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1- Point-by-point method
Exercise:
Find E at point a & b due to:
1- only one lamp above point a.
2- The 3 lamps shown in the figure
3- E at 85° for both points

1- Ea= 562.5 lx
Eb= 85.7 lx
2- Ea= 648.2 lx
Eb= 171.4 lx
3- E= 0

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

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2- Zonal cavity method

For calculate the required lamps number for a space to ensure the recommended
level of illuminance (E) according to the space’s function.

n.φ .M f .U f
E= Eq.1
A
Where,
E: illuminance in Lux
n: number of lamps
ϕ: flux per lamp
€ Mf: maintenance factor
Uf: utilization factor
A: area of space

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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2- Zonal cavity method

Maintenance factor (Mf) based on multi factors. The most three important are:

a)  Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD):

This factor depends upon the type of lamp and the replacement schedule. Use the
following when exact data are unavailable.

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

59  

2- Zonal cavity method

Maintenance factor (Mf) based on multi factors. The most three important are:

b) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD):

This factor depends upon luminaire design, atmosphere conditions in the space, and
maintenance schedule.

Conditions Value Functions

V.Clean 0.95 Operation rooms

Clean 0.85 Houses, lecture rooms, offices

Dirty 0.75 Kitchens, light industrial factories
V.Dirty 0.5 Heavy & dirt industrial factories

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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2- Zonal cavity method

Maintenance factor (Mf) based on multi factors. The most three important are:

C) Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD):

This factor is self-explanatory.

Conditions Value
V.Clean 0.95

Clean 0.85
Dirty 0.75
V.Dirty 0.5

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

61  

2- Zonal cavity method

For calculate the required lamps number for a space to ensure the recommended
level of illuminance (E) according to the space’s function.

E.A.δ
F= Eq.2
η.U f
Where,
E: illuminance in Lux Dust deposit (δ) Value
F: total flux in the space small 1.25-1.3
δ : dust deposit
€ Uf: utilization factor
Average 1.4
η: lumen output ratio
A: area of space High 1.5 - 1.6

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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Lighting calculation steps:

1- Considerations of space function: (E, GI, etc.)
2- Determine the space specifications: Room index (K), surface reflection, Uf
3- Selection of lighting system components (from catalogue): type of lamps, LOR,
weight, dimension, type of installation, protector; class, etc.
4- Calculations:
h
h' ’
I- Suspension index (J ), 0 ≤ J ≤ 1 J=
h'+hm
h hm
a.b
II- Room index (K) k=
hm (a + b) hwp

€
III-Find Utilization factor: (from Uf table according to J, K and class of luminaire),
€
Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

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Photometric Class of Luminaires

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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Luminaires example : Catalogues snapshot

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

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IIII-Layout: distribution of luminaires to ensure uniform lighting),

Y − (n × Ly )
a= , ey = a + L y
ny
ey
e x/2

x − (n × Lx )
b= , ex = b + L x
n x€ a
X
ex

b
€
VI- Uniform spacing (e Tr & e Log)
e y/2
€ Smax = hm ×1.5
Y
Uniformity (U) = Emin/Emax≥ 60%

€
Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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Minimum initial illumination (MIE)

This value depends on two factors:
1-Factor of space= 70%
2-Factor of time= 1.25

Ex. What is MIE for required E = 40 lx

MIE= 40/0.7= 57 lx
In function of time, 57*1.25=71 lx. Is the illumination level upon which we have to
design our space.

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

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Glare index (GI)

Glare is a visual impression created by the presence of
illuminated area in the field of view. It can cause
tiredness, errors and injuries.

Dr. Muhannad Haj Hussein

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Artificial light calculation

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Unified Glare Rating (UGR) or (GI)

The prevention can be achieved by several means:

1- First of them is correct placement of luminaires.

2- The light source should be covered or partially obstructed
3- Use large luminaires with low luminance,
4- Surface finishes that diffuse and scatter light should be used instead of
glossy ones that create strong reflections
5- luminaires with appropriate distribution of luminous density should be used

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

69  

Unified Glare Rating (UGR) or (GI)

UGR ratings. Recommended limiting glare indices.

Zone Region UGR Maximum

Working area
Intolerable (not suited for work >28 allowed UGR
lighting)
Just intolerable 28 Drawing rooms 16
Discomfort
Zone Uncomfortable 25 Offices 19
Just Uncomfortable 22
Industrial work, fine 22
Acceptable 19
Industrial work, medium 25
Just acceptable 16
Comfort Zone
Noticeable 13
Industrial work, coarse 28
Just Perceptible (no glare) 10

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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Unified Glare Rating (UGR)

View direction:
Calculate GI by using UGR method Crosswise
The UGR method relates to glare from ceiling fixtures
that are placed in a regular pattern. b
View direction:
b Endwise
X=
H
a
a
Y=
H
€
H = h − h'−1.2

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

71  

Unified Glare Rating (UGR)

b
X=
H
a
Y=
H
€
H = h − h'−1.2

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

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Artificial light calculation

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Unified Glare Rating (UGR)

Calculate GI by using Söllner Diagram
The Söllner Diagram is a graphical representation of
the calculated luminance values in the area between
45° and 85° to the vertical.

•  Measures to limit discomfort glare by downlights mainly relate to this area.

•  The slanted lines indicate the allowed limit values.

•  The limit values depend on the quality class of the eye task and on the rated value
of the illuminance.

Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein  

Artificial light calculation

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•  There is no glare in the space wherever the position of the luminaires

•  There is a glare for all luminaires have gamma angle between 45° & 55°
Dr.  Muhannad  Haj  Hussein