“Lineman Safety Using Various Methods”

A Report Submitted To
THDC INSTITUTE OF HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

Anmol Raturi
(660970105004)
Aman Nodiyal
(660970105002)

Aman Bhandari
(660970105001)

Himanshu Mamgain
(660970105007)

Under the Guidence of

Mr. Vikrant Kumar Mrs. Himani Kala

(Head Of Department) (Project Incharge)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AFFILATED TO UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEHRADUN SESSION :-2018-19
 Certificate
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “LINEMAN SAFETY
USING VARIOUS METHOD” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology and submitted in Department of Electrical Engineering of THDC Institute
of Hydropower Engineering & Technology, Tehri, is an authentic record of my own work carried
out .Under the supervision of Mr. Nitin Kumar Gupta , Assistant professor, Department of
Electrical Engineering, THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering & Technology, Tehri.
The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me anywhere for the award of
any other degree of this or any other institute.
Name of Candidates Candidate Signature
Anmol Raturi (660970105004)

Aman Nodiyal (660970105002)

Aman Bhandari (660970105001)

Himanshu Mamgain (660970105007)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our
knowledge.

Date:
.

Mr. Vikrant Kumar

(H.O.D.) (External Examiner)

Mr. Nitin Kumar Gupta Mrs. Himani Kala

( Project Guide) ( Project Incharge )
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during
B. Tech, Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr. Vikrant kumar , HOD of the
electrical department and Mr. Nitin Kumar Gupta, (Assistant Professor) of EE, THDC Institute
of Hydropower Engineering & Technology , Tehri for his constant support and guidance
throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a
constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavours have seen
light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor support
and assistance during the development of the project.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all. We also
do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the
department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last
but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

1.Anmol Raturi (660970105004)

2.Aman nodiyal (660970105002)
3. Aman Bhandari (660970105001)
4.Himanshu Mamgain (660970105007)
 ABSTRACT
The project “Lineman safety using various methods” is designed for protection of lineman. The main
objective of this project is to save line man by making such a protective system controlled through various
methods i.e. fingerprint scanner , RFID and password . In this proposed system if there is any fault in line,
the line man can use these methods. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch,
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Due to which main
line is switched off after that he works on line solving the problem and after that again these methods are
used and switch on the electrical line.

Nowadays, electrical accidents to the line man are increasing, while repairing electrical lines due to lack of
communication between maintenance staff and electrical line man. This project gives a solution to this
problem to ensure electric line man safety. It is very simple to maintain, so it is very useful for the line man.

The parts which are required for our model is easily available in the market . The main component of our
project is the Fingerprint scanner, RFID Module, DailPad which is required to provide inputs.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER.1
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….
CHAPTER.2
COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT
2.01 POWER ADAPTER
2.02 PUSH BUTTON
2.03 RESISTORS
2.04 DIODES
2.05 RELAY
2.06 ARDUINO
2.07 LCD
2.08 RFID
2.09 DIALPAD
2.10 FINGERPRINT SCANNER
2.11 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
2.12 IR SENSOR

CHAPTER.3
WORKING OF THE PROJECT………………………………….
CHAPTER.4
ADVANTAGES…………………………………………………..
CHAPTER.5
LIMITATIONS……………………………………………………
CHAPTER.6
APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………..
CHAPTER.7
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….
CHAPTER.8
REFERENCES………………………………………………

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 CHAPTER 1

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. The main objective

of this project is to save line man by making such a protective system controlled through

fingerprint scanner , password and RFID. In this proposed system if there is any fault in line , the

line man senses his finger due to which main line is switched off after that he works on line

solving the problem and after that again senses his finger and switch on the electrical line. For this

operation he can also use a password method, in which line man dials a password on Dial pad for

switching off/on the main line. Sometimes lineman can forget the password , so instead of

password method hr can use RFID method. Nowadays, electrical accidents to the line man are

increasing, while repairing electrical lines due to lack of communication between maintenance

staff and electrical line man. This project gives a solution to this problem to ensure electric line

man safety. It is very simple to maintain so it is very useful for the line man. The parts which are

required for our model is easily available in the market. The main concept of our project is to save

the life of line man. The main components of our project is the ‘Fingerprint scanner’ which is

required to sense the finger, ‘RFID module’ which is required to sense RFID CARD and ‘Dial

pad’ which is required to feed the password.

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 CHAPTER 2

COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

2.1 POWER ADAPTOR

In our project we are using power adaptor for providing the external supply to the circuitry. An AC

adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case

similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic

mains adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick, and power adapter. Adapters for battery-

powered equipment may be described as chargers or recharger. AC adapters are used with electrical

devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and

power from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to the design

that would be used for a built-in or internal supply. External power supplies are used both with equipment

with no other source of power and with battery-powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in,

can sometimes charge the battery in addition to powering the equipment.

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 2.2 PUSH BUTTON

A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of

a machine ora process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,usally plastic or metal.

The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily

depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, although many un-biased buttons

still require a spring to return to their un-pushedstate.Termsfor the "pushing “of buttons

include pressing, depressing, mashing, slapping, hitting, and punching. The "push-button" has

been utilized in calculators, push-button telephones, kitchen appliances, and various other

mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.

To avoid an operator from pushing the wrong button in error, pushbuttons are often color-

coded to associate them with their function. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the

machine or process and green for starting the machine or process

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2.3 RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit

element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide

voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors

that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power

distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change

slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements

(such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or

chemical activity. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various

compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are

manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls

within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

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2.4 DIODES

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction

(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally

infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with

two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from

cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece

of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5] Semiconductor

diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the

diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). As such, the

diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is

called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). Forms

of rectifiers.

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2.5 RELAY

A relay is classified into many types, a standard and generally used relay is made up of electromagnets

which in general used as a switch. Dictionary says that relay means the act of passing something from one

thing to another,the same meaning can be applied to this device because the signal received from one side

of the device controls the switching operation on the other side. So relay is a switch which controls (open

and close) circuits electromechanically. The main operation of this device is to make or break contact

with the help of a signal without any human involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly

used to control a high powered circuit using a low power signal. Generally a DC signal is used to control

circuit which is driven by high voltage like controlling AC home appliances with DC signals from

microcontrollers. An electromechanical relay is basically designed using few mechanical parts like

Electromagnet, a movable armature, contacts, yoke, and a spring/frame/stand, these parts are showing in

the internal pictures of Relay below. All these are arranged logically to form into a relay.

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2.6 ARDUINO ( ATMEGA 328 )

Arduinos contain a number of different parts and interfaces together on a single circuit board. The design

has changed through the years, and some variations include other parts as well. But on a basic board,

you’re likely to find the following pieces A number of pins, which are used to connect with various

components you might want to use with the Arduino. These pins come in two varieties .Digital pins,

which can read and write a single state, on or off. Most Arduinos have 14 digital I/O pins. .Analog pins,

which can read a range of values, and are useful for more fine-grained control. Most Arduinos have six of

these analog pins. These pins are arranged in a specific pattern, so that if you buy an add-on board

designed to fit into them, typically called a “shield,” it should fit into most Arduino-compatible devices

easily. A power connector, which provides power to both the device itself, and provides a low voltage

which can power connected components like LEDs and various sensors, provided their power needs are

reasonably low. The power connector can connect to either an AC adapter or a small battery.

A microcontroller, the primary chip, which allows you to program the Arduino in order for it to be able to

execute commands and make decisions based on various input. The exact chip varies depending on what

type of Arduino you buy, but they are generally Atmel controllers, usually a ATmega8, ATmega168,

ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560. The differences between these chips are subtle, but the

biggest difference a beginner will notice is the different amounts of onboard memory. A serial connector,

which on most newer boards is implemented through a standard USB port. This connector allows you to

communicate to the board from your computer, as well as load new programs onto the device. Often times
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Arduinos can also be powered through the USB port, removing the need for a separate power connection.

A variety of other small components, like an oscillator and/or a voltage regulator, which provide

important capabilities to the board, although you typically don’t interact with these directly; just know

that they are there.

APPLICATIONS

 Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino

 Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome

 Ardupilot, drone software and hardware

 ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.

 C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.

 Data loggers for scientific research.

 OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars

 OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger

 XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

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2.7 LCD

16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations available

like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. But the most used one is the 16*2 LCD, hence we are using it here.

All the above mentioned LCD display will have 16 Pins and the programming approach is also the same

and hence the choice is left to you. Below is the Pinout and Pin Description of 16x2 LCD Module:

The LCD can work in two different modes, namely the 4-bit mode and the 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode we

send the data nibble by nibble, first upper nibble and then lower nibble. For those of you who don’t know

what a nibble is: a nibble is a group of four bits, so the lower four bits (D0-D3) of a byte form the lower

nibble while the upper four bits (D4-D7) of a byte form the higher nibble. This enables us to send 8 bit

data. Whereas in 8 bit mode we can send the 8-bit data directly in one stroke since we use all the 8 data

lines.Now you must have guessed it, Yes 8-bit mode is faster and flawless than 4-bit mode. But the major

drawback is that it needs 8 data lines connected to the microcontroller. This will make us run out of I/O

pins on our MCU, so 4-bit mode is widely used. No control pins are used to set these modes. It's just the

way of programming that change.

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Sr.
Pin No. Pin Name Pin Type Pin Description Pin Connection
No
Connected to the
This is a ground pin of
1 Pin 1 Ground Source Pin ground of the MCU/
LCD
Power source
Connected to the
This is the supply voltage
2 Pin 2 VCC Source Pin supply pin of Power
pin of LCD
source
Connected to a variable
Adjusts the contrast of the
3 Pin 3 V0/VEE Control Pin POT that can source 0-
LCD.
5V
Connected to a MCU
pin and gets either 0 or
Toggles between 1.
4 Pin 4 Register Select Control Pin
Command/Data Register
0 -> Command Mode
1-> Data Mode
Connected to a MCU
pin and gets either 0 or
Toggles the LCD between 1.
5 Pin 5 Read/Write Control Pin
Read/Write Operation
0 -> Write Operation
1-> Read Operation
Must be held high to
Connected to MCU and
6 Pin 6 Enable Control Pin perform Read/Write
always held high.
Operation
In 4-Wire Mode
Only 4 pins (0-3) is
Pins used to send connected to MCU
Data/Command
7 Pin 7-14 Data Bits (0-7) Command or data to the
Pin In 8-Wire Mode
LCD.
All 8 pins(0-7) are
connected to MCU
Normal LED like
8 Pin 15 LED Positive LED Pin operation to illuminate the Connected to +5V
LCD
Normal LED like
operation to illuminate the
9 Pin 16 LED Negative LED Pin Connected to ground
LCD connected with
GND.

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2.8 RFID

Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology that uses radio waves to

identify the presence of RFID tags .Just like Bar code reader, RFID technology is used for identification

of people, object etc. presence. In barcode technology, we need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it

in front of reader, whereas in RFID technology we just need to bring RFID tags in range of readers. Also,

barcodes can get damaged or unreadable, which is not in the case for most of the RFID. RFID is used in

many applications like attendance system in which every person will have their separate RFID tag which

will help identify person and their attendance. RFID is used in many companies to provide access to their

authorized employees. It is also helpful to keep track of goods and in automated toll collection system on

highway by embedding Tag (having unique ID) on them.

RFID Tag: RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna mounted on substrate which carries 12

Byte unique Identification number.

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 RFID Reader: It is used to read unique ID from RFID tags. Whenever RFID tags comes in range, RFID

reader reads its unique ID and transmits it serially to the microcontroller or PC. RFID reader has transceiver

and an antenna mounted on it. It is mostly fixed in stationary position.

EM18 RFID Reader Module Basically, RFID systems categorised as active and passive based on how

they are powered and their range.

1. Active RFID system

Active RFID tags have their own transmitter and power source (Mostly battery operated). They operate at

455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, or 5.8 GHz, and they typically have a read range of 60 feet to 300 feet (20 meters to

100 meters).

2. Passive RFID system

Passive RFID tags do not have a transmitter, they simply reflect energy (radio waves) back coming from

the RFID reader antenna. They operate in Low frequency (~125 KHz) as well as High frequency (~13 MHz)

band and have limited read range of up to ~1m.

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2.08 DIALPAD

The 4*4 matrix keypad usually is used as input in a project. It has 16 keys in total, which means the same

input values. The SunFouner 4*4 Matrix Keypad Module is a matrix non- encoded keypad consisting of

16 keys in parallel. The keys of each row and column are connected through the pins outside – pin Y1-Y4

as labeled beside control the rows, when X1-X4, the columns.

4X4 KEYPAD MODULE is used for many kind of applications. Few are:

Case1: When easy to use INPUT device is needed. For control systems or embedded systems there will be

a time where human interaction is needed. Like a coffee machine needs choice selection. In those cases

using 4X4 KEYPAD MODULE is best solution.

Case2: Input module can only have few pins. If certain applications are developed of processors with few

pins then that system cannot afford to provide more pins to INPUT DEVICE. At that time using KEYPAD

MODULE is ideal, as it can give 16 key inputs for using 8 terminals.

Case3: For professional look. Using KEYPAD MODULE can give more professional view to the system

than other key INPUT DEVICES.

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2.09 FINGERPRINT SCANNER

Finger Print Sensor (R305) -TTL UART is a finger print sensor module with TTL UART interface. The

user can store the finger print data in the module and can configure it in 1:1 or 1: N mode for identifying

the person. The finger print module can directly interface with 3v3 or 5v Microcontroller. A level

converter (like MAX232) is required for interfacing with PC.

Features of Finger Print Sensor (R305) -TTL UART:

 Power DC : 3.6V-6.0V

 Interface : UART (TTL logical level)/ USB 1.1

 Working current : 100mA

 Peak Current : 150mA

 Matching Mode: 1:1 and 1:N

 Baud rate (9600*N)bps, N=1-12 (default N=6 57600bps)

 Character file size: 256 bytes

 Image acquiring time : <0.5s

 Template size : 512 bytes

 Storage capacity: 256

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  Security level : 5 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5(highest))

 FAR : <0.001%

 FRR: <0.1%

 Average searching time: < 0.8s (1:880)

 Window dimension : 18mm*22mm

Working environment:

 Temp: -10?- +40?

 Storage environment Temp: -40?- +85?

 RH: 40%-85% RH: <85%

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2.10 IR SENSOR

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings.

An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.These types of sensors

measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the

infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations

are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor.The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light

Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same

wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these

output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronic device. This s=-

ensor is analogous to human’s visionary senses, which can be used to detect obstacles and it is one of the

common applications in real time.This circuit comprises of the following components

LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair

Resistors of the range of kilo ohms, Variable resistors. ,LED (Light Emitting Diode).

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2.11 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage

regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use

an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to

regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the

DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power

station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power

distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all

customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

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 CHAPTER 3
WORKING

This project is arranged in such a way that maintenance staff or line man has to scanning their finger OR it

can use RFID cards or Password to ON/OFF the electrical line. Now if there is any fault in electrical line

then line man will switch off the power supply to the line by scanning their finger or RFID card or either

by applying password and comfortably repair the electrical line, and after coming to the substation line man

switch on the supply to the particular line by same three process

The main component in the circuit is ATmega328 microcontroller. In

this project :- 1.finger Print Module R305 is used to scanning their Finger.

2. RFID EM 18 is used as RFID reader AND RFID cards are

used for identification purpose.

3. A Dail Pad or Key Pad 4X4 is used for entering password

The block diagram is given below that explains the whole working of the project

1. The project is supplied from the regular AC source that is converted to lower value by the help of a

power adaptor. The power adaptor converts the 220/ 230 volts to 9volts which is permissible for the

main components of the project.

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 2. The converted power is then supplied to circuit board and converted to DC by the help of diodes as

a bridge circuit is made on the bread board fixed in project.

3. A voltage regulator is connected in the board for the controlling of required voltage.

4. Then the converted supply is passed to the main component of the model that is Arduino consisting

ATMEGA 328. ATMEGA 328 is 8 bits microprocessor which act as small CPU having 32 pins for

controlling components

5. Assuming a sudden fault or maintenance routine occurs in the substation , then in that case the

authenticated official will only cut the line for the purpose of maintenance or faulta clearance for

that purpose he / she will put the password onlu known to person on the keypad which is connected

to ATMEGA328 . When password is entred to the keypad the key signals will passed on to

ATMEGA which will compare it with the password stored in its memory . If the password is correct

the it will send trip signal to relay which will electronically cut the line. The line will also be closed

when password is again applied .

6. The another method that we introduced is by using fingerprint of controller. The controller will

place its finger on the scanner for a time , if the finger print matches the saved print then the circuit

will cut off. It can again start by placing finger again.

7. The third and last method is by RFID Cards . The personal will used its ID provided by company to

scan over the RFID scanner to cutt off or on the circuit.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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ACTUAL CIRCUITARY OF THE MODEL -:

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 CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES

1.The model is designed to cut off / on the line at the time of maintenance of line hence it will avoid

electrical accidents to line man as it is fast and accurate as compare to mechanical circuit braking system

2. The Project is simple to make and easy to understand.

3. The components used in the project are easy to find out and easily available and the are not too

expensive .

4.There is less possibility for stealing the password as its is confidential hence no one can operate other

than than authorized person.

5.The most protected and secure way to operate the model is fingerprint which can not is copied or steal .

6.It is effective in providing safety to the working staff

7.It can be easily installed.

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 CHAPTER 5

LIMITATIONS

1.After the model is installed the maintenance cost increases and the model requires special maintenance

and attention.

2. As the model working is based on the programming hence is difficult for the person having no

knowlwdge of coding. The coding used is complicated and long and some times error occurs during

coding.

3.In case of forgetting password , it become complicated for retaining password where as by losing the

card or if unabe to detect fingerprint ..the whole coding will be changed which will be complicated and

time consuming .

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 CHAPTOR 6
APPLICATIONS

1. This model can be used in electrical substations for the safety of line man.

2. This model can be implemented in domestic as well as commercial areas also for ensuring the
safety of the people.

3. This can be used in hotels and shopping complexes for the purpose of safety and power saving.

4. Can also be used as Password / Finger print based electrical appliance control or Password /
Fingerprint based Load Control system

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 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

Nowadays, electrical accidents to the line man are increasing, while repairing the electrical lines due to
the lack of communication between the electrical substation and maintenance staff. This project gives a
solution to this problem to ensure line man safety. In this proposed system the control
(ON/OFF) of the electrical lines lies with line man.

This project is arranged in such a way that maintenance staff or line man has to scanning their finger OR
it can use RFID cards or Password to ON/OFF the electrical line.

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 CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
1.FINGER PRINT MODULE
https://www.rhydolabz.com/miscellaneous-other-widgets-c-205_124/finger-print-sensor-r305-ttl-uart-p-
1085.html
https://www.sunrom.com/p/finger-print-sensor-r305

2. KEY PAD 4X4

https://components101.com/misc/4x4-keypad-module-pinout-configuration-features-datasheet
http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/index.php?title=4X4_Matrix_Keypad_Module

3. RFID EM 18
https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/rfid-reader-em18
https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/rfid-reader-em18

4. RFID CARDS
https://www.iitms.co.in/rfid-based-attendance-system/what-is-rfid/
https://idsolutionsindia.com/product/smart-cards/rfid-cards/

5. SUGAR BOX RELAY

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/relay-sugar-cube-20388409855.html

6.ARDUINO
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/all
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/all

7. LCD 16X2
https://electronicsforu.com/resources/learn-electronics/16x2-lcd-pinout-diagram
https://components101.com/16x2-lcd-pinout-datasheet

8.ADAPTOR 9V 1 AMP
https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/49563/power-adapter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter

9.Book on “INTEGRATED CIRCUITS” By K. R. Botkar, Khanna Publishers, tenth

edition,2006.

10. http://ajast.net/data/uploads/4096.pdf

11. https://projectabstracts.com/17104/electric-lineman-protection-using-user-changeable-password-
based-circuit-breaker.htm

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