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Thermodynamics 1 project
Group members
 SYED AHMER RAZA RAIZVI 180897
 KAZIM KHAN MIRZA 180729
 MUHAMMAD JUNAID RAZA 180697
 MOHAMMAD USMAN 180733
 ZEESHAN MUMAWAR 180683
 ABDUL HASEEB 180731
 MUHAMMAD AZFAR IQBAL
 MUHAMMAD USMAN AKRAM 180725

SUMITTED ON 20
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PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Air University is in process of establishing a new state of the art cooling system in three labs of IAA
(Room 105, PG Lab, UG Lab). Vice Chancellor of the University desires that an indigenous high efficiency
refrigeration cycle may be designed to meet the labs cooling requirements indigenously. The cooling
device should be able to decrease the room temperature from 40 0C to 20 0C in half an hour during peak
summer time when outside temperature is 40 0C. The labs can be assumed to be insulated. The
schematic diagram for such a cycle is given in Appendix ‘A’. Additionally the heat generated when all the
PCs installed in lab are running at full capacity is to be catered for.
A technical committee has been formed to evaluate the possible options to meet these requirements. The
technical committee is composed of Engr. Bilal Mufti and Engr. Zulkeefal from IAA. The committee has
decided that the refrigerant cycle is to closely approximate Carnot Refrigeration Cycle. The working fluid
is to be refrigerant R-134a. The cycle is to be designed in such a way that the fluid should remain in
saturated liquid state at point 4 and saturated vapor state at point 2.
The technical committee has decided to invite energy solution provider companies to give their technical
proposals. The companies willing to participate must submit their report by 1200 hrs on 17 May 2019. A
15 min presentation would also be given by each group at 1030 hrs on 20 May 2019 in IAA board room
(G-02). The technical proposals would be evaluated for their technical depth and breath, design
calculations, thoroughness, efficiency of proposed solution, cost effectiveness of proposed solution and
presentation.
The minimum requirements that any proposal must meet are attached as Appendix ‘B’ to this notice.
For any queries you can contact Engr. Bilal Mufti or Engr. Zulkeefal for clarifications.
Best of Luck!

Minimum Requirements
1. Temperature is to be brought from 40 0C to 20 0C with a temperature step of 4 0C.

2. Draw PV diagram of cycle at each temperature step

3. Calculate COP, Win, Qin , Qout at each temperature step
4. Solve each thermodynamic device in cycle assuming them to be in steady state for each
temperature step.
5. Calculate fluid properties x, h, T, P at points (1, 2, 3 & 4) for each temperature step
6. Estimation of mass flow rate based on cooling requirements
7. Selection of a commercially available compressor, evaporator and condenser
8. Cost analysis
9. Quantify the Environmental effects
10. Comparison with existing cooling system installed inside the labs.
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INTODUCTION:
WHAT IS A REFRIGERATION CYCLE?
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and
mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators. A heat pump is a machine
or device that moves heat from one location (the "source") at a lower
temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher
temperature using mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source.[1] Thus a
heat pump may be thought of as a "heater" if the objective is to warm the heat
sink (as when warming the inside of a home on a cold day), or a "refrigerator" if
the objective is to cool the heat source (as in the normal operation of a freezer). In
either case, the operating principles are identical.[2] Heat is moved from a cold
place to a warm place.

The Carnot cycle is a theoretical ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French

physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and
1840s. It provides an upper limit on the efficiency that any classical
thermodynamic engine can achieve during the conversion of heat into work, or
conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature
difference by the application of work to the system. It is not an actual
thermodynamic cycle but is a theoretical construct.
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ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS:

ALL CYCLES (40C-20C)
State 1 (Saturated mixture) :
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State 2 ( Saturated vapour)

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State 3 ( Superheated vapour ) and State 4 (Saturated Liquid) :

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Post Graduate Lab :

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CY

CLE 1 (40 C – 36 C)
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QL W IN QH COP M fr
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Cycle 2 (36 C - 32C)

QL W IN QH COP M fr
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Cycle 3 (32 C - 28C)

QL W IN QH COP M fr
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Cycle 4 (28 C - 24C)

QL W IN QH COP M fr
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Cycle 5 (24 C - 20C)

QL W IN QH COP M fr
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ASSUMPTIONS AND REASONING

1. The Refrigeration cycle has been considered to be
internally reversible due to which the properties x, h, T, P
at each stage would remain same for all cycles.
2. The process from stage 1 to 2 is isothermal and
isobaric. The refrigerant’s enthalpy is same on stage 4
and 1.
3. The process from stage 2 to 3 is assumed to be
isentropic (constant entropy). The pressure at stage 3
and 4 is same.
4. Linear interpolation has been used to find the
temperature and enthalpy at stage 3 (using A-13). For
quality at stage 1 we used the formula h1-hf / hg-hf.
5. For volume, the PG lab was assumed to be a cuboid.
6. The time consumed by initial cycles to reduce the temp
is assumed to be less compared to the cycles later on as
initially the temp gradient is greater.
7. The COP for all cycles remain same while Q L W IN Q H
M fr are different for each cycle.
8. Heat dissipation in the Lab was considered w.r.t the
CPUs, LEDs, Fans and Lights present there.
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COMPONENTS AND COST ANALYSIS

1. EVAPORATOR:
The evaporator we have chosen is ruixe R134a
evaporator from alibaba.com which costs about
Rs. 20000 and works at a capacity of 4 kW. It
contributes about Rs. 25.6 to the bill during the
cycles.
2. COMPRESSOR:
The compressor we have chosen is R134A
Mhbp Refrigeration Compressor which costs Rs.
5500 and works at capacity of 0.65 kW. It
contributes about Rs. 5.96 to the bill during the
cycles.
3. CONDENSOR:
The condenser we have chosen is hybl FN 15
condenser from alibaba.com which costs Rs.
12000 and works at a capacity of 4.4 kW. It
contributes about Rs. 31.6 to the bill.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Refrigeration Cycle and the Environment
In a refrigeration cycle, mostly refrigerants are
known for having a negative effect on the
environment since they contribute to global
warming and ozone layer depletion. Emissions from
some refrigerants are contributors to global
warming by absorbing infrared radiation and
holding it in the atmosphere. This is called the
greenhouse effect. There are also some refrigerants
that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.

Advantages of using R-134a

Refrigerant R134a is a hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) that
has zero potential to cause the depletion of the
ozone layer and very little greenhouse effect. R134a
is the nonflammable and non-explosive, has toxicity
within limits and good chemical stability. It has
somewhat high affinity for the moisture.
COMPARISON
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 The current system installed in the lab uses R-22 as its

coolant in the refrigeration cycle. It is a ACSON 1.5 ton
A.C with a cooling capacity of 1.12 kW and heating
capacity of 1.026 kW. While the cycle we have
designed and the corresponding evaporator and
condenser picked has a cooling capacity and heating
capacity of 4 kW and 4.4 kW approx. respectively. The
refrigerant we used in our cycle is R 134 a which has
its own benefits over R-22. R22 refrigerant belongs to
a class of chemicals called hydro chlorofluorocarbons
that are being phased out because of their ozone-
depleting effects. R134a refrigerant is an alternative
that contains no chlorine and hence no ozone
depletion potential.