Egypt and Austria IX

Perception of the Orient in Central Europe (1800–1918)

Proceedings of the Symposium held at Betliar, Slovakia
(October 21st to 24th, 2013)

EDITED BY ĽUBICA HUDÁKOVÁ & JOZEF HUDEC

Kraków 2016

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 The present volume was published with the financial support of the Aigyptos
Foundation and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and
Economy.

English proofreading:
Edward Norris, Ľubomír Podhorský

© Aigyptos Foundation and the authors (Angela Blaschek, Ernst Czerny, Patrik
Derfiňák, Eszter Feró, Anton Fogaš, Marko Frelih, Clemens Gütl, Marta Herucová,
Johanna Holaubek, Ľubica Hudáková, Jozef Hudec, Vesna Kamin Kajfež, Katalin
Anna Kóthay, Adéla Jůnová Macková, Ágnes Mészáros, Sandra Müller, Carlo Rindi
Nuzzolo, Martin Odler, Helmut Satzinger, Danijela Stefanović, Lucie Storchová,
Mladen Tomorad, Vera Vasiljević, Leszek Zinkow)

The contributors are responsible for obtaining permission for the use of any
material in this volume that may be under copyright to others.

© 2016 Aigyptos Foundation and the authors

ISBN 978-83-7490-932-7

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CONTENTS

Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 5

Franz Maria Alfred Graf von Harrach (1870–1937). “The first blood that
was shed in the First World War” (Angela Blaschek) ................................................... 11

Alois Schönn (1826–1897) – Überlegungen und neue Materialien

zu seiner Ägyptenreise (Ernst Czerny) ......................................................................... 25

Egyptian Artefacts in the First Private Museum in Prešov

(Patrik Derfiňák & Anton Fogaš) .................................................................................... 47

Pyramids in the “Back Garden”: Some Remarks on Egyptomania

in Hungary (Eszter Feró) .................................................................................................. 57

Holy Tree in My Room – Slovenes and the Bible Lands (Marko Frelih) ............... 71

Some Thoughts on Social Networks and Knowledge Production

(Clemens Gütl) .................................................................................................................... 81

The Story of Diyarbakirli Tahsin’s Painting (Marta Herucová) .............................. 91

Princess Lichnowsky and Princess Bibesco, Two Aristocrats and

Writers – Their Perceptions of Egypt (Johanna Holaubek) ................................... 103

The Travelogue of the First Slovak Cleric in Egypt – Ján Roháček

(1910) (Ľubica Hudáková & Martin Odler) ................................................................... 113

Slovakia and Egypt (Jozef Hudec) ................................................................................. 137

Czechoslovak Leaders of the Hunting Expeditions to the Near East

(Adéla Jůnová Macková) .................................................................................................. 173

Baron Pasquale Revoltella and his Voyage to Egypt (Vesna Kamin Kajfež) ..... 185

Acquiring and Collecting Egyptian Antiquities in Turn-of-the-Century

Hungary (Katalin Anna Kóthay) ................................................................................. 195

Orient on the Spot – Orient in a Travel Album. Lithographed Picture Tables

in Count Iván Forray’s Travel Album and their Connection with Art-works by
Viennese Painter Josef Heicke (Ágnes Mészáros) ...................................................... 213

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Sphinxes in Vienna (Sandra Müller) .......................................................................... 237

Giuseppe and Amalia Nizzoli in Egypt. Details on the Formation

of the Third Collection of Egyptian Antiquities as Seen from
a Previously Unknown Document (Carlo Rindi Nuzzolo) ...................................... 279

Crown Prince Rudolf Hunting in Egypt (Helmut Satzinger) ................................. 297

Letters from Niš on Harems and Letters from Egypt by Jelena Dimitrijević
(1862–1945) – an Overview (Danijela Stefanović) ................................................... 303

Representing the Other in Jiří and Růžena Baums’ Parallel Travel

Journals from South Africa (1938–1939) (Lucie Storchová) ..................................... 311

Foundation of the Ancient Egyptian Collections in Croatia: Travellers,

Private Collectors and the Genesis of the Collections (1800–1920)
(Mladen Tomorad) ........................................................................................................... 325

Orientalism oblige. A Case Study (Vera Vasiljević) .................................................. 341

Some Remarks on Egyptomania in Austro-Hungarian Galicia

(Leszek Zinkow) ............................................................................................................... 359

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FOREWORD

Europeans began to increasingly encounter Middle Eastern countries and became

acquainted with the cultures of the Orient after the expedition of Napoleon
Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798. Scientific and hunting expeditions, heritage tourism,
study, missionary and business trips, pilgrimages, stays at health resorts or job
searching were only some of the reasons why they travelled to Egypt, Sudan
or Palestine. Many of them wrote travelogues, artists established the artistic
movement “Orientalism” and the use of Orientalist motifs in the design gave rise
to Egyptomania. These works, including their prejudices and misunderstandings,
shaped the Western opinion of the Middle East. Inspired by them, the elites
started to collect Middle Eastern artefacts which today form the core of many
European artistic and archaeological collections.
Almost all Central European countries (or their parts) belonged in the 19th
century to the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary) that had strategic political
as well as economic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean and was an immediate
neighbour to the Ottoman Empire, the suzerain of the region. Austrian (and
Hungarian) multinational society perceived the Orient in many different manners,
depending on the specific situation of each nation.
The present proceedings are the achievements of the conference entitled
The Perception of the Orient in Central Europe (1800–1918) that sought to examine
the cultural, political, economic and social relationships and interconnections of
Central Europe with the Orient (especially Egypt) during the 19th century, up to
the end of the First World War, and to study the legacy of Egyptomania and
Orientalism in this region. With a special reference to the conference venue, the
attention was given to travelling and collecting activities of the nobility from the
countries of the former Austria-Hungary that gave rise to libraries, artistic and
archaeological collections and also common knowledge about the Oriental world.
The conference was organised by the Aigyptos Foundation in cooperation with
the Betliar Museum (a branch of the Slovak National Museum) and under the
auspices of the Egypt and Austria Society. It was held from 21 to 24 October 2013
at Betliar Manor which is one of the most significant and most visited monuments
in Slovakia, surrounded by a beautiful English park, declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1978. The house preserves one of the most important historical
collections in Slovakia, including a unique historical library from the end of the
18th century (with more than 15 000 publications) as well as a small collection of
artefacts from ancient Egypt. It is a former estate of the Andrássy family who
played an important role in the foreign affairs of Austria-Hungary – two family
members held the office of Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary, namely Count
Gyula Andrássy (1871–1879) as well as Count Gyula Andrássy the Younger (1918).
The meetings of the research group Egypt and Austria have been organised
annually since 2003 and are already well-established. Initially, the group was

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a cooperation initiative between Vienna and Prague, but it was soon recognised
that all former countries of Austria-Hungary had to be considered, and gradually
new and new colleagues from the Central European region were encouraged to
join the research.
The conference at the Betliar Museum was already the ninth meeting of the
group, but the first one to have been held in one of the former parts of the
“Regnum Hungariae”, with participants not only from the former Transleithania,
or Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen – now Croatia, Hungary,
and Slovakia – but also from Austria, the Czech Republic, Italy, Poland, and even
Serbia and Slovenia. It was our main concern to intensify the scientific exchange
between scholars from as many succession states of the former monarchy as
possible. The shared history demands networking and collaboration in order
to set up local, regional but also supra-regional observations relating to our
understanding and perception of the Middle East and also to the formation of
this understanding in the 19th century. The meetings stimulate the discussion on
how our nations perceived the Oriental Otherness back then and if, and how, it
still influences our worldview.
These aspects were of the same importance in the past. In his most inspiring
lecture given at Betliar, Clemens Gütl turned our attention to the significance
of social contacts and relationships of each individual or personality who we
research into, taking Leo Reinisch, a pioneer of Egyptology, African and Mexican
Studies in Austria, as an example. Gütl points out that none of the travellers,
painters, collectors, researchers, teachers, writers, missionaries etc. would have
achieved so much without his/her circle of acquaintances. This entanglement
of individual stories with that of the others is also symptomatic of the present
proceedings. Though being a collection of papers dealing with various aspects of
the perception of the Orient in the “long” 19th century in Central Europe, all topics
and stories are, to a higher or lesser degree, interwoven.
In the studies devoted to the collections of aegyptiaca and their history, the
personalities of Gabriel Fejérváry and Ferenc Pulszky appear even three times.
They play a role in the articles written by Patrik Derfiňák/Anton Fogaš, Jozef
Hudec as well as Eszter Feró. The first two papers address the collection of
antiquities formed by Fejérváry and later inherited by Pulszky which was housed
in Prešov (Slovakia) for several years. At the same time, Eszter Feró stresses that
both individuals were important freemasons and contributed to the spread of
Egyptomania in Hungary. In addressing Slovak collections of aegyptiaca, beside
those preserved in Slovak museums Jozef Hudec also discusses those that have
already disappeared in the course of time, whereas Katalin Anna Kóthay offers an
in-depth-study on three collectors in turn-of-the-century Hungary: Zsolt Beöthy,
Bonifác Platz and Fülöp Back. Fülop Back, an entrepreneur in Cairo, initiated
the archaeological excavations at Sharuna and el-Gamhud in Egypt and its
direction was entrusted to the Polish Egyptologist Tadeusz Smoleński. Smoleński

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came in fact from Galicia, as noticed by Leszek Zinkow, whose article deals with
the Egyptomania in that part of the monarchy. Zinkow studies, among others,
monuments in the shape of Greek or Egyptian sphinxes and exactly this same
motif is focused on by Sandra Müller, concentrating on Viennese examples from
the Renaissance up to Modernity.
An important contribution to the origin of aegyptiaca collected by Giuseppe
and Amalia Nizzoli which are now housed in various museums in Italy and Vienna
is made by Carlo Rindi Nuzzolo – he analyses a previously unknown letter sent
by Nizzoli from Cairo in 1826, in which he tries to arrange the sale of his “third”
collection of Egyptian antiquities. A detailed account of the Egyptian public
collections in Croatia and their former owners is provided by Mladen Tomorad.
Hunting expeditions are tackled by Helmut Satzinger and Adéla Jůnová
Macková. Adéla Jůnová Macková summarises their character and concentrates on
the expeditions initiated by the Czech entrepreneur Vilém Němec and organised
in cooperation with Richard Štorch and Bedřich Machulka. Štorch also figures
in the article of Clemens Gütl, who notices his participation in the expedition to
British East Africa, together with Rudolf Kmunke and Robert Stigler. On the other
hand, Helmut Satzinger focuses on the Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf’s journey to
Egypt in 1881 that might have deepened prince’s scientific (especially zoological)
and historical interests. Only a few years later, Crown Prince Rudolf instigated
and supported the creation of the monumental encyclopaedia Die österreichisch-
ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, also called the Kronprinzenwerk. One of its
contributors was, for instance, the Serbian artist Paul Joanowitch, whose Orientalist
paintings and their social dimensions are investigated by Vera Vasiljević. But
the encyclopaedia also featured some illustrations which were provided by Alois
Schönn, a Viennese Orientalist, whose encounters with the Orient are studied by
Ernst Czerny. Schönn’s contemporary was the painter of the Viennese Biedermeier
style Josef Heicke. Heicke travelled to Egypt in 1842 along with Count Iván Forray,
Count Arthur Batthyány and Count Edmund Zichy and his Orientalist paintings
and his role in the making of the Count Iván Forray’s travel album are thoroughly
examined in the excellent paper of Ágnes Mészáros. Both Schönn and Heicke
were members of the Österreichischer Kunstverein and apparently presented their
works at the same exhibitions of the Verein in Vienna (at least in 1857). On display
at Vienna, even if several decades later, were also some paintings by the famous
Oriental Marinist Diyarbakirli Tahsin, a Turk who had an Austrian wife. Marta
Herucová unfolds the thrilling story of his Sunset at Sea that has been preserved
in Slovakia.
Travels and travelogues related to the Middle East are equally addressed in
the present proceedings. The reasons behind these undertakings are manifold.
Missionaries and pilgrims, driven by their religious faith, are the topics of the
papers written by Marko Frelih and Ľubica Hudáková/Martin Odler. Marko
Frelih presents a monumental pilgrimage of 540 Slovenes to the Holy Land in

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September 1910, studying its itinerary on the basis of the official guide book
prepared for the pilgrims, as well as the photographic archive of Peter Naglič, one
of the participants. In the same year, but in the spring/early summer, Egypt and
the Holy Land were also visited by a Slovak cleric and missionary Ján Roháček.
Ľubica Hudáková and Martin Odler offer an in-depth analysis of his Oriental
journey and travelogue, taking into account his education, religious denomination,
social background and intellectual circles which he belonged to. In contrast, the
expedition of Jiří and Růžena Baum to South Africa had explicit scientific goals;
in her paper Lucie Storchová turns her attention to the so-called parallel travel
diaries written by the couple and discusses their self-fashioning and discourses of
Othering, as well as the factors that influenced them.
Prominent female intellectuals, travellers and authors of numerous books
have been focused on by Johanna Holaubek and Danijela Stefanović. Johanna
Holaubek compares the travelogues relating to Egypt written by German Princess
Mechtilde Lichnowsky and Romanian Princess Marthe Bibesco, whereas Danijela
Stefanović examines the accounts published by the outstanding Serbian writer
Jelena Dimitrijević, who, among others, was intensively interested in the way of
life of Muslim women in the Ottoman Serbia.
And last but not least, travelogues of prominent male individuals are the
topics of papers prepared by Vesna Kamin Kajfež and Angela Blaschek. Vesna
Kamin Kajfež summarises the achievements of a renowned citizen of Trieste,
Baron Pasquale Revoltella, a former Vice President of the Suez Canal Company,
and concentrates on his travelogue compiled during his journey to Egypt and
the Holy Land in 1861/1862. Angela Blaschek investigates Bohemian Count
Franz Maria Alfred Harrach, also known as the Assassination Harrach, since
he accompanied Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este in 1914 to Bosnia and was an
immediate eyewitness to his assassination. Although having travelled to Egypt
many times, his journey undertaken in 1897/1898 is best known due to a travel
book which he later published.
All in all, the present publication will hopefully enrich our understanding of
the perception of the Orient in the “long” 19th century on the part of personalities
from the Central European region, as well as its formation and transformation in
so many various manners.

In conclusion, the editors would like to raise all those who contributed to the
realisation of the ninth Egypt and Austria meeting. First of all, thanks to the
support of the former director of the Betliar Museum, Ms Eva Lazárová, and
the kind and generous cooperation of both curators, Mss Silvia Lörinčíková and
Katarína Takácsová, the conference became a great success. The preparation and
printing of the conference materials as well as the catering were made possible
thanks to the financial support of the civic association Pro Oriente. The guided
tours of the manor house itself, as well as of the Krásna Hôrka mausoleum, the

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village of Krásnohorské Podhradie, the Gothic (later turned Evangelical) church
at Štítnik and the historical centre of the town of Rožňava, provided by Ms Judita
Krajčiová, were highly appreciated by both organisers and participants. The
cooperation with the Mayor of Rožňava, Mr Pavol Burdiga, made possible the
public lectures held at the city hall.
The organisation would have never been possible without the involvement of
the members of the executive committee and friends of the Aigyptos Foundation:
Veronika Dubcová, Rastislav Hudák, František Kropáč, Martin Odler and Renáta
Rábeková.
The proceedings were prepared and published with the financial support of
the Aigyptos Foundation and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research
and Economy. The individual papers were proofread by Edward Norris and
Ľubomír Podhorský.

The editors owe a great deal of gratitude to all institutions and individuals
mentioned above who made the conference an extraordinary event. And finally,
special thanks go to all speakers who prepared their high quality presentations
and contributed to the familiar atmosphere appreciated by all.

The Editors
Vienna and Bratislava 2016

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FoundaTion oF THe ancienT eGypTian collecTions
in croaTia: Travellers, privaTe collecTors and THe
Genesis oF THe collecTions (1800–1920)

MlaDen toMoraD, zagreB

egyptian collections in croatia: basic information

Approximately 3947 to 3978 ancient Egyptian artefacts usually dating until

the end of the Byzantine rule in Egypt (the middle of the 7th century AD), are
housed in institutional collections, and an unknown number in various private
collections in Croatia (Table 1, Chart 3). Most of these artefacts are to be found
in archaeological museums – ca. 3335 to 3343 artefacts (Chart 1), in regional
and city museums – ca. 602 to 613 artefacts (Chart 2), in lapidariums and in
situ – ca. 7 to 9 artefacts, and in other cultural institutions (Chart 3).1 At least
550 artefacts are held in well-known private collections in Croatia. Most of these
artefacts are typical smaller objects used as funerary equipment, but within this
vast number of objects, larger groups of statues, sphinxes, sarcophagi, stelae,
papyri and mummies can also be identified.

The ancient Egyptian antiquities in the Croatian institutional and private collections
consist of: 1) material acquired from abroad through intermediaries or donations,
and 2) material associated with ancient Egyptian cults from various provinces
of the Roman Empire. Such artefacts were acquired by Croatian museums or
private collectors mostly through archaeological excavations, or in some cases by
purchase. The material from the latter category presented problems, especially
in the second half of the 19th century when they were commonly considered to
be fakes. Fortunately, recently it has been mostly established that such artefacts
originated in ancient Rome, and now these antiquities are considered to be
genuine.2
The ancient Egyptian antiquities from the known institutional and private
collections have rarely been fully systematised and analysed according to
commonly used typologies or their function. At the present time, we can divide
all known collections into two major groups:
1) The institutional collections which have been systematically analysed,
presented, and published in exhibition catalogues and scientific periodicals.

1
More detailed analysis in: Tomorad 2005; Tomorad 2006a; Tomorad, forthcoming.
2
Tomorad 2006a, 2–3; Tomorad, forthcoming.

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These are mostly the collections of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and the
Archaeological Museum in Split. For the Egyptian collection of the Archaeological
Museum in Zagreb, there are several catalogues: a very old catalogue by Šime
Ljubić,3 a catalogue in French by Janine Monnet Saleh4 and a new Croatian/English
catalogue published by Igor Uranić.5 Many specialised exhibition catalogues6
or specialised publications7 were also published during the 20th century. The
ancient Egyptian artefacts housed in the Archaeological Museum in Split have
been presented and published mostly in Bullettino di archeologia e storia Dalmata
(Split/Spalato, 1878–1918) and Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku (Split,
1919 – present day), but also in book form.8 The ancient Egyptian antiquities in
the Ante Topić Mimara Museum in Zagreb are published in several museum
catalogues, in a small catalogue on the glass collection,9 and in articles and books
by Mladen Tomorad.10 The large collection in the archaeological museums in
Dubrovnik11 and Pula12 have only recently been partly analysed and published.
The minor collections in the museums have mostly been examined during the
last decade,13 with the exception of the collection of the Franciscan monastery in
Sinj,14 the Archaeological Museum in Zadar,15 the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek,16
and the important collection of the Museum of Varaždin, which has only recently

3
Ljubić 1871; Ljubić 1889a; Ljubić 1889b.
4
Monnet Saleh 1970.
5
Uranić 2009.
6
Gorenc 1979; Rendić-Miočević 1982; Rendić-Miočević 1993; Uranić 1996; Uranić 1999; Uranić 2003;
Uranić 2005.
7
Brunšmid 1904; Brunšmid 1905; Brunšmid 1907; Brunšmid 1914.
8
Selem 1997; Tomorad 2003a, 52–55.
9
Ratković-Bukovčan 2001.
10
Tomorad 2003a, 63–69; Tomorad 2005, 11–13; Tomorad 2006a, 16–18; Tomorad 2009, 541–544;
Tomorad 2012; Tomorad, forthcoming.
11
Uranić 2002; Menalo 2003; Tomorad 2003a, 56–63; Tomorad 2005, 13–16; Tomorad 2006a, 19–21;
Tomorad, forthcoming.
12
Jurkić-Girardi 2001, 5–17; Džin 2001, 18–21; Uranić 2001, 22–28; Tomorad 2003a, 48–51; Tomorad
2006a, 24–25; Tomorad 2007; Tomorad, forthcoming.
13
Tomorad 2003a, 63–64, 69–70, 73–79; Tomorad 2005; Tomorad 2006a, 26–37; Tomorad,
forthcoming.
14
Cambi 1971; Selem 1979; Selem 1997, 93–95; Tomorad 2000; Tomorad 2003a, 75–76; Tomorad
2004; Tomorad 2005, 22; Tomorad 2006a, 31; Tomorad 2006b, 287–288; Tomorad 2011; Tomorad,
forthcoming.
15
Giunio 2002, 29–37; Tomorad 2003a, 51–52; Tomorad 2005, 20; Tomorad 2006a, 27–28;
Tomorad, forthcoming.
16
Selem 1972, 38–40; Selem 1980, 20–23; Filipović 1997a; Filipović 1997b; Selem 1997; Tomorad
2003a, 73–74; Tomorad 2005, 21; Tomorad 2006a, 29; Kovač 2013; Tomorad, forthcoming.

326
been systematically analysed.17 The important position which Croatia has in the
world of ancient history and Egyptology is mostly due to the large and valuable
collection of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb that also includes a world
rarity, the so-called Zagreb Egyptian mummy with the linen book – Liber linteus
Zagrabiensis [Linen Book of Zagreb].18
2) The collections in institutions and in private collections that are not on
display and are to a large extent unknown and unpublished. Their number is still
not known. It is necessary to establish how many artefacts are kept in regional
museums and to determine their origin, authenticity, date, and cultural and
historical value. It is often very hard to say as well how these artefacts found
their way to these institutions, mostly because valuable documentation about the
purchase, donations or excavations has not survived. The private collections form
a special group. They are almost completely unknown to the scientific public.
Their origin and the number of the artefacts stored in such collections is uncertain
and mostly unknown.

The early travellers and collectors

The interest for ancient Egyptian artefacts and antiquities in the region of present-
day Croatia probably commenced during the period of the early modern history
when unknown travellers and sailors travelled to Egypt where they bought the
first antiquities as souvenirs. Unfortunately, the names of these early explorers
and collectors are not preserved in any sources. This is the main reason why we
can name only those who collected such artefacts in the early 19th century.
The first evidence of the important ancient Egyptian collections survived from
the family of the Austrian imperial marshal and Baron Franz Koller (Mníchovo
Hradište, 27th November 1767 – Naples, 22nd July 1826) (Fig. 1). He came from
a wealthy Bohemian family which had enough funds to educate him in Kosmanosy
and Prague. He started his military career in 1784. In 1792, he became second
lieutenant, and the next year, 1793, first lieutenant. During the Napoleonic wars
his military career moved even further, when he first became major (1800), then
colonel (1805), undermarshal (1813) and general (1813). Franz Koller was among the
officers who accompanied Napoleon, as one of the Austrian representatives, to his
exile on Elba in 1814. He died during his diplomatic service in Naples in 1826.19
Franz Koller purchased the huge collection of ancient antiquities during his
service in Naples (1815, 1821–1826) from the well-known antiquities dealer Lancius

17
Tomorad 2002; Tomorad – Uranić 2006; Tomorad 2009, 539–541; Tomorad, forthcoming.
18
Rendić-Miočević 1986; Rendić-Miočević 1993; Tomorad 2003a, 31–48, 81–89; Tomorad 2003b;
Uranić 2005, 49–51; Uranić 2009, 107–112; Tomorad, forthcoming.
19
Wurzbach 1864; Mirnik – Uranić 1998, 199; Tomorad 2003a, 19.

327
who had bought it from the other dealer Papiandropolus.20 After his death the
Koller collection was first kept in Obřistov near Prague and later in Prague.21 It
featured a large number of archaeological artefacts from the ancient world (ancient
Egypt, Ptolemaic Egypt, Greece, the Hellenistic East, and Rome) which are now
stored in various museums’ collections in Europe. The collection of Greek vases and
Greco-Roman artefacts was bought by Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III in 1828
for his museums in Berlin (part of it is today kept at the Altes Museum and Neues
Museum, Ägyptiches Museum). The ancient Egyptian collection was almost bought
by professor Seyffarth from the University of Leipzig in 1830 but, fortunately for
the future Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, this purchase did not materialise.22
According to Wurzbach,23 part of his collection went to England.
In 1867 Franjo Rački, a famous Croatian historian and president of the
Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, proposed the purchase of this collection.24
During the same year, the Imperial Crown Cabinet for Antiquities in Vienna
estimated the value of the Koller ancient Egyptian collection at 7000 forints, but
the Koller family decided to sell it to the National Museum in Zagreb for the sum
of 3000 forints.25 During 1868, a significant number of Croatian noble families
and wealthy citizens (Elizabeta Drašković, Franjo Rački, Josip Juraj Strossmayer,
Juraj Haulik, Levin Rauch, Julija Janković, Ivan Kralj, and Nikola Vranizany-
Dobrinić etc.) donated together 3000 forints for its purchase.26 In late April 1868,
V. Tomek examined the collection (ca. 2100 artefacts) in Prague and brought it
to Zagreb in six large boxes on 29th April 1868.27 After its arrival at the National
Museum in Zagreb (later the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb) the collection
was examined by the custodian Šime Ljubić, and 1869 by the famous German
Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch who also wrote the first notes about the artefacts.28
The collection features various types of ancient Egyptian antiquities; the majority
are small art such as scarabs, amulets, shabtis, and statuettes of various divinities.
But it also contains valuable examples of stelae, the Book of the Dead, mummies,

20
Sadly, the details of these purchases and of Koller’s service in Naples have not been preserved.
Ljubić 1889a, 1; Mirnik – Uranić 1998, 201; Tomorad 2003a, 20.
21
Ljubić 1889a, 1; Mirnik – Uranić 1998, 201; Tomorad 2003a, 19.
22
Wurzbach 1864, 341; Blumenthal 1981, 6; Mirnik – Uranić 1998, 201; Tomorad 2003a, 19–20.
23
Wurzbach 1864, 341.
24
Ljubić 1889a, 1; Tomorad 2003a, 20.
25
Ljubić 1889a, 1; Tomorad 2003a, 20. The letter of Franjo Rački from 15th January 1868, in: Tomorad
2003a, 21.
26
Documents related to the purchase of this collection were published in: Tomorad 2003a, 21–27.
27
The letter of V. Tomek from Prague, 28th–29th April 1868, pp. 1–2. Zagreb, Archive of the
Archaeological Museum, box 33, document II. See also: Ljubić 1889a, 2; Mirnik – Uranić 1998, 203–
208; Tomorad 2003a, 20, 25–26.
28
Tomorad 2003a, 28.

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and sarcophagi. Most of the artefacts can be dated from the Middle Kingdom,
the New Kingdom, the Late Period, and the Graeco-Roman Period. Sadly, the
provenance of the artefacts is mostly unknown. Today, the collection of the
Ancient Egyptian Department of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb includes
approximately 2300 artefacts. In the Ancient Department, a small number of
artefacts, mostly related to the dissemination of the ancient Egyptian cults (Isis,
Serapis, Harpocrates, etc.), can be found as well (ca. 40 objects), and almost 700
ancient Egyptian coins are kept in the Numismatic Department (175 specimens
of Ptolemaic coinage and 520 coins of the Roman Imperial Alexandrian Mint
dating from Augustus to Constantine I).29 First ancient Egyptian antiquities came
to the National Museum in Zagreb in 1862. They had been donated by Mihael
Barić (Semeljci, ca. 1791 – Vienna, 1859), who had bought them during his visit
of Egypt and Cairo in 1848/1849.30 After his death they were donated to the
National Museum in Zagreb, according to his will.31 We do not know the exact
details where he had bought them. At present, these artefacts are probably the
most important exhibits in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and are known
as Liber linteus Zagrabiensis and the Mummy of Nesi-hensu (Inv. nos. 664–665).
During the second half of the 19th century, the ancient Egyptian collections
of the National Museum in Zagreb and the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek32 were
enlarged by various smaller donations or purchases. These artefacts had mostly been
collected by wealthy citizens, nobles, priests and bishops, teachers and professors,
etc. (Table 2). Some of them had travelled to Egypt where they had probably bought
them (e.g. merchant Franjo Jordan, sea captain Josip Forz Kožalić).33

During the 19th century, a small Egyptian collection was also possessed by the noble
family Pasthory-Varady. Very few data have survived about how the members
of this family had come to the possession of these artefacts. The only certain
reference mentioned that one of the family members had stayed in Egypt during
his diplomatic service. After his return to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, these
artefacts were kept in the Križovljan Castle near Varaždin.34 During the first half
of the 20th century, they were moved to the Museum of the City of Varaždin. Their
collection features six artefacts (a cup from the Predynastic Period – Badari/Naqada
I; a stele of Mery-Mery, and a set of canopic jars of Ketjen).35 Today, these artefacts
are part of the archaeological collection of the Museum of the City of Varaždin.

29
Tomorad, forthcoming.
30
Ljubić 1892, 60; Tomorad 2003a, 28; Tomorad 2003b, 54.
31
Tomorad 2003a, 82.
32
Kovač 2013, 15–19.
33
Sadly, data about where and how they acquired these objects are not preserved.
34
Tomorad 2002, 547; Tomorad 2003a, 71; Tomorad – Uranić 2006, 88.
35
Tomorad – Uranić 2006, 88.

329
 In the region of Dalmatia, we know about the existence of several collectors,
who mostly lived in the counties of Salona, Split, Hvar and Dubrovnik. The best
known among them is the Lanza family from Split, and the Marchi and Machiedo
families from Hvar.36 Unfortunately, we do not know much about those families
and their collecting activities.
In Dubrovnik, we only know about the existence of several collectors (Tonko
Kuraica, Ivo Nordelli), who probably travelled to Egypt in the second half of the
19th century. The brothers Frane (Dubrovnik, 1821 – ?) and Nikola (Dubrovnik,
1823 – Vienna, 1892) Amerling donated probably the majority of ancient Egyptian
artefacts which are today housed in the Archaeological Museum in Dubrovnik.37
Frane Amerling (Fig. 2) lived in Alexandria and Cairo as a merchant during the
second half of the 19th century. He donated a large collection of archaeological
artefacts, gathered over a long period of time during his stay in Cairo, to the
Municipal Museum of Dubrovnik in 1872. Together with his brothers Ignat, Nikola
and Antun, he was a founding member of the museum, to which the Amerling
family had donated many other artefacts gathered from around the world. Nikola
(Niko) Amerling lived in Alexandria from 1842 onwards, and he left Egypt after the
British occupation in 1882.38 In 1872, he donated a collection of ancient Egyptian
and Oriental artefacts to the Museum of the City of Dubrovnik.39 Today, the
ancient Egyptian collection of the Archaeological Museum in Dubrovnik features
191 artefacts which are still unpublished. According to the records in the inventory
book, all these artefacts originate from Egypt, and the only recorded year of
a donation is 1872. Unfortunately, the precise data have not been preserved,
so the genesis of the collection remains unknown. Along with the antiquities,
brothers Amerling also donated very valuable photographs, taken by the famous
Italian photograph Antonio Beato (ca. 1832–1906) who lived in Cairo and Luxor
from 1860 to 1906. 40
During the first half of the 20th century, several new collectors appeared, such
as Josip Brunšmid, Ante Topić Mimara,41 and Ivo Kugli42 etc., together with the
well-known travellers such as university professor Grga Novak who visited Egypt
in 1932/193343 and in 1935.44

36
Tomorad 2003a, 56; Tomorad, forthcoming.
37
Tomorad 2003a, 56; Tomorad, forthcoming.
38
Menalo 2003, 6; Tomorad 2003a, 56.
39
Tomorad 2005, 13–14; Tomorad, forthcoming.
40
The collection of photographs contains 37 pictures of ancient Egyptian monuments. Tomorad,
forthcoming.
41
Tomorad 2003a, 63–64.
42
Tomorad 2003a, 75.
43
Tomorad 2003a, 117–121.
44
Tomorad 2003a, 121–122.

330
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Fig. 1: Franz Koller. Photo © Archaeological Fig. 2: Nikola Amerling. Photo ©
Museum in Zagreb. Archaeological Museum in Dubrovnik.

335
336
 Number of
Ancient Egyptian collections in museums and related institutions artefacts
The Archaeological Museum, Zagreb 2958
The Mimara Museum, Zagreb 505
The Archaeological Museum, Dubrovnik 191
The Archaeological Museum, Split 131 (139)
The Archaeological Museum of Istria, Pula 39
The Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral, Rijeka 20–30?
The Museum of Slavonia, Osijek 19
The Archaeological Museum, Zadar 16
The Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb 11
The Collection of the St. Euphemia Monastery, Kampor – Rab 10–21?
The Franciscan Monastery – archaeological collection, Košljun 10
The Museum of the City of Varaždin, Varaždin 7
Diocletian’s Palace, Split 5+2?
The Archaeological Collection of the Franciscan Monastery, Sinj 6
The Museum of the City of Šibenik, Šibenik 3
Department of the History of Building and Architecture, Split 3
The Museum Narona, Vid near Metković 2
Lapidarium on the Island of Veliki Brijun 1
Lapidarium, Novigrad (Istria) 1
Museo del territorio parentino, Poreč 1
The City Museum of Senj, Senj 1
The Archaeological Collection and Lapidarium of Grga Novak, Hvar 1
The Collection of Narodno sveučilište, Imotski 1
The Museum of the City of Požega, Požega 1
The Museum of the City of Koprivnica, Koprivnica 1
The Museum of the City of Križevci, Križevci 1
The Museum of the City of Zagreb, Zagreb 1
The Museum of the City of Pregrada Dr. Zlatko Dragutin Tudjina, Pregrada 1
Totals 3947–3978?

Table 1: Ancient Egyptian collections in museum institutions in Croatia

337
 Collector Profession/Place Year Provenance Number & Type of
artefacts45
The Archaeological Museum, Zagreb
Mihael Barić Government official/ 1848/1849 Cairo, Egypt Mummy with
unknown its wrappings,
mummified cat, the
Book of the Dead,
small artefacts
Mijat Sabljar Museum curator/ 1865? Egypt Shabti
Zagreb
Franjo Jordan Merchant/Cairo 1866 Egypt Four shabtis
Franz Koller Baron/Habsburg 1868 Egypt Ca. 2100 artefacts
monarchy
Vilelmina Widow/unknown 1868 Egypt Two ancient
Spierer Egyptian idols
Luka Ilić Priest/Zagreb 1869 Egypt Ancient bronze
Egyptian idol
Heinrich German Egyptologist/ unknown Egypt Ptolemaic coin
Brugsch Egypt
Heinrich German Egyptologist/ 1871 Egypt Amulet and four
Brugsch Egypt pieces of various
jewellery
Ferdo Priest/Fužane 1871 Suez, Egypt Shabti
(Ferdinand)
Pleše
Aleksandar Unknown/Koprivnica 1872 unknown Large Ptolemaic
Pevalek silver coin
Gržetić Doctor/Senj 1872 unknown Twenty copper and
one silver coins
from Graeco-Roman
period
Antun Unknown/Delnice 1872 Delnice/ Six Graeco-
Gašparac Croatia Alexandrian and
Roman coins
Josip Forz Sea captain/Rijeka 1872 Ramte Lamp and small
Kožalić field near vessel
Alexandria,
Egypt

45
Data taken from the various inventory books in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the
Archaeological Museum in Split, the Archaeological Museum in Dubrovnik and the Museum of the
City of Varaždin.

338
Josip Forz Sea captain/Rijeka 1873 Ramte One Roman tomb
Kožalić field near candle
Alexandria,
Egypt
Ante Čorić Unknown/Vrcar, 1873 unknown Egyptian copper
Bosnia coin
Ljudevit Svarz Unknown/Zagreb 1874 unknown Egyptian copper
coin
Lanza family Split 1874 Salona Shabtis
Sir Richard British Orientalist, 1882 Fayum, Wooden masks
Burton traveller and Egypt
diplomat
Milan Tompa Unknown 1886 Egypt Shabti
Fran Doctor/Križevci 1898 Egypt Shabti
Gundrum-
Oriovčanin
Josip Brunšmid Archaeologist/Zagreb 1899 Egypt/bought Scarab
in Graz,
Austria
M. Valjato Unknown/Kraljevica 1900 Egypt Shabti
Gustav Koritić Government 1905 Egypt Vessel, shabti
secretary/unknown
Mrs. Dall’Asta Rijeka unknown Egypt Six pieces of
jewellery
Finkh Pharmacist/Zagreb unknown Egypt Shabti
Ivan Bojničić Doctor/unknown unknown Egypt Shabti
The Senj unknown Egypt Shabti
Gymnasium
Stjepan Doctor/unknown unknown Egypt Two papyri
Bojničić
Spiridion Professor/unknown unknown Egypt Two mummified
Brusina hands
Juraj Haulik Archbishop cardinal/ unknown Egypt Mummy with coffin
Zagreb
Petar Karlić Doctor/Zadar 1912 Nin, Croatia Two shabtis
The Museum of the City of Varaždin
The Pasthory- 19th unknown Predynastic cup,
Varady family century stele, four canopic
jars
The Archaeological Museum, Split
The Lanza Split unknown Salona Shabtis, amulets,
family statuettes

339
 The Archaeological Museum, Dubrovnik
Frane and Merchants/Cairo, 1872 Egypt Vast number of
Nikola Alexandria objects
Amerling
Tonko Kuraica Unknown/Dubrovnik unknown Egypt Unknown number of
objects
Ivo Nordeli Unknown/Dubrovnik unknown Egypt Unknown number of
objects
The Museum of Slavonia, Osijek
Vjekoslav Curator at the unknown Osijek Small artefacts
Celestin museum/Osijek
Ludwig H. Unknown 1893 Egypt? Small amulet of Shu
Fischer
Bettina Karusz Widow of merchant 1895 Osijek Stele of Pedi-Hor-
Ivan Krausz/Osijek pa-Khered
Franjo Folk Captain/unknown 1896 unknown Sculpture of Osiris;
relief plaque with
goddess Nephthys
Karlo Franjo Wholesaler and 1897 Osijek; Egypt Two small bone
Nuber collector scarabs
Emerik Hild Imperial and Royal 1898 unknown Faience amulets of
Bookkeeper for the Pataikos and Bes
Military Engineering
Service in Zadar
Private collectors46
The Marchi Hvar unknown Middle Various small
family Dalmatia artefacts related to
the dissemination of
the ancient Egyptian
cults
The Machiedo Hvar unknown Middle Various small
family Dalmatia artefacts related to
the dissemination of
the ancient Egyptian
cults

Table 2: Collectors of ancient Egyptian antiquities in museums and private collections in Croatia

46
These artefacts are today kept in the Archaeological Museum in Split.

340
Charts 1-3 (Tomorad).

405
 ĽUBICA HUDÁKOVÁ & JOZEF HUDEC (EDITORS)

Egypt and Austria IX

Perception of the Orient in Central Europe
(1800–1918)
Proceedings of the Symposium held at Betliar, Slovakia
(October 21st to 24th, 2013)

Published by: Aigyptos Foundation, Šafárikova 63/18, 957 01 Žitavany, Slovakia

Typesetting by: Andrzej Błaszczyk

Printed by: Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku

ul. św. Filipa 7, 31 – 150 Kraków
tel. +48 12634-11-27, 632-66-04, 633-09-41
fax +48 12 632-20-80
e-mail: zg@tsp.org.pl
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© 2016 Aigyptos Foundation and the authors

Kraków 2016

ISBN 978-83-7490-932-7

408