metals section contents Structural Steel Structural Stee! Fabrication Structural Steel Erection Steel Items. Painting Erected Structural Steel. Specialized Painting on Stee! and Iron Structural Aluminum Construction Casting Expansion Joints . Bird and Squirrel Screens Wrought Iron , — Open-Web Stee! Joists . Metal Decking. . Diaphragms. Corrugated Metal Decking .... Steel Stairs and Stairways Floor Gratings. .... . Steel Stair Rail - Fire Escapes 124 124 - 125 126 ~ 126 «126 127 127 127 127 . 127 128 ~ 130 131 132 133 123 134 134Structural Steel Structural steel used in bullding construction is presently manufactured ‘in approximately thirteen different grades. Most steel structures use A36 Stee! which has a yield strength of 36,000 pounds per square inch. This ‘steel is duetile and can be either welded, Bolted, or cold-worked. ASTM Aah stool hes teplaced AT and ANTE mooie aa wn allgurpoee carbon sf Where lighter members are required and local buckling or high deflection are nol objectionable, the high-strength steels are an economical choice. Most of the high-alloy steols ere weldable except steel manutactured under ASTM Specification A440, Welding electrodes are furnished either bare or coat match the parent metal and weld process to be used. Welding Society standard AWS D1.! lists the rods used for each weld, Processes and types of High-strength oits for structural applications are furnished in two Grades; ASTM 325 and ASTM 490, ASTM 490 boils offer one-third greater shear capacity in friction-type connects. All high-strength baits require Hghvatrengih nuts and hardened washers. Hloh-atrengih bots can be ‘distinguished from common mild-siee! bolts by three raised Tadial nes on the bolt head 120 degrees apart, The nutp.are identified by three circumferential lines 120. degrees apart. Hardened washers have no identification markings, but can usually be identified by a scratch test. ‘Assembly of Structural Stee! Most structural steo! is assembled with either bolted or welded connec: tons. Both shop welding and field bolting can be used. improvements in flekd-welding methods allow structural engineers to use field-weided connections for major structures rather than high-strength bolts. Where fiekd-welding is permitted for major connections and splices, sirict com- pliance with project specifications is essential. ‘The practice of the majority of the structural engincors In far west states [5 to detail all major connections in ihe project plans and specifications, ‘The fabricator merely prepares his shop drawings {rom the project plans and bids the structural stes! accordingly. On the east coast and in the midwest, many designers da not fully datall major connections. Far ex- ample, on a truss design, a stress diagram with members adequately siz- ‘ed will be shown on the plans. The contractor must then hire a structural engineer to furnish dasign calculations and datalls. This may cause ‘delays and differences in interpreting the intent of tha design. Where project plans and specifications use contractorfurnished design, a ‘meeting between the owner's engineer, the contractor and the design tngineer should be held immediately afterward to deta the atructual st Labor for Structural Steel Fabrication Man-Hours Work Element Unit Per Unit ‘Structural frames: Ton Columns Ton Girders Ton Beams Ton ‘Trusses ‘Ton Purlins, girts and struts Ton Frames for openings Ton Cutting (gas) 100 LF. Welding (arc) 100 LF. Stairs Ton Platforms Ton Fabrication of structural steel includes cutting, riveting, burning, Grilling, milting, fitti assembling, welding, bolting, storing, loading, and hauting to the job si Man-hour units are based on bolted connections. If sectians are to be welded add 25% for welded joint preparation. For multiple pass welds, use the total linear feet of all weld passes. Suggested Crew: two to six steel workers depending on the weight and length of the materials,Labor for Structural Ste Work Element Handling (unloading steel from truck to ‘ground location at erection site) Erection of steel (erect, bolt, and plumb only)" Foundation work Columns and struts Beams and channels ate girders Crane rails Knee braces Floor plates ittings bolts, rods, and anchor plates Grits, angles, angle braces, purlins Skylight frames and curbs Monitor frames Dormers Door frames Roof trusses Transmission towers Light stee! trest ‘Steel mill buildings Steel frame multistoried buildings ‘Temporary bolting? (3 to 10 balts/ton) Boiting, high-strength (15 to 30 high- strength bolts/ten) Riveting, air driven™ (On ground, easy work Trusses ‘Steel office buildings ‘Stee! mill buildings Light trestles and towers Riveting, hand driven Easy work ifficult work Welding* (5-10 feet of % weld/ton) Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ton Ten Ton Ton Ton Ton Ten Ton Ton 100 botts 100 bolts 100 rivers 100 rivets 100 rivets 100 rivets 100 rivets 100 rivets 100 rivets 100 LF. a Voveougnue Notes for Structural Stee! Erection * For steel erection in this table, the crew consists of one foreman, ‘one crane operator, and tour ironwarkers. Crew size can vary considerably with each job: ?For bolting, the crew in this table consists of four bolters and one helper. The riveting crew size in this table Is five men: one helper, one catcher, twa riveters, and one helper to handle air compressor and hoses. “Welding crew is two welders and one helper.