Music - Western0001

WESTERN MUSIC
MAPEH MAJORSHIP IN LET
Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. © 2013 My Review Coach of Philippines.
2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.
HISTORY OF WESTERN MUSIC
Medieval Period, c. 450–1450
Renaissance, c. 1450–1600
Baroque, c. 1600–1750
Classical, 1750–1825
Romantic, 1815–1900
Modern/Twentieth Century, 1900–1950
MEDIEVAL PERIOD, 450–1450
GREGORIAN CHANT
• consists of melody set to sacred Latin texts and
sung without accompaniment; monophonic in
texture
CHURCH MODES
• consist of 7 different tones and an 8th tone that
duplicates an octave higher; basic scales of
western music during the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance
SECULAR MUSIC IN THE MIDDLE AGES
• music outside the church composed during the
12th and 13th centuries by French nobles called
the troubadours and trouvers
ORGANUM
• medieval music that consists of Gregorian Chant
with one or more additional melodic lines
RENAISSANCE, 1450–1600
• golden age of unaccompanied choral music
MOTET
• a polyphonic composition with sacred words and
meant to be performed on religious or festive
occasions
MASS
• a polyphonic choral composition; usually in Latin
text and used for the Eucharistic liturgy
• KYRIE
• GLORIA
• CREDO
• SANCTUS
• AGNUS DEI
MADRIGAL
• secular vocal music; a piece for several solo
voices set to a short poem (usually about love);
text is in the vernacular language
RENAISSANCE DANCE FORMS
• development of independent instrumental music
grew out of two sources: the use of double or
replace parts of vocal composition and the use of
instruments for dance music
LUTE
• popular instrument of
the Renaissance period
• 16 stringed instrument
played by plucking
• used tablature and used
as an accompaniment to
a song or dance pieces
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
WILLIAM BYRD (1540/late 1539 – July 4, 1623)
• one of the leading English composers of the
Renaissance who developed English madrigals;
wrote church, secular, and keyboard music
JOSQUIN DESPREZ (c. 1440 – August 27, 1521)
• wrote both sacred and secular music, focusing
more on motets of which he wrote over a
hundred
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
JOHN DOWLAND (1563 – February 20, 1626)
• known for his lute music in Europe and
composer of beautiful melancholic music
GUILLAUME DUFAY (1400 – November 27, 1474)
• French composer of the 15th century; known as
the transitional figure to the Renaissance
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI
(baptized May 15, 1567 – November 29, 1643)
• one of the great contributors to opera;
established the foundations of modern opera;
transitional figure from the Renaissance to the
Baroque era
• famous work: Orfeo
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA PALESTRINA
(c. 1523 – February 2, 1549)
• Italian composer who wrote secular, liturgical
and religious pieces
• greatest composer of liturgical music; “Prince of
Music”
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
EARLY BAROQUE, 1600 – 1640
• composers favored homophonic over polyphonic
texture
MIDDLE BAROQUE, 1640 – 1680
• the new musical style spread from Italy to
practically every country in Europe
LATE BAROQUE, 1680 – 1750
• instrumental music became as important as
vocal music for the first time
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
SINGLE VOCAL FORM
RECITATIVES
• a free form for solo voice with accompaniment
ARIA
• a song for solo and with accompaniment, vocal
part is written in a fairly complex style, often
several notes to each syllable of the text
CHORALE
• sung in unison or in four‐part block chord styles
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
BASSO CONTINUO
• “figured bass”, “through bass” consists of a
written bass line with numerals below the notes
• dominant characteristic of the Baroque period
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
MULTI‐MOVEMENT VOCAL FORMS
OPERA
• a drama sung with instrumental accompaniment
and presented with appropriate scenery,
costume and staging
ORATORIO
• vocal composition for soloist, chorus and
orchestra based on sacred or secular text
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
MULTI‐MOVEMENT VOCAL FORMS
CANTATA
• vocal form in several movement for solo voices
and instrumental accompaniment or for solo
voices, chorus, and instrumental
accompaniment; based on a poetic, narrative,
either religious or secular of a lyric or dramatic in
nature
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
SINGLE MOVEMENT INSTRUMENTAL FORM
SECTIONAL DANCE FORM
• dances written in rounded binary form
ORCHESTRAL OVERTURE
• instrumental composition which serves as an
introductory movement for an opera, oratorio or
cantata or as the first movement of an
instrumental piece
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
SINGLE MOVEMENT INSTRUMENTAL FORM
FUGUE
• a composition based on polyphonic imitative
treatment of a short theme known as the subject
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
MULTI‐MOVEMENT INSTRUMENTAL FORM
SONATA DA CHIESA
• church sonata; written for solo instrument
SONATA DE CAMERA
• chamber sonata; instrumental works based on
dance form
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
SUITE
• an important Baroque instrumental form for
solo, harpsichord, clavichord, or orchestral
instrument
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
(March 21, 1685 – July 28, 1750)
• genius keyboardist (mastering the organ and
harpsichord) and brilliant German composer
• Bach brought music to its culmination, writing music for
nearly every type of musical form
• Popular works: Air on G String, Double Violin Concerto,
Minuet in G, Brandenburg Concerto No.3, Minor Mass
and The Unaccompanied Cello Suites
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
GEORGE FREDERIC HANDEL
(February 23, 1685 – April 14, 1759)
• wrote pieces of music for every genre of his time and
even invented English oratorio
• popular works: The Messiah, Music of the Royal
Fireworks, Water Music
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
ANTONIO VIVALDI (March 4, 1678 – July 28, 1741)
• wrote over 500 concertos
• famous works: Four Seasons, Gloria, Con Alla Rustica in G
HENRY PURCELL
• one of England’s greatest composers and most original
composer of his time; made successful works for stage
• popular works: Dido and Aeneas, The Fairy Queen, Sound
the Trumpet
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
DOMENICO SCARLATTI
• wrote 555 known harpsichord sonatas, of which over half
was written in the last six years of his life
• popular works: Essercizi per Gravicembalo (sonatas for
harpsichord)
BAROQUE, 1600–1750
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
JOHANN PACHELBEL
• German composer; major works are for organ and
keyboard
• famous Works: Pachelbel Canon in D, Chaconne in F
minor, Toccata in C minor
CLASSICAL, 1750–1820
• age of reason and enlightenment
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
BINARY FORM
• form of movement with two principal themes or
two distinct sections
TERNARY FORM
• form of movement with three principal themes
or sections
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
RONDO FORM
• a typical pattern with letters representing
thematic sections (ABACABA)
VARIATION FORMS
• one of a set of series of transformation of a
theme by means of harmonic, rhythmic, and
melodic changes and embellishments
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
SONATINA FORMS
• in essence a miniature version of sonata‐allegro
form, but with shorter themes
SONATA FORM
• usually used for first movements of classical
symphonies, sonatas and chamber works; it may
be used for other movements as well
CONCERTO
• an extended composition for solo instrumental
and orchestra, frequently in a sonata form
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN
(March 31, 1732 – May 1809)
• Austrian; Father of Symphony Orchestra
• famous works: Surprise Symphony (Symphony No. 94),
Trumpet concert on E flat Major
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
• Austrian composer who raised Classical concertos to its
highest level
• famous works: Don Giovanni, Symphony No.40 in G
minor, Magic Flute
ROMANTIC, 1820–1900
• subjectivity, emotionalism, longing exuberance,
imbalance and fantasy
PROGRAM MUSIC
• instrumental music associated with a story,
poem, idea or scene
RHAPSODY
• a declamatory piece in free form using different
melodies that vary in mood and tempo
ART SONG
• a combination for solo voice that combines
melody, poetry, and accompaniment into an
integrated form in which all three play an equal
importance
ART SONG
LIED/LIEDER
• German art song
• STROPHIC – each stanza of the poem is
set to the same music
• THROUGH‐COMPOSED – different music
for each stanza of the poem in order to
follow the changing ideas or mood of the
text
• nationalism music
• program symphony
• concert overtures
• symphonic poem/tone poem
• incidental music
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
FREDERIC CHOPIN (1810–1849)
• Polish; genius of the piano
• “Poet of the Piano” (piano was the main and most
important instrument of that period)
• famous works: Nocturn in E flat Major, Etude in C minor,
Polonaise in A flat Major
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
FELIX MENDELSSOHN
• famous German conductor and composer of the
Romantic period
• famous work: A Wedding March from Midsummer
Nights’ Dream
FRANZ LISZT (1811–1886)
• known as the piano virtuoso of the Romantic period
• famous works: Hungarian Rhapsody, La Campanella
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
FRANZ SCHUBERT (1797–1828)
• Austrian composer who is a supreme melodist; inspired
master of Lieder
• famous works : Serenade, Symphony No. 8 in B minor
JOHANNES BRAHMS
• well‐known composer of art songs during the Romantic
period
• famous work: Wiegenlied
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
GUISEPPE VERDI (1813–1901)
• greatest composer of Italian opera
• famous works: La Traviatta, Il Trovatore, Rigoletto and
Aida
HECTOR BERLOIZ (1830–1869)
• one of the greatest Romantic composers who expanded
the orchestra
• famous work: Symphonie Fantastique
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
PETER ILYICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840–1893)
• wrote the greatest ballet of all times; King of Russian
waltz
• famous works: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker
Suite, Romeo and Juliet
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
EDVARD GRIEG (1943–1907)
• used the language and legends of Norway to promote
nationalism
• famous works: Piano concerto in A minor, (incidental
music) Peer Gynt Suite (In the Hall of the Mountain King,
Morning Mood)
MODERN/TWENTIETH CENTURY
• IMPRESSIONISM
• EXPRESSIONISM
• NEOCLASSICISM
• EXOTICISM
• MINIMALIST MUSIC
• ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
• JAZZ
• RAGTIME
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)
• French composer where Musical Impressionism was
originated
• famous work: Claire De Lune, String Quartet in G minor
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874–1951)
• Austrian musician who invented the 12 tone scale
• famous work : Pierrot Lunaire
FAMOUS MUSICIANS
BELA BARTOK
• Hungarian composer whose style was intimately folk
music research
• famous work: Concerto for Orchestra, Third Piano
Concerto
AAROND COPLAND
JOHN CAGE
MILES DAVIS

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