2.

4 DETERMINACY AND STABILITY 49

EXAMPLE 2.4
Classify each of the beams shown in Fig. 2–19a through 2–19d
as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The
2
beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known
and can act anywhere on the beams.

SOLUTION
Compound beams, i.e., those in Fig. 2–19c and 2–19d, which are
composed of pin-connected members must be disassembled. Note
that in these cases, the unknown reactive forces acting between each
member must be shown in equal but opposite pairs. The free-body
diagrams of each member are shown. Applying r = 3n or r 7 3n, the
resulting classifications are indicated.

(a)

r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112 Statically determinate Ans.

(b)

r = 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112 Statically indeterminate to the second degree Ans.

(c)

r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3122 Statically determinate Ans.

(d)

r = 10, n = 3, 10 7 3132 Statically indeterminate to the first degree Ans.

Fig. 2–19
 50 CHAPTER 2 A N A LY S I S OF S TAT I C A L LY D E T E R M I N AT E S T R U C T U R E S

EXAMPLE 2.5
Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in Fig. 2–20a
through 2–20d as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If
statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy.
2 The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.

SOLUTION
Classification of pin-connected structures is similar to that of beams.
The free-body diagrams of the members are shown. Applying r = 3n
or r 7 3n, the resulting classifications are indicated.

r = 7, n = 2, 7 7 6
Statically indeterminate to the first
(a)
degree Ans.

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
(b) Statically determinate Ans.

r = 10, n = 2, 10 7 6,
Statically indeterminate to the fourth
degree Ans.
(c)

r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
Statically determinate Ans.
(d)

Fig. 2–20
 2.4 DETERMINACY AND STABILITY 51

EXAMPLE 2.6
Classify each of the frames shown in Fig. 2–21a and 2–21b as statically B C
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate,
report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The frames are A D
subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known and can 2
act anywhere on the frames.

SOLUTION (a)
Unlike the beams and pin-connected structures of the previous
examples, frame structures consist of members that are connected
together by rigid joints. Sometimes the members form internal loops
as in Fig. 2–21a. Here ABCD forms a closed loop. In order to classify
these structures, it is necessary to use the method of sections and “cut”
the loop apart. The free-body diagrams of the sectioned parts are
drawn and the frame can then be classified. Notice that only one
section through the loop is required, since once the unknowns at
the section are determined, the internal forces at any point in the r = 9, n = 2, 9 7 6,
Statically indeterminate to the
members can then be found using the method of sections and the third degree Ans.
equations of equilibrium. A second example of this is shown in (a)
Fig. 2–21b. Although the frame in Fig. 2–21c has no closed loops
we can use this same method, using vertical sections, to classify it. For
this case we can also just draw its complete free-body diagram. The
resulting classifications are indicated in each figure.

r = 9, n = 1, 9 7 3,
Statically indeterminate to the
(c)
sixth degree Ans.
(This frame has no closed loops.)

r = 18, n = 3, 18 7 9, r = 18, n = 4, 18 7 12,

Statically indeterminate to the Statically indeterminate to the
(c)
ninth degree Ans. sixth degree Ans.
(b)
Fig. 2–21