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AC Circuit Analysis (VKM)
AC Circuit Analysis (VKM)
AC Circuit Analysis (VKM)
• Introduction
• Production of Alternating Voltage
• Commonly used Terms
Due to change in applied voltage if
the magnitude of current changes
but flows in the same direction then
it is called pulsating current & when
the current flowing in the circuits
varies in magnitude as well as
direction periodically it is called
alternating current.
Introduction …contd.
• All the electrical energy we use for domestic,
commercial and industrial applications is
generated as alternating current.
• Alternating means cyclic in nature .A current (or
voltage) is called alternating if it periodically
changes its direction and magnitude .Each cycle of
alternating current consists of two half cycles.
During first half cycle , the current is positive
and during the second half cycle the current is in
negative direction . The circuits in which
alternating current flow , are called alternating
current circuits.
Introduction …contd
• In order to produce an alternating current
through an electric circuit , an a.c. generator is
required . Electrical energy is genrated in a.c.
form in generating station ( Power Station). The
site of the power station depends upon the type
of power station .Different power are
hydroelectric powerstation , Thermal power
station and Nuclear power station.
Introduction ....contd.
= I R 2 + ( xL − xC ) 2 = I z VL − VC xL − xC x x
t an = = = = tan − 1( )
VR R R R
z = R 2 + ( x L − xC ) 2 = R 2 + x 2
1. xL> xC, > 0 2. xL< xC , < 0 3. xL= xC, = 0
The circuit is inductive The circuit is capacitive The circuit is in
in its effect and the in its effect and the
Voltage (Series)
current I lags behind current leads the voltage Resonance condition
zres = zmin = R
the voltage V in phase
in phase Ires = V /Rmin = Imax
V
V
L L
V
V
C L
V I
R
V =V
VR
I
I
V =0
V
V
R L
V
V C
V C
C
PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
A parallel resonant circuit is one in which a coil and a
capacitance are connected in parallel across a
variable frequency A.C. Supply.
I
y
bL
V G bL
G
I
y = G 2 + bL2 =
V
RESONANT CIRCUITS
The resonance circuits can be classified
in to two categories
1. Series – Resonance Circuits
2. Parallel – Resonance Circuits
V
EXPRESSION FOR RESONANT
FREQUENCY
• At resonance XL = XC
• ωL = 1/ωC so the frequency at which this
occurs is
Ir
X > X
X c > l c
Xl
fr f
QUALITY FACTOR or Q- FACTOR
If V is the applied voltage across a series resonance circuit at
resonance,
Ir =V
R
The voltage across the inductance ‘L’ V L = I r XL
V L = V ω rL
R
V L = Q V where Q = ω r L is the Q factor
R
From the above equation it is seen that the voltage across the
inductive coil is Q times the applied voltage (V) The response
of the series resonant circuit is largely dependent on Q of the
coil.
BAND WIDTH
Consider the frequency response characterestic of a series
resonant circuit as shown in figure
I r
0.707
I r
In the figure it is seen that there are
two frequencies where the out put
power is half of the maximum power.
These frequencies are called as half f f f freq
power points f1 and f2 1 r 2
The band of frequencies between f2 and f1 are said to be useful band of
frequencies since during these frequencies of operation the out put
power in the circuit is more than half of the maximum power. Thus
as Bandwidth.i.e
their band of frequencies is called
Band width = B W = f2 - f1
2. Parallel – Resonance
Circuits
Consider the parallel circuit shown. Let ZL be the impedance of
the coil given by
ZL =R +j ω L
Then YL= 1 = 1 = R-j ω L
ZL R +j ω L R2+ ω2L2
Similarly let ZC = -j / ωC
YC = 1 = j ω C
ZC
Y = R-j ω L + j ω C
R2+ ω2L2
= R + j (ωC - ωL )
R2+ ω2L2 R2+ ω2L2
At resonance the impedance ( or admittance) of the circuit is
purely resistive( or conductive) .For this to be true the j part of
equation (1) should be zero.
ωo C - ωo L =0
R2+ ω02 L2
ω0 C = ω0 L
R2 + ω02 L2
R2 +ω02 L2 = L
C
ω02 = L/C - R2 = 1 - R2
L2 LC L2
f0 = 1/ 2 √ (1/LC – R2 / L2 )
Impedance at resonance
At resonance the susceptive part of the admittance is zero.
Hence Y0 = R
R2 +ω02 L2
But R2 + ω02 L2 = L/C
So Y0 = RC/L or Zo = L/RC