 70s ribosomes and
naked, single circular
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE
chromosome (nucleoid)
Membrane bound Present none composed of DNA
organelles ▪ Some may produce flagellum,
Nucleus w ith membrane Present DNA in cytoplasm
pilus or fimbriae, spore, capsule
Cytoskeleton Prominent Absent
Flagella Complex Single filament
Multicellular communication Common Absent or rare Pilus/Fimbriae(pilins)
Char. Composition Eukaryotes Prokaryotes o Adhesins or sex pilus; for attraction to
Lipid
Phosphatidylcholine Alw ays Unusual host cells (ex. Neisseria, Haemophilus)
Complex lipids Common Very unusual o Capsule (polysaccharide) – has a anti-
Sterols alw ays Mycoplasma only phagocytic property (ex. Neisseria,
Ribosomes 80 s = 70s=30s+50s
40s+60s Haemophilus)
Cell w all Absent Peptidoglycan o Spore (calcium dipicolinate) – highly
except for resistant to heat; for survival (ex.
mycoplasma
Triglycerides Common lipid Rare or never
Clostridium, Bacillus)

VIROIDS BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO:

- Infections agents consisting of small RNA SHAPE:
strands not associated with any protein o Round or oval (coccus)
- Replicated by host enzymes o Bar or rod-shaped (bacillus)
- Produce plant diseases o Spiral (spirochetes)
GRAM-STAIN RXN:
PRIONS o Gram-positive: violet
- Infectious protein without nucleic acid genome o Gram-negative: pink
- Slow infectious agents; MW of 33000 to 35000 ACID FAST STAIN RXN of BACILLI
- Produce degenerative CNS diseases o Acid fast bacilli
- Does not elicit immune response o Non-acid fast bacilli

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 MD-2021 | Manila Central University S.Y. 2018-2019

PRESENCE OF SPORE Strain – progeny and subcultures of a single colony

o Spore former isolate in pure culture
o Non-former e.g. Staph aureus, E. coli

Species biotype (biovariance or serotype) – a strain

Comparison of Medically Important Organisms that is chosen arbitrarily to best represent that species
CHAR. VIRUSE BACTERIA FUNGI PARASITE e.g. Salmonella enteric subspecies enterica serotype
S S
cells no yes yes yes
typhimurium
Diameter 0.02-0.2 1-5 3-10 15-25
(um)
Nucleic Either Both Both Both
THE TYPICAL BACTERIAL CELL
Acid DNA or
RNA Classification of Bacteria:
Nucleus nonr Prokaryotic Eukaryoti Eukaryotic SHAPE
c ➢ Cocci – Strep, Staph, Micrococcus, Sarcina,
Ribosomes absent 70s 80s 80s
Mitochondir absent absent Present present Gaffkya
a ➢ Bacilli – Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Klebsiells
surface Protein Rigid w all Rigid w all Flexible ➢ Spiral – Vibrio, Spirilla and Spirochetes
capsid containing containin membrane
and peptidoglyca g chitin
lipoprotei n
n GRAM-STAIN
envelope
Motility none some none Most
Replication - Binary Binary Binary
fission fisiion or fission
budding

Species – collections of strains that share many

features in common and differ considerably from other
strains through:
➢ Structural traits, resting stage, gram stain rxn,
and macroscopic growth
➢ Biochemical and nutritional traits, end products
➢ Physiologic traits
➢ Ecologic traits
➢ DNA base composition, homology and genetic
traits - Gram-staining procedure
o V – crystal Violet (for gram-pos)
o I – Iodine
o A – acetone alcohol
o S – safranin (gram-neg)

RULE OF THUMB for GS

➢ All COCCI are gram (+), except:
o Neisseira, Veilonella, Branhamella
➢ All BACILLI are gram (-), except:
o Mycobacteriu,, Bacillus,
Corynebacterium, Clostridium,
Erysopelothrix, Actinomycetes,
Lactobacillus, Listeria, and Nocardia

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 MD-2021 | Manila Central University S.Y. 2018-2019

Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method (AFB) OPPORTUNISTIC ORGANISMS

➢ C – Carbol Fuchsin - An organism has the capability of producing a
➢ A – Acid alcohol disease if the resistance or immune system of
➢ M – methylene blue the host decreases or become deficient
Skin
Spore – highly resistant spherical structures produced • Staphylococcus epidermidis
by bacteria when the environment becomes unfavorable • Enterococci
• Propionibacterium
Flagella – proteins which are extensions from cell • Yeast (Candida)
membrane for motility Nose/Nasopharynx
• Staphylococcus aureus
a. monotrichous – one flagella
b. lophotrichous – tuft of flagella • Staphylococcus epidermidis
c. ampitrichous – 2 flagella on opposite ends • Streptococcus
d. peritrichous – flagella in many directions • Anaerobes
• Candida
Mouth
• Staphylococcus
• Streptococcus
NORMAL FLORA, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS and
• Haemophilus
PATHOGENESIS of INFECTIONS
• Anaerobes
➢ Organisms in nasopharynx and mouth should be
Normal Microbial Flora
considered as pathogens in cases of aspiration
- Population of microorganisms that resides in the pneumonia
different parts of the body of a healthy person ➢ Streptococcus mutans – associated with dental
(no dse) caries
- 2 groups of organisms: Genito-urinary tract
o Resident flora • Staphylococcus
▪ Relatively fixed type of • Streptococcus Group B (vagina)
organisms regularly found in a • Lactobacillus
given area at a given age • Enterobacteria
▪ Always present - GIT normal flora depends on the food taken
o Transient Flora o Breastfed infants: Lactobacillus bifidus
▪ Non-pathogenic or potentially o Artificial milk: lactobacillus acidophilus
pathogenic
▪ Derived from the environment Number of bacteria tends to increase after the stomach
▪ Not permanently found at the due to decreasing acidity
surface 1000 → 100,000 →100,000,000 (ileum)
→100,000,000,000 (rectum)
ROLE OF THE RESIDENT FLORA
- Synthesis of vitamin K As pH becomes more alkaline, the probability for
probiotics microorganisms to grow increases
- Aids in the absorption of nutrients
- Organisms in skin and mucous membranes – Sterile parts of the body – no bacteria, parasite or
“bacterial interference” – competition for fungi
receptors or binding sites 1. Blood
- Barrier against bad bacteria 2. CSF
- Though may become 3. Uterus
pathogenic(OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION) 4. Fallopian tube

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 MD-2021 | Manila Central University S.Y. 2018-2019

INFECTION, DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY detection or removal by the immune system or

CONTAMINATION cause disease
- Presence of microbes in or on the body that - -determinants of PATHOGENICITY
makes it impure

PORTAL OF ENTRY
- Sites where pathogen entered the body
- Skin, GIT, GUT, respiratory tract, placenta
- Respiratory tract – most common portal of entry

PORTAL OF EXIT
- Secretions (saliva, sputum, tears)
- Blood (wound, bites, needles)
- Vaginal secretions, semen, milk
- Feces, urine
ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE
- Specific structure present in the microbe that
ADHESION
- Microbes attach to host cells by means of stimulates production of antibodies to the host
- Ex: capsule of H. influenza
structures or attachment proteins
- Pili, fimbrae, hooks, or ligands
BIOFILMS
➢ adhesins
- Aggregate of interactive bacteria attach to a
solid surface or to each other and encased in a
INVASION
- Process where microorganism enters the host matrix, difficult to treat
- Groups of organisms
cells and spreads in the body

INFECTION
- Injury produced by microbes is significant
enough to interfere with the normal functioning
of the body
- Also known as MORBIDITY

ETIOLOGIC AGENT
- Microbe which causes the infection
- Also known as PATHOGEN (disease-producing
organism)

PATHOGENICITY
- Ability of microbe to produce a disease
- NONPATHOGENI C – organisms cannot
produce a disease

VIRULENCE
- Ability of a pathogen to infect a host and cause
infection
- Also known as DEGREE OF PATHOGENICITY

TOXIGENICITY
- Ability to produce toxins → disease

VIRULENCE FACTORS
- Variety of traits which enable microbes to enter,
adhere, gain access to nutrients, or escape

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MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASE MODES OF TRANSMISSION

SYMPTOMS 1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
• Subjective characteristics of a disease can be Direct
felt by the patient alone • Involves body contact between hosts
• Ex: dizziness, headache Indirect
SIGNS • Spread from one host to another by fomites
• Objective manifestations of disease that can be Droplet
observed or measured by others • Mucus droplets (more than 5 microns in
• Ex: redness, rashes, mass diameter) that exit the body during exhaling,
coughing and sneezing
SYNDROME
- Group of signs and symptoms that collectively 2. VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
characterizes a particular disease • Via air, water, food, or bodily fluids being
- Ex: AIDS, HUS handled outside the body
Airborne
ASYMPTOMATIC OR SUBCLINICAL INFECTION ➢ Aerosols; particle less than 5 microns in
- Infections go unnoticed because they have no diameter
symptoms Waterborne
- Can be a source of pathogen Food-borne
Bodily fluids
STAGES OF INFECTION ➢ Blood, urine, saliva
1. INCUBATION PERIOD
• Time between infection and occurrence of first 3. VECTOR TRANSMISSION
symptom/sign • Vectors (usually arthropods) transmit the
2. PRODROMAL PERIOD disease
• Short time of generalized, mild symptoms that a. Biological vectors
precedes illness (cough, colds, fever) ➢ Transmit the disease and also serves as host for
3. ILLNESS multiplication of the pathogen
• Most severe stage of infection b. Mechanical vectors
• Signs and symptoms are most evident ➢ Only passively carry the pathogen to new host
• Immune system has not yet fully responded on their feet or other body parts
• Peak of microbial growth
4. DECLINE
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AS TO DURATION
• Body gradually returns to normal as the immune
OF ILLNESS
response and/or medical treatment kills or
ACUTE
destroy the pathogen
• Less than 14 days
5. CONVALESCENCE
CHRONIC
• Patient recovers from the illness
• More than 14 days
• Tissues/systems are repaired and returned to SUBACUTE
normal
• Within 7 – 10 days
• Or DEATH
EPIDEMIOLOGY OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES
SOURCES OF INFECTION
- Frequency of disease
ANIMAL RESERVOIR
• Domesticated or wild INCIDENCE
ZOONOSES or ZOONOTIC DISEASE ➢ Number of cases / number of people at risk
• Diseases acquired from animals to man PREVALENCE
HUMAN CARRIERS ➢ Number of old and new cases / number of
• Person harbors the pathogen but no signs and people at risk
symptoms Incidence is part of prevalence
NON-LIVING RESERVOIR
• Water, soil, food, things (fomites)

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 MD-2021 | Manila Central University S.Y. 2018-2019

FREQUENCY OF DISEASES
1. ENDEMIC
➢ Disease that normally occurs continually at a
relatively stable frequency in a population at an
area
2. EPIDEMIC
➢ Disease occurs at a greater frequency that usual
for an area or population
3. SPORADIC
➢ Only a few scattered cases occur within an area
or population
4. PANDEMIC
➢ An epidemic occurs simultaneous on more than
one continent or worldwide

HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
Hospital-acquired infections

a. EXOGENOUS
- Source is outside the host
b. ENDOGENOUS
- Source is within the host
c. IATROGENIC
- Doctor-induced
- Paramedical personnel or instrumentation

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