A Review of International Design Standards: History and Impact

Abstract
Standards are use in industries, services and in every manufacturing field especially. Standards are
developed and implemented by Standards Organizations. There are many standards organization work
within a nation such as Japanese Institute of Standardization and other also but all linked with International
Organization of Standardization so standards are managed globally. These standards are providing for
products used in industry, systems and its related services and also ensures the environment, safety, quality,
efficiency and many other similar factors that leads to customer satisfaction. International Standards is core
work done by technical committees and the information of standards and their understanding is much
important for design engineer. Design standards mostly use for every component design in mechanical such
as gear, bearing and spring etc. Standards have great impact on quality of life and betterment of our
environment and needs as they also create innovation for us. As later also discussed as IPhone 4s set the
standard and leads towards better quality and increase the pace of progress in era of Smartphones. So,
overall standardization advances the technology and increase the innovation ideas.

1. Introduction
About Now start from a simple example if you go in market and buy the A4 paper, and similarly go
in another market and buy the A4 paper again you get the same size paper as they make on some standards
even if you it from different country you will get the same size. Similarly, if we want to buy some specific
screws of some sizes we get same from anywhere in the world. Even for any machine component or tool,
for any specific food product we get the same everywhere that’s all due to standardization. So, now if we
ask what is standard we answer him:
A standard is a document, established by a consensus of subject matter experts and confirmed by a
recognized body that provides design guidance, use of materials in processes and their performance, and
similar tell us about performance of products, overall processes, services, systems or persons. [1]
Standards used worldwide are International Organization of Standardization. It uses standards to improves
precession and accuracy of a product but also ease the customer need. There are other organizations whose
standardization activity is international in nature. Such organization cooperate with International
organization of standardization’s Technical committee and develop standard in their best strength area.
Such as, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is worked with ISO’s in many
areas. Standards have advantage to solve technical question in industries. Standardized companies are far
better than non-standardized companies in every sense. In past 30 years Quality management has given
great attention worldwide. So, standardization helps a lot and give standards for Quality management such
as ISO 9000. Fundamentally, standardization means that your employees have an established, time-tested
process to use. When done well, standardization guarantee quality, boost productivity, and increase
employee morale. Some benefits of standardization are: It improves clarity because a standard process will
eliminate the need for guesswork or extra searching, Standardization assures quality as work is done in a
pre-defined, optimized way, It promotes productivity because your employees won’t need to ask around or
comb documentation to get answers, It increases employee morale because employees can take much
command in the process and improved their skill level, Perfects customer service because ever thing due to
standardization is controlled in the best possible way.
Moreover there are certain advantages of process standardization in which there is also that it
decreases the potential for inexactness and guesswork. Any complex task is likely to have some gray areas
or edge cases. The trouble with this is that time spent on guesswork is time wasted. In order to complete a
task, we have specific instructions and employees will take less time trying to figure it out and more time
actually doing it. If we think about the activities when we had to teach the people. How much time and
effort did you spend teaching them to do activities that came naturally to you from years of practice? How
many times have you had to deal with a mistake that someone made because they guessed, and guessed
wrong? This is where standardization comes in. Effective standardization of procedures means that there is
one correct way in which to complete a particular task, which is defined in terms of a clear, measurable end
result. At end we conclude that Standardization can also improve customer service indirectly. If your
organization is more productive and efficient, the result will be better outcomes for your customers. The
more you can produce with your available resources, and the shorter your lead time and the happier you
can make those who rely on you and pay for your products.

2. International Organization of Standardization

2.1 Introduction
ISO shorts to International Organization of Standardization. It is an independent and non-profit
international organization. ISO having members from 161 countries. ISO summons experts from its
members that works by sharing knowledge and develop international standards in accordance with market
voluntarily. So, these developed international standards supports new ideas and solutions to global
challenges. ISO provides these standards for products, systems and its related services. These standards
ensure the Safety, Quality and efficiency of product or things for which standards are providing. Till now
ISO created 22188 international standards and their relevant documents that cover almost all industries and
technologies.[2]

2.2 History
In 1946 when representatives from 25 countries met at the Institute of Civil Engineering(ICE) in
London that would be the first step towards ISO establishment. These representatives decided to form an
international platform that unite and facilitate the industrial quality standards. So, on 23 February 194
International Organization for standardization officially started working. Since, then ISO works on
International standards development and covers almost all aspects of manufacturing and technology. Now.
ISO have 780 technical committees and sub-committees to manage the development of standards.
Moreover, ISO have 135 full time workers for ISO’s Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland.[2]

2.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

Committee Title/Subcommittee Standard Standard Description Stage ICS

/Subcommittee Title

ISO/TC14 Shafts for Machinery ISO 3117:1977 Tangential Keys and 90.93 21.120.30
& Accessories Keyways
ISO/TC14 Shafts for Machinery ISO 4156-1:2005 Straight Cylindrical 90.93 21.120.30
& Accessories Involute Splines-
Metric module, side
fit-Part 1: Generalities
ISO/TC14 Shafts for Machinery ISO 496:1973 Driving and Driven 90.93 21.120.10
& Accessories Machines-Shafts
Heights
 ISO/TC4/SC12 Rolling ISO 3920-2:2014 Rolling Bearings- 60.60 21.100.20
Bearings/Ball Balls-Part 2: Ceramic
Bearings Balls
ISO/TC4/SC12 Rolling ISO 20515:2012 Rolling Bearings- 90.60 21.100.20
Bearings/Ball Radial Bearings,
Bearings retaining slots-
Dimensions &
Tolerances
ISO/TC60/SC1 Gears/Nomenclature ISO 10825:1995 Gears-Wear and 90.92 21.20001.
and Worm gearing damage to gear theeth- 040.21
Terminology
[3]

3. American National Standards Institute

3.1 Introduction
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) worked more than 90 years in the United States
private sector voluntary for standardization systems as an administrator. It is established in 1918 by five
Engineering Societies and three government agencies. But, ANSI is a private and non-governmental
membership organization. It develops standards for industry products, services and systems. American
National Standards Institute office is located in New York City, and its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
from where it represents 1000 company, organization and international members.[4]

3.2 History
In 1916, American Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEEE) invites four societies to manage
national standards development and cope up with the user’s confusion for acceptance of standards which
are American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Society of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineers (ASIME), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM). These five societies are core members and they also invite U.S Department of War,
Navy and commerce to join as founders. So, in 1918 ANSI established as American Engineering Standards
Committee (AESC) and according to its secretary in 1919 AESC starts its working properly.[5]

3.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

 ANSI/AFBMA 9-1990
Load Ratings and Fatigue life for Ball Bearings.
 ANSI/AFBMA 11-1990
Load Ratings and Fatigue life for Roller Bearings.
(Page 72)-[6]

 ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04. 2004

Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Method for involute Spur and Helical Gear teeth
 ANSI/ASME Y14.7. 1971
Gear Drawing Standard, Part 1. For spur, spur, helical, double helical and rack.
Page 283,284 standard serial no. 49 and 86 from - [7]
4. British Standards
4.1 Introduction
BSI group takes initiative for the development of British Standards which includes under a Royal
Charter (and which is earlier named as National Standard body (NSB) for the United Kingdom). BSI group
develop the standards under the authority of a Royal Charter which lays down as one of BSI objectives to:
It produces standards of quality for goods and services and in this matter also promote the adoption
of BSI standards and schedules and changes and improve these standards and schedules as per
circumstances and experience require. [8]

4.2 History
In 1901 BSI group was first established as Engineering standard committee in London. Afterwards,
in 1918 BSI group extends its standardization work and became the British Engineering Standards
Association. Then in 1929 after receiving a Royal Charter it named as British Standards Institution in 1931.
In 1998 the revision of charter allows organization to enlarge and acquire other business so its trading name
changed as BSI Group. BSI group now works in 182 countries as core business of standards related to
service although most of the revenue comes from the assessments of management system and certification
work. [9]

4.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

Standard Title
BS 46 Specification for Keys and Keyways
BS 28 Report on Nuts, Bolt Heads and Spanners
BS 58 Specification for spigot and Socket Cast Iron Soil Pipes
BS 84 Report on Screw Threads (British Standard Fine), and their Tolerances (Superseding parts
of Report No’s 20 and 33)
BS 499 Welding Terms and Symbols
[10]

5. German Institute for Standardization Standards

5.1 Introduction
German Institute of Standardization is basically names as DIN. DIN stands for “Deutsches Institut
für Normung” which is in German language and previously we write its English name. DIN standards starts
with “DIN V” (“Vornorm”, meaning “pre-issue”) are the result of their standardization work. But because
of their doubted content or because of development of procedure of standards in different direction, DIN
standards are not published yet. [11]
The staff members of DIN manage National, European and International Projects and make sure that
all internal rules of procedure are followed. This will increase the acceptance of Global standards. [12]

5.2 History
German Institute of Standardization (DIN) is an independent platform for standardization not only
in Germany but also Worldwide. DIN as a partner for industry, research and society as a whole plays a key
role to ease the way for innovations to reach the market and advancing the progress in innovative areas such
as Industry 4.0 and Smart Cities. More than 32000 experts work on standardization managed by DIN. Din
was established in 1917 and celebrates its Platinum jubilee in 2017. [12]
5.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

Standard Title
DIN 38 Plain Bearings; bearing metal lining for thick-walled multilayer plain bearings.
DIN 625-1 Roller Bearings; single row radial contact ball bearings
DIN 6885-1 Drive Type Fastenings without Taper Action – Part 1: Parallel Keys, Keyways,
Deep Pattern
DIN 625-3 Roller Bearings; double row radial contact ball bearings
DIN 625-4 Roller Bearings; radial contact groove ball bearings with flanged outer ring
[11]

6. Japanese Industrial Standards

6.1 Introduction
Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) develops the standards used in industries in Japan. The process of
Standardization is managed by Japanese Industrial Standard Committee (JISC) and published through the
Japanese Standards Association (JSA). Japanese Standards Committee consist of many committees
nationwide and plays an important role in standardization in Japan. [13]
JISC also have a duty of increasing in contribution to setting the international standards with International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). [14]

6.2 History
In the era of westernization of Japan (Meiji Period 1868-1912), private businesses were responsible
for developing standards although the Japanese government have standards and specification document for
buying of specific articles such as munitions. In 1921 these were summarized to form official standard (Old
Japanese Engineering Standard (JES)). During World War 2 standards are simplified to increase material
output. After Japan defeat in World War 2 in 1945 Japanese Standards Association was established which
is present nowadays. The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee regulations were put into effect in 1946,
Japanese Standards (new JES) was formed. [13]

6.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

Standard Title
JIS B 1582:2017 Plain Bearings - Bushes for journal bearings
JIS B 1520-1:2015 Rolling bearings - Internal clearance - Part 1: Radial internal clearance for
radial bearings
JIS B 1519:2009 Static Load Ratings for Rolling Bearings
JIS B 2704 Helical Compression and Extension Springs - Requirements for Design
JIS B 2709 Design of Helical Torsion Springs
JIS B 1722 Shapes and Dimensions of Helical Gears for General Use
[15]

7. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority

7.1 Introduction
Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) is a body works under the Ministry of
Science and Technology of the Government of Pakistan. Its primary purpose is to control and promulgated
quality standards in Pakistan. Anything that is certified by Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority
is issued Pakistan Standards Labels. It is composed of four departments which are Standard Development
Centre, Quality Control Centre, Technical services Centre and System Certification Centre. [16]

7.2 History
On 1st December 2000, PSQCA starts its proper working as self-finance organization. The PSQCA
ACT VI of 1996 and working of PSQCA fall within the extent of Article:143 and 70(4) Federal Legislative
List Entry No.03,27,32,39,54 and 59 of Part I and Entry No. 6,12 and 15 of Part II, of the constitution of
Islamic republic of Pakistan ,1973. PSQCA adopted 22070 ISO standards and developed 8857 Pakistan
Standards. Pakistan is a full member of ISO through PSQCA. Pakistan is a ‘P’ member of ISO and
International Electrotechnical commission (IEC). [17]

7.3 Standards related to Mechanical Engineering

Standard Title
PS: 470-1984 Fasteners-bolts, studs and nuts-symbols and designations of dimension. (1st. Revision)
PS: 1590-1983 Bearing – Rolling bearing - Thrust ball bearings tolerances.
Covers the tolerances on bore diameter of shaft washer, outside diameter of housing
water and running accuracy of metric series thrust ball bearing.
PS: 3930-1997 Straight sided spines for cylindrical shafts with internal centering – Dimension,
tolerances and verification.
This standard lays down dimensions in mm of straight sided spines for cylinders shafts
with internal centering, light services and medium services.
PS: 3931-1997 Taper keys with or without gib head and their corresponding key ways (dimension in
mm).
This Pakistan standard recommendation specifies the dimensional characteristics of
taper keys with or without gib head and of their corresponding key ways in shaft and
hub
PS: 1589-1983 Bearing – Rolling bearing radial bearing - Boundary dimensions general plan.
Specifies referred boundary dimensions for radial.
PS: 992-1974 Rolling bearing, radial bearing, boundary dimension general plan. (Withdrawn &
Superseded by PS:1589-1983).
[18]

8. International Design Standards for Bearing

 ISO 76:2006
Rolling Bearings-Static Load Ratings
[19]
 ISO 15242-1:2015
Rolling Bearing-Measuring Method for Vibration
[20]
 ASTM F2162-01(2016)
Standard Specification for Bearing, Roller, Needle; Drawn Outer Ring, Full Compliment without
inner ring, open and closed end, Standard type.
 ASTM F2163-01(2016)
Standard Specification for Ring, Bearing, Inner; for Needle Roller Bearing With Drawn.Outer ring.
 ASTM F2246-06(2013)
Standard Specification for Bearing, Roller, Needle; Thick Outer Ring with Roller and Cage.
 ASTM F2488-05(2013)
Standard Terminology for roller element bearing.
[21]
 ISO 4378-2:2017
Plain bearings — Terms, definitions, classification and symbols — Part 1: Design, bearing
materials and their properties.
[22]
 JIS B 1519:2009
Static Load Rating for Roller Bearing.
[15]

9. International Design Standards for Gears

 ISO 2203:1973
Technical drawings – Conventional representation of gears
 ISO 677:1978
Straight bevel gears for general end heavy engineering -Basic: rack
 ISO 678:1978
Straight bevel gears for general end heavy engineering -Modules end diametral pitches
 DIN 780 Pt 1
Series of modules for gears – Modules for spur gears
 JIS B 1721
Shapes and dimensions of spur gears for general engineering
 JIS B 1701
Involute gear tooth profile and dimensions
 AS B 214 1966
Geometrical dimensions for worm gears units
 NF E 23-005 1965
Gearing – Symbols (similar to ISO 701)
[23]

10. Impact of Design Standards on Quality of Product

Mobile phone is become a trend in late 2000’s that also increase its manufactures. The increase in
manufacture of this electronic device means mobiles come in market with different design and facilities.
Smart Phone is similarly one forward step of simple mobile phones as it includes multiple features with
good look. Smart phone was first released by Japanese in 1999 by firm NTT DOCOMO and they also
achieve mass adoption within a country. Smart were starting to grow little by late 2000’s. Smart phone still
rare outside of Japan until the introduction of Danger Hip top in 2002 which makes progress in U.S as T-
Mobile sidekick. Later in 2002 U.S started to adopt devices of company Blackberry and Microsoft Window
Mobile. And in similar way Smart phone becomes popular with time as almost every company introduce
its Smart phone. But when IPhone 4s in October 2011 is introduced it changes the global thinking as it is
available in few countries however it managed the sale of Four million in first three days that shocks
everyone as its total business is of 60 million plus as it tops the sale. Now if we see business is done by two
principles one is that the price of product is low so everyone has your product and other is price is too high
so everyone needs your product. As IPhone 4s set the standard with 2nd principle as it is expensive so
everyone wants to get it and also it is of impressive look, good memory and fantastic video outputs(1080p).
So, After the introduction of IPhone 4s every company take it standard and wants to make some improved
technology phone as they know every new phone is first compared to IPhone 4s. So, this changed our
quality life as whole and if we see after getting set the standard (of IPhone 4s) we get development and
improvement in Smartphones very fast as now-a-days in Smart Phones Camera Features are extraordinary,
internet connection is improving and interface is becoming easy day by day.

11. Discussion
Standardization makes sure about quality of products and services and quality leads us towards the
comfort of user. So, standardization make easy for anyone to design the product as they follow the
specification given in Standards and design the product easily and accordingly. As Customer wants product
should meet their expectation in terms of Protection of Safety and Health, Fitness for purpose
(performance), Environmental protection, Ease of use, Quality and Reliability, Compatibility between
products (interoperability), Protection from False misleading complaints and consistency in the delivery of
services. Consumer concerns are developed with time and standards have solution to these concerns.
Standards can therefore help product and services to meet consumer expectation in different ways such as
standards include guidance on performance level of final product, instruction for correct packaging,
adequate disposal or recycling methods, types of warnings and composition of Products’ material. These
things lead the person to take the Standard product as they ensure customer satisfaction and quality. As
standards aim to achieve a desired result, and so are performance-based rather than being too specific about
design characteristics. This approach allows more scope for technological advances and innovation.

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