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Kitāb Al-Qānūn Al-Ma Sudī Vol1
Kitāb Al-Qānūn Al-Ma Sudī Vol1
AL - QANUNU' L -MAS'UDI
(Canon Masudicus)
Vol.I
(AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA
OF
ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCES)
Government of India
Published
by
The Dairatu'l-Ma'arif-il-Osmania
( Osmania Oriental Publications Bureau
Hyderabad-Dn.
INDIA
i 954 A.D,/i373A.H.
* '
(4$ ...........
C<6
p
:
.
Abbr. "J").
M. N.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
TO
THE NEW SERIES
OF
THE DAIRATU'L- MA' ARIF- IL- OSMANIA,
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES
OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
bi '
'
3
'
b ools '
'(] ;
c.;/v- :)1
Ddiratul-Ma'drif ( 1888 -
1956 ), published recently.
the importance of
that particular book in the present times
3
) . ..
SCIENTIFIC WORKS
Almagest or Syntax .
4
.
Edition) ( to be continued ).
( to be continued ) .
5
Besides these the Daira has planned its fresh Programme
of Publications for the next triennium after due consul-
tation and collaboration with famous scholars of various
countries. It is earnestly hoped that the Daira will
publications also.
Hyderabad-Dn. 7
:
scheme did not materialise and scholars all over the world
were anxious to see its text published.
subjects
10
. .
*3
A CONSPECTUS OF THE EXTANT MSS. OF
THE QANUN-I-MAS'UDI
I [Or. 516] Bodleian Library, Oxford dated 475/ 1082,
the oldest known Ms. and transcribed only 35 years
to divide the Book into two volumes and this being the
of this copy.
III. [
Jarullah 1498] Millat Library, Istanbul dated 531
the oldest and the most correct Mss. of the work known
to the world as yet. This positively adds to the authenti-
16
tion is given here for the first time
years, 487, 495, 503, 511, 519, 527 and 535 A.H. There is
and the tables and diagrams are also neatly and carefully
drawn, although figures in the tables of almost of all
the fifth almost complete Ms. dated 562 A.H. / 1166 A.D.
which once belonged to the Imperial Library, Calcutta,
now the Indian National Library, Belvedere, Calcutta.
18
The identity of this Ms. can be easily ascertained from the
internal evidence found in the Ms. and from the external fea-
19
borne by the circular seal of " Fazil Khan, the servant of the
Emperor Shahjahan dated 1059 A.H/71649 A.D. Since
the Second World War, this Ms. along with others has been
deposited in the custody of Tubingen University Library.
In 195 1 the Chief-editor had the good fortune of examining
it t horoughly for the first time, and to acquire its photostats
and check it again with the transcript of Dr. Max Krause,
before finally editing the text and printing it at the Daira.
20
This Ms. stands fifth in the chronological order of our
survey, and has proved very valuable during our collation
673 A.H./ December 1274 A.D., sixteen years after the fall
22
THE PLACE OF THE QANUN-I-MAS'UDl
IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
written :
"
Traveller, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer,
I
and Mas'iid. It was during their invasions of India that
the sun and moon, the fixed stars, the motions of the five
tions. Thus we find his work lucid and orderly, with each
section usually divided into three parts - a short general
4
made the customary assumption of the influence of
the division of night and day and of the year into months
( Key
to the Science of Astronomy ) , in which we think we have
surpassed our predecessors, if not in the words, at all
" 1
events in the matter .
5
of the Arabs, Jews, Hindus, Romans, Nestorians, Copts
Persians, and Sogdians in respect of the division of the
in (i) the use of the sine and (2) the trigonometrical treat-
ment of the shadow of the gnomon. There is also an
interesting reference to terminology in which al-Brrimi
says that the word zijdt (tables) derives from al-ziq (the
measure of a chord), which may be traced to a Persian
word which he writes « oj » again, jivabd (half-chord) is
6
the whole chord (pba). The main treatment is that of the
the chord of the single arc and vice versa; so, by a pro-
cess of halving, the chord of the quarter arc, etc.; also, the
7
and vertical shadows, m and n, cast by a gnomon of
m^qcoth ,
n ^q tan h
ph = h Plus
-
1 h2
" 2
8
of the sun as observed from Ghaznah was also compiled;
a similar one had been recorded for Baghdad by Habash
al-Hasib (c.870). If the sun's latitude reckoned from
9
conceptions
The earlier part of Book VI deals with the latitude of
Ghaznah, and of Alexandria according to Hipparchus;
whilst there is a discourse on intersecting orbits with
reference to the zodiac. Later, this discourse leads on to
ries, the epoch and mean path of the sun the anomaly
of the sun (with a table), solar days and the solar year.
This investigation had been well conducted by Ptolemy,
and we find that al-Blrunl has closely followed him.
most the whole of the next Book. Here the author deals
with the path of the moon in the zodiac, its phases, the
11
cated mathematical section using Euclid, VI, aud ending
with tables of anomalies for the five planets and the
calculation of their longitudes. Jupiter and Saturn were
investigated, with tables of anomalies, in Book XI. Gene-
ral planetary theory, an attempt to account for the ap-
parent irregularities of motion, based largely upon the pure
geometry of circles and chords ( Euclid III, VI ), occupies
12
theory is almost complete. But in other directions, as for
instance, in the manner of recording astronomical data,
some new fact. Thus his list of names of the months of the
I.E. Sachau Chronologie Oriental ischer Volker, Leipzig, 1878. English edition,
London, 1879
13
We end with a quotation from E. Sachau \s preface to the
English edition oi Ta'rikh ul-Uind published in 1910 :—
the height, and at the same time the end, of the indepen-
dent development of this science among the Arabs. But
numerous scholars toiled on in his wake, whilst in the
study of India, and for the translation of the standard
works of Sanskrit literature, he never had a successor
AN INTRODUCTORY DISCOURSE
ON
THE ARBIC TEXT)
By
Syed Hasan Barani
(Off-print)
( 1 o -v^l )
as He pleases.
of al-Birunl's Kitdbut-Tahdid p. 45 )
{ » , i
v^tT )
"
I do not scorn to accept truth from whatever
"
source I can find it . ( idem p. 104
THE MILIEU
A very early tradition tells us that when al-Bfrum
dedicated his magnum opus to Sultan Mas'ud of Ghaz-
nah, after whom the work is named, the Sultan in his turn
i
This is hardly the place to give a fuller account of all
and his greatness lies in his being much ahead of his own
times. His age was particularly marked for its keen inter-
Ghaznah.
The Muslim astronomers tried to reinvestigate almost
Hi
of observations or opinions existed. As we proceed fur-
noticed markedly.
The fourth and fifth centuries of the Hijrah (X & XI
centuries of the Christian era ) were marked by conflic-
respect
iv
HIS LIFE
He was born in the fore-noon of Thursday, the 3rd
v
major work al-Athdru'l-Bdqiyya, which deals with the
calendars and chronology of all the peoples known to
home, where later on, the third of the line, M'amun, proved
to be a great lover of learning and in later days appears
to have appointed al-Biruni his Minister, till after that
king's murder by the rebels in the army and the fall of his
along with his other studies, for some five years after we
still find him keen on finishing his books and translations
on Indian subjects. What other books he was actually
able to write on India even after this we do not know;
for no records are available and such books, like so many
viii
others of his, are lost. We have his own list upto 427 A.H.
ix
paragingly of his Indian exploits.
All this attitude of al-Bfrunl changed with the great con-
queror's death. The first thing he did was to take stock
of all that he had learnt of India, while writing Indica.
x
Treatise Kitdbu' s-Satdana dealing with simple drugs,
some extracts from which have been published by Prof.
were the most perfect form and more becoming for those
no longer available to us
xiii
expresses his full sense of gratitude to all of them and
takes equal care to indicate his own share and views
For those who have not studied his life and works
it is not easy to realize the pains he had taken to master
the entire subject before putting his pen to this book.
xiv
important matters to render a historical and comparative
treatment and to disclose whatever he had personally ob-
served or investigated as well as the complete processes
by which the various results had been achieved
He had a special skill for devising instruments and
his native land and one at Ghaznah. He has left quite the
xv
Further al-BTruni considered that when a part of a
Earth's centre.
nature only.
xvi
Newton's theory of Universal Gravitational pull re-
mained undisputed for two centuries till it had to be modi-
fied in the light of better knowledge and substituted by
Einstein's more advanced theories of Relativity, which
have revolutionalized our ideas of Space, Time, Matter &
Energy as conceived by former thinkers, so much so that
in the present state of our knowledge we find Bertrand
Russel remarking :
a pity that the works of az-Sijzi and others who held such
( iXU o\y
f
Jtf )
^U! Jl
COSMOGONY
In al-Qdnun, al-Bfrunl has not hazarded any scientific
not easy to compute the precise time the Earth should have
taken since its very beginning. He was very much interes-
ted in the various Cosmogonies known in his time and had
even collected some of them in his book,
( \ . j* ^ . ji (J
)
io-centric theory, In fact time was not yet ripe for decid-
xot
earth's surface. After very complicated modern observa-
tions and computations such shift (parallax) has been
forms
Even from his own teacher Abu Nasr's treatise on the
xxt
Similarly al-Biruni remarks in al-Qdnun: —
xxii
and Epicycles to describe the zig-zag paths as recorded
true of Copernicus, who was yet far from any precise the-
ory of the Universe. He retained the system of circles
xxiii
imperfect. The truth is difficult to reach and the ultimate
or absolute truth is beyond the reach of science:—
( ^ a - \. ^ \J\ if sSL j
The next part from the fourth chapter of the first Maqa-
la to the end of the next Maqala (pp. 63-270 ) relates to
ing the most important Indian era Sakkala into the Hij-
TRIGONOMETRY
The third Maqala dealing with Trigonometry has
already been translated in German by Carl Schoy and
subjected to critical study by Mr. M. A. Kazim of the
xxvi
al-Biruni calls it the angle formed by the inter-section of
( ^*$\ J U : j* 3 i
^ 'J&k 4>j\j )
0.57 only.
It did not, however, strike al-Biruni that in reality the
angle of the Obliquity itself had been declining progres-
sively. It was reserved to some other subsequent Muslim
Astronomers like al-Zarqall and Nasiru'd-Din at-Tusi to
come to this conclusion, which corresponds with the view
of our modern scientists, who compute that the change
fivii- cri^. ^ «
».(rr ^
and half a dozen treatises on the correct determination of
the Muslim Qibla, a subject also briefly dealth with in
al-Qdnun, and at-Tahdid where he rightly emphasises its
ries and Madeira), not very far from there. Nor did the
reports from the Far East exceed beyond the limit of a
of the regions (
e.g. Japan lying
)
in the Far Eastern ocean
as in the West.
very precise
radius and 70 I
I
2 miles in the cricumference as compared
with our modern scientists
A slightly different account of this event is also given
successfully.
xxxiii
70 degrees only. al-Biruni determined that the difference
between the Longitudes of Baghdad and Ghaznah amoun-
ted to 24 0 - 20 1 wonderfully close to the actual difference
,
of 23°~34 I ,
considering the fact that it was by indirect
xxxiv
parison it may be pointed out that al-Biruni has chosen the
XXXV
its sides by land. This unreal extension of land in the Far
East was responsible in fostering a belief in the mind of
Columbus that it was possible to reach Asia by direct
Ghaznah ,
0
33 35' Lamghan 0
34 43'
0 0
Kabul 33 47' Purshavar . ..
34 44'
0
Kandi, the guard-station Waihand 34 30'
0 0 2o f
of the prince 33 55' Jailam .
33
Dunpur 34
0 20' The fortress Nandna 3 2° o'
Sialkot 32 0 58'
Mandakkakor 31 0 50'
Multan... 29 0 40'
We have not travailed beyond the places mentioned
xxxvii
above nor learnt any Longitudes and Latitudes from the
Indian books. God alone will help in achieving our obj ects' '
xxxviii
hemisphere. The superiority of his notions can very easily
be judged by comparing his world map with that of Ibn-
tude) and 1 1
/
4 (
Longitude ) . Maharashtra is placed con-
is equally clear, i.e. , like Delhi the fort of Baran did not
exist or was unknown by this name in those times.
begins with the Sun. Ptolemy had held that the Sun's
Apogee ( the highest point from the Earth ) was fixed,
.jUi jM\
THE FIXED STARS
In the total absence of any evidence of the proper
motions of the stars, detected in a few cases by our mo-
dern Astronomers with the help of their new instruments
and intricate methamatical computations and other phy-
sical phenomena, it was impossible for the Astronomer
of the former times to imagine or treat them except as
( \ * \ Y l/^) J 3 C)
A ^^^^ S^Lall i ju>
xWiii
to be composed of the clusters of the stars".
•
( \* \\ u* ) Wjkt 4*rj* 0 j£e <olj>
(p. 135, Persian edition) and 23, 760 years for the complete
belt. The ancients had made it 36,000 years (p. 132). al-
% igfc
complete accord with the modern researches which makes
it about 72 years for a single degree and 25,867 years
for the complete circle
lit
The Moon does not revolve in a perfect circle and its
liv
First of all, he has tried to determine the length of the
ordinary Lunar month corresponding to the period of the
be 13 0 io 35" 1 iU
6 iv (or in the alternative 7 iv io v 4 vi )
(P. 730).
393 & 394 (P- 746) carried out after the most careful
precautions ^jLJj^ j aLIjS J cuiJl j ( p. 745 )
lv
1Qi u Hi iv
Equally improved are his other values.
34 5 3 .
(P. 77°),
( P 865).
.
tance was63° 52' 40" times of the Earth's radius and the
shortest 31 0 55' 5" (p. 844). As to its diameter he rejected
0
al-Battani's calculation of 33 33' 20" of the Earth's
diameter remarking that it was not noticeable at any one
of the Moon's distances from the Earth. He points out
that howsomuch the Moon's diameter may appear to
differ at various distances its real diameter should be a
constant value. He has preferred Ptolemy's value of 33/
20" as compared with the Earth's diameter, and this very
much corresponds to the mean apparent diameter 31' y' r
(pp. 868-870).
5-JJI
Jp oU ^ j dllJu IjV ^jVI dJUi J UoUJ ei^-l
( AW ) ? (j-* j^2 !
U
That al-Biruni was perfectly justified in his doubt is
Ivii
borne out by the researches of our modern Astronomers.
The ancients had hopelessly erred in determining the
distances and the magnitudes of the heavenly bodies,
magnitude had I
/7 of the Sun's diameter, those of the
second J
/4 , the third I
/ 2 i, the fourth J /'
24 , the fifth
Iviii
Al-Biruni then quotes the various values by the Indian
and some other Astronomers. Those who are interested
in his detailed exposition of Ptolemy's results are referred
the Sun and for the purposes of measuring such vast dis-
tances not even the Earth's orbit is sufficiently large.
THE PLANETS
The Tenth Maqala deals with the planetary move-
ments.In this part of the book al-Blrunl follows Ptolemy
implicitly and considers him almost inspired, crediting
lix
with having perfected the theory of planetary motions in
the best possible manner (p. 1161 ). Herein al-Birimi lays
claim to no original contributions of his own, except the
modifications in the Eastern movements of their apogees
(p. 1166).
I
Thereis absolutely no doubt that al-Birunl was -tho-
(P- 3i6).
al-Birum says :-
wonderful Astrologer.
j unctions".
Om u*) <sj^
The last chapter deals with the Millenia and other
Astrological periods. Here he has offered some very pun-
gent remarks, which are, perhaps, equally applicable to
our times, in which there is no dearth of hypothesis
relating to the beginning of our universe and its other
component parts.
He makes no secret of his views that the Iranian and
Indian systems of calculating the beginnings of the Uni-
verse, the Earth and the Human race and assigning them
cycles of thousands or other specified periods, are all un-
CONCLUDING REMARKS
In a work of such vast dimensions and rich contents
it is not easy to pick and chose. I do not claim to have
exhausted or even copiously utilised the inexhaustible
store of materials in this work. My main idea has been to
do so.
Ixx
works and in his opinion, were indispensible to enable
the scholars to judge and check the results. For in a
Astronomy :-
% jj oo*
Ixxi
there is no doubt that in some parts, like the Solar and
Lunar theories and the Eclipses, they had worked inde-
pendently and even surpassed the Greek Astronomers.
On the other hand it would be worth-while, although not
so easy, except by indirect reasoning, to trace the influ-
period
Ixxii
nothing came out of those labours, except the preparation
of a transcript from the beautiful and precious ^manuscript
of A.H. 562, then belonging to the Imperial Library,
Calcutta, and the careful comparison with the photo-
stat of the oldest, 1
) [Or. 516 Bodl. ] but incomplete,
manuscript in Oxford and a much more recent copy which
1) See supra for descriptions "Conspectus of the Extant Mss of the Qanun"p. 14
Ixxiii
and tackle similar difficulties in the manuscripts. And,
moreover, even the best Mathematicians commit mistakes
in their calculations and we know that al-Biruni was no
exception. See, for instance, the various corrections of
the press.
Ixxv
CORRIGENDA
vi 1. 22 had set up
» 1-5 pointed
>> 1. 19 forms
xvii 1. 12 same
xviii 1. 7-9
capital P in perhaps
1 0
xxvii 1. 8 19 to 23
Ixi 1.8
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